AMICUS AI
Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Attorney(S)
Judges
Acts
  • provision of Sec. 20 (or 30) of the Arbitration Act of 1940.
  • Sec. 15(3) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act,
  • S. 15(3A) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act
  • Secs. 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act 1940
  • Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952.
  • Contracts (Regulation) Act
Are you a practicing lawyer?
Enhance your digital presence and reach by creating a Casemine profile.
Upload pleading to use the new AI search
Cites
Cited by
Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Attorney(S)
Judges
Acts
  • provision of Sec. 20 (or 30) of the Arbitration Act of 1940.
  • Sec. 15(3) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act,
  • S. 15(3A) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act
  • Secs. 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act 1940
  • Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952.
  • Contracts (Regulation) Act
Smart Summary

Judicial Opinion Summary — Banerjee, J. (with B.N. Maitra, J. concurring)

Factual and Procedural Background

These appeals arose from an application under Sections 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act, 1940 to set aside an award made by a Tribunal of Arbitration. The dispute concerned a contract between the appellant and the respondent governed by the trading rules of the East India Jute & Hessian Exchange Ltd., Calcutta (Working Manual, Vol. III). The specific contract at issue was Contract No. JG/C-10053 dated 9 December 1971 (a transferable specific delivery contract in raw jute and jute goods).

Procedurally, the matter was before the court in March 1978 and, by consent of the parties, the court framed two issues and remitted the matter to the learned Judge, City Civil Court, to decide those issues and to permit the parties to adduce evidence. The learned Judge returned decisions holding inter alia that the contract had not been entered into in the statutory (prescribed) form and identifying the relevant statutory form in Appendix II (page next to 93) of the Working Manual, Vol. III. After multiple adjournments, the matters were heard and the appellate court delivered the opinion summarized here.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the Transferable Specific Delivery Contract for Jute Goods (Contract No. JG/C-10053 dated 9th December 1971) was in the statutory (prescribed) form upon which such contracts must be entered?
  2. What was the prescribed form prevalent on the date of the contract (i.e., which form in the Working Manual, Vol. III, applied on 9th December 1971)?

Arguments of the Parties

Appellant's Arguments (Mr. P. N. Chatterjee)

  • The doctrine of substantial compliance does not apply; because the contract was not in the prescribed form, it is not a valid contract and the arbitration clause does not apply.
  • As to the option clause, Rule in Chap. V sub-rule (3) requires the time to be specified; since no time was specified in the contract, parties cannot rely on custom to supply the time element.
  • Relied upon a decision reported in AIR 1962 SC 1810 in support of the view that a void contract cannot sustain an arbitration clause.

Respondent's Arguments (Mr. K. K. Maitra)

