Puerto Rico Case Commentaries

Unified “Florida Supreme Court Approved Family Law Forms” and Court-Controlled Form Governance Outside Rulemaking

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Unified “Florida Supreme Court Approved Family Law Forms” and Court-Controlled Form Governance Outside Rulemaking I. Introduction In In Re: Amendments to Florida Family Law Rules of Procedure and...

Police-Pursuit Substantive Due Process Requires “Intent to Harm”; TTCA Claim Must Be Reassessed When Federal Claims Drop Out

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Police-Pursuit Substantive Due Process Requires “Intent to Harm”; TTCA Claim Must Be Reassessed When Federal Claims Drop Out I. Introduction In Valadez v. City of Jacinto City (5th Cir. Sept. 9,...

Tenth Circuit Narrows Oklahoma H.B. 1775 to a Ban on Teaching “Divisive Concepts” as Correct Principles—and Vacates Vagueness Injunction

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Tenth Circuit Narrows Oklahoma H.B. 1775 to a Ban on Teaching “Divisive Concepts” as Correct Principles—and Vacates Vagueness Injunction Case: Black Emergency Response Team v. Braught (caption...

VICAR Enterprise Proof Through “Intrinsic” Gang Drug-Trafficking Evidence; Predicate Acquittal Does Not Undo a § 924(c) Firearm Conviction

Date: Sep 12, 2026

VICAR Enterprise Proof Through “Intrinsic” Gang Drug-Trafficking Evidence; Predicate Acquittal Does Not Undo a § 924(c) Firearm Conviction I. Introduction United States v. Markell Young (with...

Pleading a Prison-Job Retaliation Claim: Alleged Termination Must Be Credited as “Adverse Action” at the Motion-to-Dismiss Stage

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Pleading a Prison-Job Retaliation Claim: Alleged Termination Must Be Credited as “Adverse Action” at the Motion-to-Dismiss Stage 1. Introduction In Brian Thompson v. Mohamed Safa, Sergeant (3d Cir....

Third Circuit Requires § 401 Certifications to Resolve Material Monitoring/Adaptive-Management Terms or Condition Dredging on Agency Approval

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Third Circuit Requires § 401 Certifications to Resolve Material Monitoring/Adaptive-Management Terms or Condition Dredging on Agency Approval I. Introduction In Natural Resources Defense Council Inc...

Indentation-as-Meaning Rule for Insurance Endorsements: Unindented “to the extent” Qualifiers Apply Across All Subparts

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Indentation-as-Meaning Rule for Insurance Endorsements: Unindented “to the extent” Qualifiers Apply Across All Subparts Publication status. The Fifth Circuit noted this opinion is “not designated for...

Automatic Deletion Under Neutral Retention Policies Does Not Warrant a Criminal Spoliation Adverse-Inference Instruction Absent Prior Knowledge of Relevance and Willful Loss

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Automatic Deletion Under Neutral Retention Policies Does Not Warrant a Criminal Spoliation Adverse-Inference Instruction Absent Prior Knowledge of Relevance and Willful Loss I. Introduction In United...

Striking a Cooperating Witness’s Testimony as an Adequate Brady Cure; Conditional Intent and Two‑Step Digital Warrants Sustain VICAR Convictions

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Striking a Cooperating Witness’s Testimony as an Adeate Brady Cure; Conditional Intent and Two‑Step Digital Warrants Sustain VICAR Convictions 1. Introduction In United States v. Jairo Gustavo...

Curative Instruction by Striking a Witness’s Testimony Can Cure Mid‑Trial Brady Prejudice; Digital Warrants May Permit Broad Review Where Seizure Is Cabined to Enumerated Crimes

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Curative Instruction by Striking a Witness’s Testimony Can Cure Mid‑Trial Brady Prejudice; Digital Warrants May Permit Broad Review Where Seizure Is Cabined to Enumerated Crimes Case: United States...

