MORSOVILLO v. CLARK COUNTY

LARRY HICKS, District Judge

Before the court is Defendants Clark County, Eighth Judicial District Court, State of Nevada, Chuck Short, and Steve Rushfield's (collectively "Defendants") Motion for Summary Judgment (#34). Plaintiff Carol Morsovillo has filed a response (#40) to which Defendants replied (#41).

Refers to the court's docket entry number.

I. Facts and Procedural History

This is an employment discrimination dispute arising out of Plaintiff's work as a bailiff in the Eighth Judicial District Court in Clark County, Nevada. In 1991, Clark County hired Plaintiff as a bailiff, and in 1993, Plaintiff began working in the Eighth Judicial District Court.

In January of 2000, Plaintiff filed a lawsuit in federal court against various defendants, including Defendants Clark County, the Eighth Judicial District Court, and Short. See Morsovillo v. Clark County, 2:00-cv-115. In December of 2005, the case went to trial before the Honorable Philip M. Pro. Following the close of Plaintiff's case in chief, Judge Pro dismissed the suit pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50.

During the trial, Plaintiff's attorney called psychiatrist Dr. Saleha Baig to testify about Dr. Baig's treatment of Plaintiff. Dr. Baig's testimony relating to Plaintiff's mental state concerned Stephanie Barker, the Chief Deputy District Attorney. Citing Dr. Baig's testimony, on January 3, 2006, Barker sent Defendant Short, the Eighth Judicial District Court Administrator, a letter stating, "[T]here appears to be just cause for, and it is recommended that District Court Administration . . . require and obtain a certificate of [Plaintiff's] fitness for duty as a court bailiff. It is further recommended that [Plaintiff] be placed on paid administrative leave pending receipt of the certificate of fitness. . . ." (Defs.' Mot. Summ. J. (#34), Ex. C, Ex. 1.) Barker noted with particular concern Plaintiff's job duties, which require her to carry a weapon and respond to conflict.

On January 9, 2006, Defendant Short asked Plaintiff to submit to a certificate of fitness examination and placed Plaintiff on administrative leave with pay pending the certificate of fitness report. Sometime in February, Plaintiff underwent a psychiatric examination. The doctor conducting the examination concluded Plaintiff was fit for her work as a bailiff.

On March 9, 2006, Plaintiff returned to work. At that time, Defendant Rushfield, a sergeant and the supervising bailiff at the Family Court of the Eighth Judicial District Court, asked Plaintiff to work in Department 16, where various bailiffs had been having problems. For many years prior to her absence from work, Plaintiff had worked in the Temporary Protective Order ("TPO") court and wanted to return to that position. However, Defendant Rushfield ultimately decided not to place Plaintiff in either the TPO court or Department 16, and instead made Plaintiff a utility bailiff.

In April of 2006, as a result of surgery on her foot, Plaintiff was out from work for two to three weeks. Plaintiff testified that when she returned to work Defendant Rushfield ignored her seniority in making work assignments, altered her work schedule, failed to follow up on various complaints she had made, and talked negatively about her to other employees.

On June 12, 2006, Plaintiff was again placed on administrative leave with pay pending an investigation into a matter that occurred on June 9, 2006. On that day, Judge Jennifer Elliot held a hearing in a case involving Brandon Arduino. Judge Elliot had previously ordered Arduino to bring his ten year old child to the court for an interview with Judge Elliot. However, Arduino failed to bring the child. Judge Elliot instructed Arduino to contact the child's grandmother and have her bring the child to the court by 5:00 p.m.

Defendant Rushfield informed Plaintiff of Judge Elliot's instructions. As a result of this conversation, Plaintiff believed that she was to permit Arduino to make monitored phone calls. If Arduino's conversation went beyond bringing the child to the court, Plaintiff was to terminate the phone call immediately.

Over the course of the afternoon, Arduino tried to reach his mother several times. He eventually reached her at 4:45 p.m., but she refused to come to the courthouse. Plaintiff spoke with the mother, and during the conversation, both Arduino and his mother became agitated.

By this time, Defendant Rushfield had arrived and attempted to bring Arduino back to the holding area. Plaintiff and Defendant Rushfield dispute what happened next. Plaintiff alleged Defendant Rushfield used excessive force in placing Arduino in handcuffs and in returning him to the holding area.

Both Plaintiff and Defendant Rushfield contacted Judge Elliot about the incident independently, and each told her their version of the events. Judge Elliot conducted a hearing, where Arduino admitted that he had been disrespectful and combative.