  • Chapter VII (not Chapter V) of the Working Manual, Vol. III applies to the present case.
  • The Supreme Court judgment reported in AIR 1974 SC 1579 has no application because, according to the respondent, there was no scoring or cancellation in the prescribed form used here.
  • No prejudice was caused to the seller by any variation in the time element for exercising the option; Rule 3 of Chapter V allowed incorporation of such option-related provisions.
  • Because the matter had been referred to arbitration and the appellant participated, the appellant should be precluded from later challenging the arbitrator's jurisdiction.
  • Relied on a number of authorities and texts (as cited in the opinion) including AIR 1949 PC 334, AIR 1951 SC 9, AIR 1953 Cal 621 (1953) 57 Cal WN 482, AIR 1959 Mad 351 and Russell's Arbitration (19th Ed., p. 453) to support the respondent's positions on jurisdiction/awards and related matters.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
AIR 1974 SC 1579 The Supreme Court held that the prescribed form is imperative: a valid contract must contain all terms and conditions set out in the prescribed form and no term can be dispensed with on the plea of inapplicability. The court applied this authority directly, holding that the prescribed form in Appendix II was mandatory and that the contract before the court did not comply with that requirement.
AIR 1971 SC 166 Relied upon by the Supreme Court in AIR 1974 SC 1579 for the mandatory nature of prescribed forms (as cited in the opinion). Referenced by the court as part of the chain of authority supporting the principle that contracts outside the prescribed form do not satisfy the relevant bye-laws.
AIR 1949 PC 334 (Privy Council) Held that an award cannot be set aside merely because of an error of law unless it falls within the mischief of provisions such as Sec. 20 (or 30) of the Arbitration Act, 1940 (as described in the opinion). The court cited this decision to explain limits on setting aside awards for errors of law but distinguished it from the present situation where the underlying contract itself was held void.
AIR 1962 SC 1810 Addresses the effect of a void contract on arbitration clauses; cited for the proposition that if the contract itself is void the arbitration clause cannot be enforced. The court relied on this authority to support the conclusion that a void agreement vitiates the arbitration clause and that participation in arbitration does not estop a party from challenging validity under S.33.
AIR 1963 SC 90 Also considered a similar question under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act about raising validity of the contract after arbitration. Quoted alongside AIR 1962 SC 1810 to support the view that a void contract destroys the arbitration clause and that there can be an initial want of jurisdiction not cured by acquiescence.
AIR 1951 SC 9; AIR 1953 Cal 621; AIR 1959 Mad 351; (1953) 57 Cal WN 482; Russell's Arbitration (19th Ed. p.453) These authorities/texts were cited by the respondent in support of his arguments concerning arbitration and related procedural matters. The opinion records that these authorities were relied upon by the respondent's counsel, but the text does not elaborate specific rules from each; the court's decision is based principally on the authorities summarized above (e.g., AIR 1974 SC 1579, AIR 1962 SC 1810, AIR 1963 SC 90, AIR 1949 PC 334).

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court proceeded in a stepwise manner:

  1. Identification of the documentary/formal issue: The court examined whether the contract was in the prescribed statutory form (Appendix II of the Working Manual, Vol. III). The original contract contained a rubber stamp that was indecipherable, and evidence did not show that the amended/prescribed form was used on 9 December 1971.
  2. Application of binding authority on prescribed forms: The court found the Supreme Court decision in AIR 1974 SC 1579 directly applicable. That decision establishes that prescribed forms are mandatory and that all terms and conditions in the prescribed form must be incorporated for the contract to be valid.
  3. Interpretation of the bye-laws and Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act: The court read the Manual's Chapter V provisions (including Bye-law 3 as quoted in the opinion) together with Bye-laws 15 and 17 and the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act (Sections 15(3) and 15(3A) as cited). Bye-law 3 requires that options (if provided) "shall be exercised by the buyer within the time specified in the contract."
  4. Assessment of the specific contract's content: The contract form before the court lacked an option in the column reserved for the buyer's option to be exercised within a specified time. Because the prescribed form (Appendix II) was not followed and the option requirement was absent, the contract offended the mandatory bye-laws and statutory regulation.
  5. Rejection of arguments based on custom or consent and on acquiescence in arbitration: The court rejected the respondent's contention that the option could be incorporated by consent or custom in the face of the statutory prohibition. The court also rejected the respondent's argument that the appellant's participation in arbitration barred later challenge: relying on authorities (including AIR 1949 PC 334, AIR 1962 SC 1810 and AIR 1963 SC 90) the court held that where the agreement itself is void there is an initial want of jurisdiction and appearance at arbitration does not estop a party from challenging the award under Section 33.
  6. Conclusion on validity and jurisdiction: Because the contract was not in the prescribed Appendix II form and thus contravened the bye-laws and statutory provisions (Sec. 15(3) / Sec. 15(3A) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952 as cited), the agreement was void. Consequently, the arbitration clause—being part of the invalid agreement—could not confer jurisdiction on the arbitrators to make a binding award.

Holding and Implications

Holding:

APPEALS ALLOWED. The judgment and order of the court below are set aside and the Award of the Tribunal is set aside. There will be no order as to costs.

