Puerto Rico Case Commentaries

VICAR “Purpose” Proof Without Tangible Benefit and Deferential Review of Attempted-Murder Cross-Reference in Prison Stabbing

Date: Jul 21, 2026

VICAR “Purpose” Proof Without Tangible Benefit and Deferential Review of Attempted-Murder Cross-Reference in Prison Stabbing I. Introduction In United States v. Anthony Zigler (6th Cir. July 17,...

Good-Faith Exception Permits “Cross-Affidavit” Probable-Cause Reliance When Multiple Warrants Are Presented and Reviewed Together

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Good-Faith Exception Permits “Cross-Affidavit” Probable-Cause Reliance When Multiple Warrants Are Presented and Reviewed Together Case: United States v. Christopher Demarcus Blue (6th Cir. July 17,...

Totality-of-the-Circumstances Nexus to a Residence Without a Controlled Buy

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Totality-of-the-Circumstances Nexus to a Residence Without a Controlled Buy Case: United States v. Anthony Ward (6th Cir. July 17, 2026) (unpublished) Topic: Fourth Amendment probable cause; nexus...

State v. Reillo (2026-Ohio-2701): Deference to the Fact-Finder’s Credibility Determinations in Manifest-Weight Review

Date: Jul 21, 2026

State v. Reillo (2026-Ohio-2701): Deference to the Fact-Finder’s Credibility Determinations in Manifest-Weight Review I. Introduction In State v. Reillo, Slip Opinion No. 2026-Ohio-2701 (decided July...

Standing and Traceability: A State’s Voluntary Adoption of a City Policy Breaks Causation for Article III Standing

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Standing and Traceability: A State’s Voluntary Adoption of a City Policy Breaks Causation for Article III Standing Case: Laurence Wolf v. City of Detroit, Michigan (6th Cir. July 17, 2026) (not...

Restitution Above § 2259’s $3,000 Floor May Be Based on Paroline Factors Such as P2P Distribution and Victim-Specific File Counts

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Restitution Above § 2259’s $3,000 Floor May Be Based on Paroline Factors Such as P2P Distribution and Victim-Specific File Counts Case: United States v. Daniel Alan Robertson (6th Cir. July 17, 2026)...

Limitations Accrue from Knowledge of Policy Terms; “Continuing Breach” Does Not Revive Challenges to the Inclusion of a COLA Rider

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Limitations Accrue from Knowledge of Policy Terms; “Continuing Breach” Does Not Revive Challenges to the Inclusion of a COLA Rider 1. Introduction In Jose Nader v. New York Life Ins. Co. (6th Cir....

Interstate-Commerce Nexus Under 18 U.S.C. § 1591 Is Satisfied by Coordinated Online Purchases Shipped Interstate as the “Thing of Value” for Sex Acts

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Interstate-Commerce Nexus Under 18 U.S.C. § 1591 Is Satisfied by Coordinated Online Purchases Shipped Interstate as the “Thing of Value” for Sex Acts Case: United States v. Larry Ray Coffman (6th...

§ 1983 Fourth-Amendment Accrual at the Stop; Brady Inapplicable Absent a Trial When Charges Are Dismissed

Date: Jul 21, 2026

§ 1983 Fourth-Amendment Accrual at the Stop; Brady Inapplicable Absent a Trial When Charges Are Dismissed 1. Introduction Case: Naya Abbey v. Metro. Gov't of Nashville & Davidson Cnty. (Sixth Cir....

Mandamus Under § 16-610 Requires a Public Street: Public Use Alone Does Not Impose a City’s Road-Repair Duty Without Acceptance of Dedication

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Mandamus Under § 16-610 Requires a Public Street: Public Use Alone Does Not Impose a City’s Road-Repair Duty Without Acceptance of Dedication I. Introduction In Plattsmouth Boat Club v. City of...

Wahl v. Wahl: Nebraska Dissolution Courts Must Choose Between Former-Spouse SBP Coverage and Service Member Beneficiary Choice

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Wahl v. Wahl (321 Neb. 819): Nebraska Dissolution Courts Must Choose Between Former-Spouse SBP Coverage and Service Member Beneficiary Choice 1. Introduction Parties: Charles A. Wahl (appellee) and...

No Bright-Line Test for Fee vs. Tax: Airport Access Charges as Optional User Fees

Date: Jul 21, 2026

No Bright-Line Test for Fee vs. Tax: Airport Access Charges as Optional User Fees 1. Introduction In Park 'N Go of Nebraska, LLC v. Airport Authority of the City of Omaha, 321 Neb. 798 (July 17,...

Objective Medical Evidence and De Minimis Force: Limits on Eighth Amendment Excessive-Force and Deliberate-Indifference Claims at Summary Judgment

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Objective Medical Evidence and De Minimis Force: Limits on Eighth Amendment Excessive-Force and Deliberate-Indifference Claims at Summary Judgment 1. Introduction In Dante Small v. Lynn Pittman, et...

Chimpanzees Are Not “Persons” Eligible for Michigan Habeas Corpus Under MCR 3.303 (Supreme Court Review Denied)

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Chimpanzees Are Not “Persons” Eligible for Michigan Habeas Corpus Under MCR 3.303 (Supreme Court Review Denied) Case: Nonhuman Rights Project Inc v. Deyoung Family Zoo LLC (SC: 169351; COA: 369247;...

Title VII Retaliation Requires Complaints Tied to Protected-Class Discrimination; Repeated § 1915 Pleading Failures Justify Dismissal With Prejudice

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Title VII Retaliation Requires Complaints Tied to Protected-Class Discrimination; Repeated § 1915 Pleading Failures Justify Dismissal With Prejudice Introduction In Kerian Pelenah v. University of...

Procedural Rule Clarified: Cross-Appellant Status May Be Granted Even When the Michigan Supreme Court Denies Leave to Appeal

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Procedural Rule Clarified: Cross-Appellant Status May Be Granted Even When the Michigan Supreme Court Denies Leave to Appeal 1. Introduction Jerome Dubrulle v. Great Lakes Water Authority is one of...

Anti-Assignment Clauses with Payment Carve-Outs Confer ERISA Standing to Sue for Nonpayment; Chargemaster “Normal Charges” Are Plausibly Pleaded at the Motion-to-Dismiss Stage

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Anti-Assignment Clauses with Payment Carve-Outs Confer ERISA Standing to Sue for Nonpayment; Chargemaster “Normal Charges” Are Plausibly Pleaded at the Motion-to-Dismiss Stage 1. Introduction In...

Preservation Required to Invoke Eaton Remarriage-Termination Rule in Alimony Modification Appeals (N.H. Supreme Court)

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Preservation Required to Invoke Eaton Remarriage-Termination Rule in Alimony Modification Appeals 1. Introduction Case: In the Matter of Tara Dickison and Thomas Sileo (Supreme Court of New...

Arizona’s EPM Is Outside APA Rulemaking When § 16-452 Supplies an Alternative Process “Otherwise Provided by Law”

Date: Jul 21, 2026

Arizona’s EPM Is Outside APA Rulemaking When § 16-452 Supplies an Alternative Process “Otherwise Provided by Law” 1. Introduction Case: REPUBLICAN NATL COMMITTEE v. FONTES (Ariz. July 17, 2026)....

MVRA Restitution Requires Bodily Injury: Purely Psychological Harm Cannot Support Lost-Income or Mental-Anguish Restitution

Date: Jul 21, 2026

MVRA Restitution Requires Bodily Injury: Purely Psychological Harm Cannot Support Lost-Income or Mental-Anguish Restitution I. Introduction In United States v. Kirkwood (5th Cir. July 17, 2026), the...