The Justice' Court's legal department conducted an investigation into the incident. The legal department concluded that the following allegations against Plaintiff were unsubstantiated: (1) Plaintiff made false statements to Judge Elliot concerning the alleged use of excessive force by Defendant Rushfield; (2) Plaintiff presented ex parte information to Judge Elliot in an apparent attempt to influence her decision in the case; (3) Plaintiff made misleading statements to the court, on the record, about Defendant Rushfield; and (4) Plaintiff interfered with court proceedings. However, the Department concluded Plaintiff improperly engaged in the following conduct: (1) discussing a pending case with a third party with court authorization; and (2) engaging in a heated and disrespectful exchange with Judge Elliot. The Department concluded that her conduct warranted an oral warning, or at most, a written reprimand.

Sometime in June of 2006, before the legal department concluded its investigation, Plaintiff submitted a letter of resignation. In July, she attempted to rescind her resignation. Defendant Sharp did not accept the recision.

On May 31, 2006, Plaintiff filed a charge of discrimination with the Nevada Equal Rights Commission, alleging that she had been subjected to gender discrimination and a hostile work environment, and had been retaliated against for filing the previous lawsuit. On August 8, 2006, Plaintiff amended her charge of discrimination to include claims for "ongoing retaliation in the form of an unwarranted investigation" and constructive discharge. (Pl.'s Opp. (#40), Ex. B.)

II. Legal Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate only when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). In assessing a motion for summary judgment, the evidence, together with all inferences that can reasonably be drawn therefrom, must be read in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); County of Tuolumne v. Sonora Cmty. Hosp., 236 F.3d 1148, 1154 (9th Cir. 2001).

The moving party bears the burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, along with evidence showing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). On those issues for which it bears the burden of proof, the moving party must make a showing that is "sufficient for the court to hold that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party." Calderone v. United States, 799 F.2d 254, 259 (6th Cir. 1986); see also Idema v. Dreamworks, Inc., 162 F. Supp. 2d 1129, 1141 (C.D. Cal. 2001).

To successfully rebut a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must point to facts supported by the record which demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact. Reese v. Jefferson Sch. Dist. No. 14J, 208 F.3d 736 (9th Cir. 2000). A "material fact" is a fact "that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Where reasonable minds could differ on the material facts at issue, summary judgment is not appropriate. See v. Durang, 711 F.2d 141, 143 (9th Cir. 1983). A dispute regarding a material fact is considered genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248. The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff's position will be insufficient to establish a genuine dispute; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff. See id. at 252.

III. Discussion

Plaintiff asserts the following claims for relief: (1) gender discrimination; (2) retaliation; (3) violations of her right to equal protection pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (4) intentional infliction of emotional distress; (5) negligent supervision; and (6) constructive discharge. Defendants seek summary judgment with regard to each of these claims.

A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

Defendants first argue Plaintiff's claims are limited to those listed in her charge of discrimination. In particular, Defendants argue Plaintiff cannot include the June, 2006, incident with Arduino and Judge Elliot in her claims because Plaintiff filed her charge on March 31, 2006, before the incident occurred. However, even where a claim is not included in the original charge of discrimination, a district court can nonetheless hear the claim if the claim "[falls] within the scope of the EEOC's actual investigation or an EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination." Yamaguchi v. U.S. Dep't of the Air Force, 109 F.3d 1475, 1480 (9th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted). In making its determination, the court must construe the EEOC charge with "utmost liberality." Id. (citation omitted).

Plaintiff's EEOC charge alleged that from January 9, 2006, to May 31, 2006, Defendants discriminated against her on the basis of her gender and retaliated against her for bringing the previous lawsuit. In addition, Plaintiff's amended charge alleged that Defendants continued to retaliate against her for filing her original charge of discrimination and that she had been constructively discharged.

Although the incident with Judge Elliot occurred after Plaintiff filed the charge of discrimination, the court finds that the incident nonetheless falls within the scope of the charge. Considering the nature of Plaintiff's complaints and the fact that the June, 2006, incident took place less than a month after Plaintiff filed her original charge, it is reasonable to expect that an investigation into the June, 2006, incident could have grown out of the EEOC's investigation into the allegations contained in the charge. Accordingly, the court will consider the June, 2006, incident as a part of Plaintiff's claims.