Striking a Witness’s Testimony as a Sufficient Remedy for a Mid‑Trial Brady Disclosure (and Upholding Broad-Search/Narrow-Seizure Digital Warrants)

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Striking a Witness’s Testimony as a Sufficient Remedy for a Mid‑Trial Brady Disclosure (and Upholding Broad-Search/Narrow-Seizure Digital Warrants) 1. Introduction In United States v. Melvin Canales...

Eleventh-Amendment Dismissals Are Jurisdictional: Sovereign-Immunity Dismissals Must Be Without Prejudice (and Academic Disputes Rarely Become Constitutional Claims)

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Eleventh-Amendment Dismissals Are Jurisdictional: Sovereign-Immunity Dismissals Must Be Without Prejudice (and Academic Disputes Rarely Become Constitutional Claims) 1. Introduction Eriakha v....

Unanswered Show-Cause Orders Permit Non-Prejudicial Dismissal; Florida Police Departments Lack Capacity to Be Sued

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Unanswered Show-Cause Orders Permit Non-Prejudicial Dismissal; Florida Police Departments Lack Capacity to Be Sued 1. Introduction In Monique Maybell v. City of West Palm Beach (11th Cir. Sept. 9,...

Defensive Setoff Is Not a Bankruptcy “Claim”: No Proof of Claim Required to Preserve Purely Defensive Setoff Rights

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Defensive Setoff Is Not a Bankruptcy “Claim”: No Proof of Claim Required to Preserve Purely Defensive Setoff Rights 1. Introduction Case: In Re: SVB Fin. Grp. (2d Cir. Sept. 9, 2026). Parties: SVB...

HB 1775 “Divisive Concepts” Upheld Against Vagueness by Construing It to Bar Teaching the Concepts as Correct Principles (and Limiting Interlocutory Review to the Injunction Order)

Date: Sep 12, 2026

HB 1775 “Divisive Concepts” Upheld Against Vagueness by Construing It to Bar Teaching the Concepts as Correct Principles (and Limiting Interlocutory Review to the Injunction Order) 1. Introduction...

United States v. Wilson: Medical “Child Abuse/Neglect” Diagnoses and Parental-Expectation Opinions Do Not Usurp the Jury

Date: Sep 12, 2026

United States v. Wilson (10th Cir. 2026): Medical “Child Abuse/Neglect” Diagnoses and Parental-Expectation Opinions Do Not Usurp the Jury I. Introduction In United States v. Wilson, the Tenth Circuit...

Qualified-Immunity Forfeiture by Non-Briefing and “Moving Force” Causation Limits on Single-Decision County Liability

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Qualified-Immunity Forfeiture by Non-Briefing and “Moving Force” Causation Limits on Single-Decision County Liability 1. Introduction Talitha Gail Woody v. Chris Allen Buckner arises from a January...

VICAR Gang-Murder Prosecutions: Intrinsic Drug-Trafficking Proof, Rule 29 Renewal Waiver, and Unreviewable Inconsistent Predicate/Compound Verdicts

Date: Sep 12, 2026

VICAR Gang-Murder Prosecutions: Intrinsic Drug-Trafficking Proof, Rule 29 Renewal Waiver, and Unreviewable Inconsistent Predicate/Compound Verdicts Introduction In United States v. Jordan Powell...

Hicks v. State: Plain-Error and Waiver Bar Relief on Excluded Pursuit-Policy Evidence and Unrequested Causation Charges

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Hicks v. State: Plain-Error and Waiver Bar Relief on Excluded Pursuit-Policy Evidence and Unrequested Causation Charges 1. Introduction In Hicks v. State (Supreme Court of Georgia, Sept. 9, 2026),...

Johnson v. State (Ga. Sept. 9, 2026): Actual Prejudice Is Essential for Relief from Extreme Post‑Trial Appellate Delay

Date: Sep 12, 2026

Actual Prejudice Is Essential for Relief from Extreme Post‑Trial Appellate Delay Case: Garry Deyon Johnson v. The State, Supreme Court of Georgia, No. S26A1017 (Decided Sept. 9, 2026) Lower Court:...