Implications (direct effects on the parties):

  • The contract dated 9 December 1971 (Contract No. JG/C-10053) was held void because it was not in the prescribed form required by Appendix II of the Exchange's Working Manual and because it violated applicable bye-laws (Chap. V Bye-laws 15 and 17) read with Sections 15(3) / 15(3A) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952 (as cited in the opinion).
  • Because the underlying agreement is void, the arbitration clause contained in it could not validly confer jurisdiction on the Tribunal; the arbitral award was therefore set aside.
  • The court held that participation in arbitration does not preclude a later challenge to jurisdiction where there was an initial want of jurisdiction because the agreement itself was void.

Broader precedent: The opinion relies on existing Supreme Court and Privy Council authorities to apply and confirm established principles (notably the mandatory nature of prescribed contract forms and the nullifying effect of an illegal/void contract on arbitration clauses). The opinion does not purport to announce a novel legal principle beyond the application of those authorities to the facts at hand.

    Alliance Mills (Lessees) Pvt. Ltd. v. Madan Gopal & Sons .

    Banerjee, J.:— These appeals arise out of an application under Secs. 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act 1940 for setting aside the award made by the Tribunal of Arbitration. The Bengal Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Calcutta. The fact relating to the arbitration proceeding is that there was a contract between the appellant and the respondent coming under the East India Jute & Hessian Exchange Ltd., Calcutta fox Trading in Transferable Specific Delivery Contracts in Raw Jute and Jute Goods and Rules (Sic). The transferable specific delivery contracts in raw jute and jute goods are embodied in the Rules framed under the East India Jute & Hessian Exchange Ltd. The contract also is to be found in Appendix X of the East India Jute & Hessian Exchange Ltd., Calcutta (Working Manual Vol. III). There was no dispute that some sort of agreement was entered into by Alliance Mills (Lessees) Pvt. Ltd. and Madan Gopal & Sons in a form which is akin to Appendix n as hereinbefore stated. But it appears from the original that the rubber stamp which was embossed on the same form could not be deciphered.

    2. These matters were being heard by us sometime in Mar. 1978 and we passed an order on the same by consent of parties. It is imperative what is imprinted by the rubber stamp must be deciphered. We, however, made the order on 20th Mar., 1978 by sending back the matter to the learned Judge, City Civil Court for decision on the following issues framed by us “(1) Whether the Transferable Specific Delivery Contract for Jute Goods, being Contract No. JG/C-10053 dated 9th Dec. 1971 is statutory form upon which the contract was entered into? and (2) What was the prescribed form prevalent on the data of the Contract?” We also directed that the parties should he given liberty to adduce evidence.

    3. The learned Judge however sent his decisions on the said two issues to this Court holding inter alia that the contract was not entered into in the statutory form and secondly that statutory form in Appendix. IT at the page next to 93 of the Working Manual Vol. III is a form with up-to-date amendments as prevalent on the date of contract as on 9th Dec. 1971.

    4. After the records were sent to us with a decision, of the learned Judge, the matter could not be heard because a number of adjournments, were taken by the parties on different grounds in eluding the one that one of the appeals in which the main judgment was printed, was not ready. Be that as it may though, belated, all the matters could be heard analogously today.

    5. Mr. P.N Chatterjee on behalf of the appellant contended firstly that the doctrine of substantial compliance has no application in the present case. The contract not being, in the prescribed form, there is no contract and as such, arbitration clause is not applicable. Secondly, it is argued by Mr. Chatterjee that so far as the option clause is concerned the Rule in Chapt V. sub-r. (3) time will have to be specified and no time having, been, specified in the contract itself, the parties are not entitled in law to rely oil custom.