B. Discrimination

Plaintiff alleges Defendants discriminated against her on the basis of her gender in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e- 2000e-17. The parties interpret this claim to include a claim of hostile work environment discrimination and a claim of disparate treatment discrimination. The court will address each theory below.

1. Hostile Work Environment

Although not explicitly included in the text of Title VII, claims based on a hostile work environment fall within Title VII's protections. Harris v. Forklift Sys., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993). To state an actionable claim under Title VII, Plaintiff must show that (1) she was subjected to verbal or physical conduct based on her religion; (2) the conduct was unwelcome; and (3) the conduct was "sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of her employment and create an abusive working environment." Galdamex v. Potter, 415 F.3d 1015, 1023 (9th Cir. 1995) ( quoting Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67 (1986)).

Defendants challenge Plaintiff's ability to demonstrate the third element of a hostile work environment claim. To determine whether conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to violate Title VII, the court considers "all the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance." Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 270-71 (2001)).

"The working environment must both subjectively and objectively be perceived as abusive." Fuller v. City of Oakland, California, 47 F.3d 1522, 1527 (9th Cir. 1995) ( citing Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17 (1993)). To determine if the workplace is objectively hostile, courts examine the issue from the perspective of a reasonable person with the same fundamental characteristics as the claimant. Id. Key factors in determining whether a work environment is hostile include (1) the frequency of the conduct; (2) the severity of the conduct; (3) whether the conduct is physically threatening or humiliating, as opposed to a mere utterance; and (4) whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance. Harris, 510 U.S. at 23.

Plaintiff has identified the following conduct as supporting her hostile work environment claim: (1) Defendants' failure to respond to her complaints about Defendant Rushfield's conduct; (2) Defendant Rushfields' unwarranted work reassignments and "tactic demotions," including no longer being able to work in the TPO courtroom and being assigned a "utility bailiff" position; (3) Defendant Rushfield's spreading negative rumors about her mental health and fitness for duty; and (4) being placed on administrative leave in June of 2006 and required to remain at her home from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

The court finds that this conduct was not sufficiently frequent or severe to support a claim for a hostile work environment. The conduct and comments at issue were not threatening or severe, and beyond Plaintiff's conclusory statement in her brief, there is no evidence indicating that the conduct interfered with Plaintiff's work performance. In sum, while Plaintiff appears to have disagreed with Defendants' decision to place her on administrative leave and with Defendant Rushfield's management style and ethics, the instances Plaintiff cites do not rise to the level of severe and pervasive harassment. Summary judgment with regard to this claim is therefore appropriate.

2. Disparate Treatment

Plaintiff also appears to allege a claim for disparate treatment discrimination. Title VII makes it an unlawful employment practice to "discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2. To prevail, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination by presenting evidence that "gives rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination." Cordova v. State Farm Ins. Co., 124 F.3d 1145, 1148 (9th Cir. 1997); see also McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). A plaintiff can establish a prima facie case of discrimination through either the burden shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas or with direct or circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent. See Metoyer v. Chassman, 504 F.3d 919, 931 (9th Cir. 2007) ("When responding to a summary judgment motion . . . [the plaintiff] may proceed using the McDonnell Douglas framework, or alternatively, may simply produce direct or circumstantial evidence demonstrating that a discriminatory reason more likely than not motivated [the employer].") (citation omitted) (alterations in original).

Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff carries the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If the plaintiff succeeds in doing so, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its allegedly discriminatory conduct. Id. If the defendant provides such a justification, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the defendant's justification is a mere pretext for discrimination. Id. at 804.

Here, even assuming Plaintiff has met her initial burden, the court finds that Defendants have articulated legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for its decisions to (1) place Plaintiff on administrative leave in January of 2006, (2) change Plaintiff's work duties, and (3) place Plaintiff on administrative leave in June of 2006. For example, Defendants contend that they placed Plaintiff on administrative leave in January to conduct an investigation into her mental health, reassigned Plaintiff to different work duties because of the needs of the court, and placed Plaintiff on administrative leave in June because of the incident with Judge Elliot.

When the defendant demonstrates a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its employment decision, the McDonnell Douglas presumption of discrimination "simply drops out of the picture." Wallis v. J.R. Simplot Co., 26 F.3d 885, 889 (9th Cir. 1994) ( quoting St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 511 (1994)). The ultimate burden rests on the plaintiff to demonstrate that the defendant's offered reasons are a pretext for the employer's true discriminatory motive. Id. at 890. A plaintiff may demonstrate pretext "either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence." Snead v. Metro. Prop. Cas. Ins. Co., 237 F. 3d 1080, 1093-94 (9th Cir. 2001) ( quoting Texas Dept. Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 256 (1981)).

