Selective Insurance v. Duffy: UIM Non-Stacking for Nonfleet Commercial Vehicles & Single-Accident Cap Introduction In Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina v. Adam Duffy, the U.S. Court of...
Knowingly Facilitating Straw Firearm Purchases: Aiding and Abetting False Statements under 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6) Introduction United States v. Andrew Gearheart, decided June 5, 2025 by the Fourth...
Affirmation of Factual Basis in Federal Pleas & Definition of Lascivious Exhibition under 18 U.S.C. § 2251 Introduction In United States v. Mark Van Epern, __4th Cir.__ No. 21-4408 (June 5, 2025),...
Continuing Offenses in Methamphetamine Distribution: Venue at Delivery Under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) and § 3237(a) Introduction This commentary examines the Fourth Circuit’s decision in United States v....
Ambiguity in Agent Liability on Promissory Notes under Maryland Commercial Code § 3-402(b) Introduction Cross River Bank v. 3 Bea’s Assisted Living LLC, decided June 4, 2025 by the United States...
Section 2422(b) as a Categorical Match for INA Aggravated Felony Sexual Abuse of a Minor and Crime of Child Abuse Introduction This commentary examines the Fourth Circuit’s decision in Kevin Kou Chun...
End-of-Storm General Notice Rule: Duty to Remove Ice and Snow on Commercial Premises After a Snowstorm 1. Introduction In Lois Brown v. Wal-Mart Stores East, LP, No. 24-1102 (4th Cir. June 4, 2025),...
Rooker-Feldman Bars Federal Review of State Court Consent Orders Introduction In T.M. v. University of Maryland Medical System Corp., No. 24-1707 (4th Cir. June 4, 2025), the Fourth Circuit addressed...
United States v. Grunwaldt: Intrinsic Digital Evidence & Subjective Intent in Lascivious Exhibition Introduction In United States v. Brandon Grunwaldt, the Fourth Circuit clarified two important...
Conditionality of Lease Purchase Options: Notice Requirement as a Condition Precedent Introduction In Walmart Real Estate Business Trust v. Quarterfield Partners LLC, the Fourth Circuit addressed...
Preserving ALJ Discretion in Weighing Expert Opinions on Legal Pneumoconiosis Introduction Extra Energy, Incorporated v. DOWCP (No. 23-1544, 4th Cir. June 3, 2025) involves Glen Lawson, a former...
Clarification of the "Exceptional and Extremely Unusual Hardship" Standard in Cancellation of Removal Proceedings Introduction Homero Trejo-Juarez v. Pamela Bondi, decided by the United States Court...
Qualified Immunity for Law Enforcement Facing Furtive Movements: Objective Reasonableness Clarified in Benton v. Layton Introduction In LaToya Benton v. Seth Layton, 23-1680 (4th Cir. June 3, 2025),...
Nonreviewability of USCIS Adjudication Hold Policy under INA § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) Introduction In Lolakshi Kale v. Angelica Alfonso-Royals, 4th Cir. No. 23-1799 (June 3, 2025), the Fourth Circuit...
Functional-Scheme Requirement for CSRA Jurisdiction Stripping in Pre-Enforcement Challenges Introduction This commentary addresses the Fourth Circuit’s decision in National Association of Immigration...
Enforceability of Contractual Class-Action Waivers in MDL Proceedings Introduction In Peter Maldini et al. v. Accenture LLP, 4th Cir. (June 3, 2025), the Fourth Circuit addressed for the second time...
Enforceability of Contractual Class-Action Waivers in MDL Proceedings: Peter Maldini v. Marriott International Introduction In Peter Maldini v. Marriott International, Incorporated (4th Cir. June 3,...
The Fourth Circuit Refines Constructive Amendment Doctrine: No Reversal for Stray Oral Jury Misstatements Corrected in Writing Introduction United States v. Brayan Contreras-Avalos (Fourth Circuit,...
United States v. Jacome: Limits on Constructive Amendments in VICAR Jury Instructions 1. Introduction United States v. Jairo Arnaldo Jacome (Fourth Circuit, June 3, 2025) arises from a...
Correction in Written Jury Instructions Cures Oral Misstatements: No Fatal Variance Introduction This case arises from the consolidated appeals of three MS-13 gang members—Brayan Alexander...