Puerto Rico Case Commentaries

Iowa Adopts the Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine for Environmental Civil Penalties—But Requires Defendant-Specific Minimum Contacts for Personal Jurisdiction

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Iowa Adopts the Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine for Environmental Civil Penalties—But Requires Defendant-Specific Minimum Contacts for Personal Jurisdiction Introduction In State of Iowa, ex...

Iowa Extends Turner’s Reasonableness Framework to Article I, Section 7 Prison-Speech Claims (and Rejects “Rational-Basis-by-Common-Sense”)

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Iowa Extends Turner’s Reasonableness Framework to Article I, Section 7 Prison-Speech Claims (and Rejects “Rational-Basis-by-Common-Sense”) Case: Leonard Gregory, Dee J. Radeke, Sean O'Geary, Jerry...

Amendment 1A Strict Scrutiny Requires the State to Justify Lifetime Firearm Bans for Misdemeanor Domestic-Abuse Convictions (As Applied)

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Amendment 1A Strict Scrutiny Requires the State to Justify Lifetime Firearm Bans for Misdemeanor Domestic-Abuse Convictions (As Applied) I. Introduction Case: State of Iowa v. Eric Martin Schadl...

Anderson v. Smith (2026 IL 131714): Pre-2026 Illinois Anti-SLAPP Motions Require a Subjective “True Goal” Inquiry on the Papers—No Evidentiary Hearing

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Pre-2026 Illinois Anti-SLAPP Motions: Second-Prong “True Goal” Is Subjective, Decided on Pleadings/Supporting Papers, and Does Not Permit Evidentiary Factfinding Case: Anderson v. Smith Citation:...

Section 29-4 Requires No Bus-Route Modification for Nonpublic Students: Transportation Limited to Existing Regular Routes

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Section 29-4 Requires No Bus-Route Modification for Nonpublic Students: Transportation Limited to Existing Regular Routes Case: E.W. v. The Board of Education of East St. Louis School District No.189...

Deadly Force in an Active Gunfight: Context, “Knowable Facts,” and Scott Video Review Support Qualified Immunity

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Deadly Force in an Active Gunfight: Context, “Knowable Facts,” and Scott Video Review Support Qualified Immunity I. Introduction Tuttle v. Gallegos (5th Cir. June 29, 2026) arises from the January...

Third Circuit: No Hybrid Self-Representation; Brady/Napue and Strickland Claims Generally Require a Developed Record and Belong in § 2255

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Third Circuit: No Hybrid Self-Representation; Brady/Napue and Strickland Claims Generally Require a Developed Record and Belong in § 2255 1. Introduction United States v. Asiana Christine Williams...

U.S.S.G. § 2P1.3(a)(2): “Major Disruption” Means Significant Operational Shutdown—Not Necessarily Violence

Date: Jul 2, 2026

U.S.S.G. § 2P1.3(a)(2): “Major Disruption” Means Significant Operational Shutdown—Not Necessarily Violence Case: United States v. Arrieta (5th Cir. June 29, 2026) Court: United States Court of...

Morgan v. Chapman (5th Cir. 2026): Pretext Fact Disputes Defeat Qualified Immunity for Officers Assisting Instanter-Subpoena “Administrative” Searches

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Pretext Fact Disputes Defeat Qualified Immunity for Officers Assisting Instanter-Subpoena “Administrative” Searches I. Introduction In Morgan v. Chapman (Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, June...

Mootness After Compassionate Release: No Presumed Collateral Consequences for Challenges to BOP CARES Act Home-Confinement Revocations; No Munsingwear Vacatur When Mootness Is Self-Caused

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Mootness After Compassionate Release: No Presumed Collateral Consequences for Challenges to BOP CARES Act Home-Confinement Revocations; No Munsingwear Vacatur When Mootness Is Self-Caused...

Solvent Wholly-Owned Subsidiary Officers Owe Fiduciary Duties to the Parent—Not Creditors; “Caremark” Does Not Police Pure Business-Risk Misjudgments

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Solvent Wholly-Owned Subsidiary Officers Owe Fiduciary Duties to the Parent—Not Creditors; “Caremark” Does Not Police Pure Business-Risk Misjudgments Case: Carol Black v. Dennis Brice (In re:...

Time-of-Filing Diversity for LLCs After Member Buyout and “Opinion” Protection for Litigation-Context Statements to Third Parties

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Time-of-Filing Diversity for LLCs After Member Buyout and “Opinion” Protection for Litigation-Context Statements to Third Parties 1. Introduction Knockout Holdings, LLC v. Kakar (4th Cir. June 29,...

Prop-Gun “Active Shooter” Encounters: Objective Reasonableness and Limited ADA Accommodation Duties Under Exigency

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Prop-Gun “Active Shooter” Encounters: Objective Reasonableness and Limited ADA Accommodation Duties Under Exigency Felicia Morgan v. City of Charlotte (4th Cir. June 29, 2026) (Wilkinson, J.) I....

Res Judicata Bars Renewed Flooding Claims When “Continuing Trespass” Was Abated and the New Remedy Could Have Been Sought in the Original Action

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Res Judicata Bars Renewed Flooding Claims When “Continuing Trespass” Was Abated and the New Remedy Could Have Been Sought in the Original Action 1. Introduction In Carolyn Florimonte v. Borough of...

Turner v. Philadelphia FIGHT: Conclusory Assertions Cannot Establish McDonnell Douglas Pretext in a § 1981 Termination Claim

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Turner v. Philadelphia FIGHT: Conclusory Assertions Cannot Establish McDonnell Douglas Pretext in a § 1981 Termination Claim 1. Introduction In Tiffany Turner v. Philadelphia FIGHT (3d Cir. June 29,...

Close-Proximity Presumption for U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B): Same-Floor Firearm-and-Drugs Placement Supports the Enhancement Absent Rebuttal

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Close-Proximity Presumption for U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B): Same-Floor Firearm-and-Drugs Placement Supports the Enhancement Absent Rebuttal Introduction Case: United States v. Samuel Barnes (3d Cir....

United States v. Arvay: “Knowingly Conducted a Gambling Business” Instruction Satisfies § 1955 Mens Rea (O’Brien) Without Separate “Participation in Gambling” Language

Date: Jul 2, 2026

United States v. Arvay: “Knowingly Conducted a Gambling Business” Instruction Satisfies § 1955 Mens Rea (O’Brien) Without Separate “Participation in Gambling” Language Court: U.S. Court of Appeals...

Summary Affirmance Reinforces Deferential Review of Board of Review Factfinding on TTD Closure and Secondary Cervical Radiculopathy

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Summary Affirmance Reinforces Deferential Review of Board of Review Factfinding on TTD Closure and Secondary Cervical Radiculopathy 1. Introduction In Katie Gee v. ACRN Resources, Inc. (W. Va. June...

Supplier-Focused Agricultural Fuel Exemption Under Washington’s Climate Commitment Act: Ecology May Implement Certificate-Based Exemptions But Cannot Police Fuel Surcharges Absent Statutory Authority

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Supplier-Focused Agricultural Fuel Exemption Under Washington’s Climate Commitment Act: Ecology May Implement Certificate-Based Exemptions But Cannot Police Fuel Surcharges Absent Statutory Authority...

Summary Judgment in Title-Contested Trespass Requires Deraignment of Title; Unchallenged Summary-Judgment Findings Are Not Binding on Appeal

Date: Jul 2, 2026

Summary Judgment in Title-Contested Trespass Requires Deraignment of Title; Unchallenged Summary-Judgment Findings Are Not Binding on Appeal I. Introduction In ATC Makena N Golf LLC v. Kaiama (Haw....