In Wallis, the Ninth Circuit clarified the plaintiff's burden in demonstrating that the defendant's justification is a pretext:

[I]n deciding whether an issue of fact has been created about the credibility of the employer's nondiscriminatory reasons, the district court must look at the evidence supporting the prima facie case, as well as the other evidence offered by the plaintiff to rebut the employer's reasons. And, in those cases where the prima facie case consists of no more than the minimum necessary to create a presumption of discrimination under McDonnell Douglas, plaintiff has failed to raise a triable issue of fact.

26 F.3d at 890.

Plaintiff has failed to meet her burden here. No evidence before the court suggests that Defendants took the above-described actions because of Plaintiff's gender. While, as discussed below, Defendants' actions may give rise to a claim for retaliation, the evidence before the court does not support a gender-based discrimination claim. Accordingly, summary judgment with regard to Plaintiff's discrimination claim is appropriate.

C. Retaliation

Plaintiff alleges Defendants retaliated against her for filing a lawsuit in January of 2000 alleging discrimination claims against various defendants, including Defendants Clark County, the Eighth Judicial District Court, and Short. Under section 2000e-3(a), it is unlawful "for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees . . . because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by [Title VII], or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a).

To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must demonstrate that "(1) she engaged in an activity protected under title VII; (2) her employer subjected her to an adverse employment action; and (3) a causal link exists between the protected activity and the adverse employment action." Thomas v. City of Beaverton, 379 F.3d 802, 811 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Ray v. Henderson, 217 F.3d 1234, 1240 (9th Cir. 2000)). If a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden shifts to the defendant to demonstrate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision. Ray, 217 F.3d at 1240. If the defendant demonstrates such a reason, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the defendant's reason was a mere pretext for a discriminatory motive. Id.

In her previous suit, Plaintiff alleged a claim for sexual discrimination. Thus, Plaintiff engaged in an activity protected under Title VII. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2. As to the second element of Plaintiff's prima facie case, in the retaliation context, to demonstrate an adverse employment action, a plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, meaning that it "well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination." Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) (citations omitted). While a prima facie case of Title VII's substantive provision (anti-discrimination) and a prima facie case of retaliation both require an adverse employment action, the two terms are not coterminous. Id. at 67. Instead, "the scope of the anti-retaliation provision extends beyond workplace-related or employment-related retaliatory acts and harm." Id.

In her opposition, Plaintiff argues she suffered an adverse employment action when, following the December, 2005, trial, Defendant Short placed her on administrative leave pending the outcome of the fitness for duty evaluation. A reasonable employee would likely be dissuaded from bringing a sexual harassment lawsuit if she knew that, as a result of the suit, she would be placed on administrative leave and required to undergo a fitness for duty examination. As such, the court finds that issues of fact exist concerning whether Plaintiff's placement on administrative leave constitutes an adverse employment action.

As to the third element, the court finds that Plaintiff has identified issues of fact concerning the causal connection between Plaintiff's filing of her discrimination lawsuit and the adverse action she suffered. It is undisputed that almost immediately after the trial, Defendant Short placed Plaintiff on administrative leave pending an investigation into her mental state. However, Plaintiff has presented evidence indicating that Defendants may have been on notice of her mental state well before the December, 2005, trial. ( See Pl.'s Opp. (#40), Ex. C (stating claim for intentional infliction of emotion distress), Ex. D (citing psychological examination reports and records).) Plaintiff has also presented evidence suggesting that Defendants were aware that other bailiffs may have been suffering from mental instability or under the influence of pain medication, and Defendants nonetheless permitted these bailiffs to continue working. ( See id., Ex. H at 170:14-175:22.) This evidence demonstrates that there are issues of fact as to whether Defendant Short placed Plaintiff on administrative leave because she chose to exercise her rights under Title VII.

For similar reasons, the court also finds issues of fact exist concerning whether Defendants' reasons for their conduct were a mere pretext for discrimination. Accordingly, the court will deny summary judgment as to Plaintiff's retaliation claim.

The court notes that its denial of summary judgment on Plaintiff's retaliation claim extends only to the State of Nevada, the Eighth Judicial District Court, and Clark County. See Cerrato v. San Francisco Cmty. Coll. Dist., 26 F.3d 968, 976 (9th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted) (noting that Congress has abrogated Eleventh Amendment immunity with respect to Title VII claims). As to Defendants Short and Rushfield, Title VII limits civil liability to the employer. See Miller v. Maxwell's Int'l, 991 F.2d 583, 587 (9th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted). Thus, "individual defendants cannot be held liable for damages under Title VII. . . ." Id. (citation omitted). To the extent Plaintiff's retaliation claim alleges retaliation by Defendants Short and Rushfield, the court will grant summary judgment.

D. Equal Protection

Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Plaintiff alleges Defendants denied her equal protection in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment commands that no State shall `deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws,' which is essentially a direction that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike." City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985) ( citing Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202, 216 (1982)). "To establish a § 1983 Equal Protection violation, a plaintiff must show that the defendant, acting under color of state law, discriminated against her as a member of an identifiable class and that the discrimination was intentional." Flores v. Morgan Hill Unified Sch. Dist., 324 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted).

For equal protection purposes, Plaintiff is a member of a protected class because she alleges discrimination on the basis of her gender. See Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263, 322 (1991) ("women are unquestionably a protected class"). However, as discussed above, Plaintiff has failed to present evidence suggesting that Defendants treated her differently than similarly situated individuals because of her gender. As such, the court will grant summary judgment on Plaintiff's equal protection claim.

E. Negligent Supervision

Plaintiff alleges Defendants Eighth Judicial District Court and Clark County negligently "failed to properly supervise its employees . . ., who were allowed to engage in retaliatory, harassing[,] and hostile conduct against Plaintiff." In Nevada, employers have a duty to "use reasonable care in the training, supervision, and retention of his or her employees to make sure that the employees are fit for their positions." Hall v. SSF, Inc., 930 P.2d 94, 99 (Nev. 1996) ( citing 27 Am. Jur. 2d Employment Relationship §§ 475-76 (1996)).

To the extent Plaintiff's negligent supervision claim is based on discrimination, the court will grant summary judgment because the court has found that Plaintiff has failed to raise an issue of fact showing that any employee of the Eighth Judicial District Court discriminated against her. However, the court has found that issues of fact remain concerning whether Defendants engaged in retaliatory conduct, and to the extent Plaintiff alleges negligent supervision arising out of Defendant Short's allegedly retaliatory conduct, the court will deny summary judgment.

There is no evidence before the court indicating the existence or extent of any discrimination and retaliation training Defendants provide to their employees, and it is not clear what procedures supervisors must follow when placing employees on administrative leave. In addition, no evidence demonstrates how Defendants Eighth Judicial District Court and Clark County responded to or were involved in the decision to place Plaintiff on administrative leave. As such, the court finds that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Defendant Short's allegedly retaliatory placement of Plaintiff on administrative leave could have been prevented with different or additional training and supervision. Accordingly, summary judgment on this claim is not appropriate.

F. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

To establish a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiff must demonstrate the following: (1) "extreme and outrageous conduct with either the intention of, or reckless disregard for, causing emotional distress"; (2) severe or extreme emotional distress; and (3) actual or proximate causation. Star v. Rabello, 625 P.2d 90, 92 (Nev. 1981) (citation omitted).

Extreme and outrageous conduct "is that which is `outside all possible bounds of decency' and is regarded as `utterly intolerable in a civilized community.'" Maduike v. Agency Rent-A-Car, 953 P.2d 24, 26 (Nev. 1998) (citations omitted). This is not such a case. The court finds no allegations in this case that amount to extreme and outrageous conduct, and Plaintiff has pointed to no specific evidence to support such a claim. Thus, summary judgment is appropriate on this claim.

G. Constructive Discharge

To establish a constructive discharge, Plaintiff must show that "working conditions [became] so intolerable that a reasonable person in the [her] position would have felt compelled to resign." Pa. State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 142 (2004) (citation omitted). Because Plaintiff has failed to establish that she was subjected to a hostile work environment, it follows that she has not made the further showing that the "abusive working environment became so intolerable that her resignation qualified as a fitting response." Id. at 134. As a result, the court will grant summary judgment on the constructive discharge claim.

H. Immunity Under State Law

As a preliminary matter, the court notes that "state laws conferring immunity on government entities and officials cannot thwart Title VII actions against them." Sosa v. Hiraoka, 920 F.2d 1451, 1460 (9th Cir. 1990). Thus, to the extent Defendants seek immunity under state law, such immunity only protects them from liability for the negligent supervision claim, the remaining state law claim.

In relevant part, Nevada Revised Statutes section 41.032 provides that no action may be brought against an "officer or employee of the state or any of its agencies or political subdivisions" that is "[b]ased upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty . . . whether or not the discretion involved is abused." Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.032(2). "Thus, [Nevada Revised Statutes section 41.032(2)] grants the State and its political subdivisions sovereign immunity from civil liability when the challenged act was discretionary in nature." Ransdell v. Clark County, 192 P.2d 756, 761 (Nev. 2008).

The Nevada Supreme Court has adopted the United States Supreme Court's test in United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315 (1991) for determining the scope of discretionary immunity. Martinez v. Maruszczak, 168 P.3d 720, 722 (Nev. 2007). "[T]o fall within the scope of discretionary-act immunity, a decision must (1) involve an element of individual judgment or choice and (2) be based on considerations of social, economic, or political policy." Id. at 729.

"Nevada courts look to federal decisional law on the Federal Tort Claims Act for guidance on what types of conduct discretionary immunity protects." Neal-Lomax v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep't, 574 F. Supp. 2d 1170, 1192 (D. Nev. 2008) ( citing Martinez, 168 P.3d at 727-28). The Ninth Circuit and other circuits addressing the issue have held that "decisions relating to the hiring, training, and supervision of employees usually involve policy judgments of the type Congress intended the discretionary function exception to shield." Vickers v. United States, 228 F.3d 944, 950 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted). Accordingly, here, Defendants the Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County, and the State of Nevada would normally be entitled to discretionary immunity on the negligent supervision claim.

However, Plaintiff argues that the bad-faith exception to discretionary immunity applies. Under Nevada law, where a defendant's actions are "attributable to bad faith, immunity does not apply whether an act is discretionary or not." Falline v. GNLV Corp., 823 P.2d 888, 892 (Nev. 1991). The Nevada Supreme Court has explained that an action performed in bad faith cannot be "discretionary" under Nevada Revised Statutes section 41.032 because a bad-faith act "occurs outside the circumference of authority" and therefore "has no relationship to a rightful prerogative even if the result is ostensibly within the actor's ambit of authority." Id. at 892 n. 3.

Similarly, the Ninth Circuit has recognized, "In general, governmental conduct cannot be discretionary if it violates a legal mandate." Nurse v. United States, 226 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). As officials do not "possess discretion to violate constitutional rights, the discretionary function exception does not apply. . . ." Galvin v. Hay, 374 F.3d 739, 758 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted).

Here, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a reasonable juror could find that in supervising Defendant Short, the employer defendants, in bad faith or in violation of federal law, permitted Short to retaliate against Plaintiff for exercising her rights under Title VII. In other words, where, as here, there are contested issues of fact concerning (1) a supervisor's retaliatory conduct and (2) the employer's role in permitting its employee to engage in the retaliatory conduct, the court cannot find, as a matter of law, that the employer did not act in bad faith or in violation of federal law. Accordingly, the court will deny summary judgment to Defendants the Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County, and the State of Nevada on the basis of statutory immunity.

Defendants also argue Defendants Short and Rushfield are entitled to qualified immunity. Above, the court has dismissed all of Plaintiff's claims against the individual defendants. Accordingly, the court need not consider whether the individual defendants are entitled to qualified immunity.

IV. Conclusion

To summarize, the court has found that summary judgment is appropriate with regard to Plaintiff's claims for gender discrimination, equal protection, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and constructive discharge. As to Plaintiff's claim for retaliation, the court has found that issues of fact remain concerning whether Defendants the Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County, and the State of Nevada retaliated against Plaintiff for exercising her rights under Title VII. In addition, the court has identified issues of fact as to whether these Defendants negligently supervised Defendant Short, unlawfully permitting him to retaliate against Plaintiff. Finally, the court has concluded that there are issues of fact as to whether, in supervising Defendant Short, Defendants the Eighth Judicial District Court, Clark County, and the State of Nevada acted in bad faith or in violation of federal law. As a result, at this time, the court cannot determine whether these Defendants are entitled to discretionary immunity.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment (#34) is DENIED in part and GRANTED in part.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the parties shall lodge their proposed joint pretrial order within thirty (30) days from entry of this Order. See Local Rules 16-4 and 26-1(e)(5).

IT IS SO ORDERED.