    6. Mr. K.K Maitra on hehalf of the respondent, however, contended that it is not Chap. V but Chapter VII of the Working Manual, Vol. III applies. It is also contended by Mr. Maitra that the Supreme Court judgment as reported in AIR 1974 SC 1579 has no application in the facts of the present case, as there was no scoring or cancellation, in the statutory farm prescribed under the Manual. It is argued further by Mr. Maitra that no prejudice is caused to the seller, when subsequent, to the contract about the option in regard to the time, element fear the exercise of option is present as contained in R. 3 of Chap. V of the Working Manual, Vol. III Mr. Maitra further contended that the matter had gone to the arbitration and the appellant cannot now raise the question having submitted to the jurisdiction of the arbitrator and it cannot also say that the arbitration was without jurisdiction. Mr. Moitra relied upon the decisions reported in AIR 1949 PC 334, AIR 1951 SC 9, (1953) 57 Cal WN 482 : (AIR 1953 Cal 621), AIR 1959 Mad 351 and on Russell's Arbitration 19th Ed. p. 453.

    7. In reply to the above decisions as cited by Mr. Moitra, Mr. Chatterjee contended that as the contract itself is void, this question is not at all relevant Mr. Chatterjee relied upon a decision reported in AIR 1962 SC 1810.

    8. The question for our consideration is therefore whether the contract is in Appendix II of the Working Manual Vol. III at page 93. Admittedly it is not so. It appears that in the original there is some rubber stamp which cannot be deciphered. On evidence also nothing came out that the amended form has been used at the time of contract on 9th Dec. 1971. In our opinion, the case reported in AIR 1974 SC 1579 applied here on all fours as the Supreme Court has held in the said case that it is not correct to say that the prescribed form may be followed only in so far as circumstances may admit. The prescribed form is imperative and a contract in order to be valid must contain all the terms and conditions set out in the prescribed form. Either the contract must incorporate all those terms and conditions or no contract can be made at all. No term or condition in the prescribed form can be dispensed with on the plea that it is inapplicable. The Supreme Court has clearly stated in para 10 relying upon the case reported in AIR 1971 SC 166 that “In our opinion, the High Court was right in holding that the contracts in question were not in the prescribed form and thus they did not comply with the requirement of Bye-law 1(b) of Chap. V. There can be no manner of doubt that bye-law is mandatory when read with By-laws 15 and 17. It must be remembered that under Bye-law 15 no member shall enter into any transferable specific delivery contract otherwise than on terms and conditions prescribed under the bye-laws and under Bye-law 17 if there is a contravention inter alia of Bye-law 15 the contract shall be rendered illegal by virtue of the provisions contained in Sec. 15(3A) of the Act that is, Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952. It is clear from this judgment that any member of the East India Jute & Hessian Exchange Ltd. cannot contract out of Appendix II in respect of transferable specific delivery contracts in jute goods. Chap. V of the said Manual deal with the trading provisions in general. Chap. V sub-para (g) provides that all Transferable Specific Delivery Contracts shall be subject to the provisions of the Bye-laws. Bye-law 3 of Chap. V runs as follows:—

    “T.S.D Contracts in jute goods shall ordinarily provide for delivery of a specified quality of these goods but provisions can be made in the contract for specified options which may be with or without penalty and/or premium or which may contain terms for delivery at specified rates arranged mutually between the sellers and the buyers. Such options shall be exercised by the buyer within the time specified in the contract.”

    9. It appears from the contract form that there was no option given in the column left for option to be exercised by the buyer within the time specified in the contract. If no such option is given, the contract becomes illegal in view Bye-laws 15 and 17 of the Manual read with Sec. 15(3) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952.

    That there was no incorporation in the form is clear from the application the buyer made in his arbitration petition which contained an objection thereto, to the appellant's objection. It is clear from their objection that they pleaded that even if the option clause was not there, still this can be incorporated in the contract itself by consent of the parties and according to the customs prevailing. In our opinion, in view of the fact of the statutory prohibition and in view of the fact that the contract must be entered into in Appendix II and not otherwise, this purchase or no purchase is of no concern for the consideration whether the contract was validly made or not in accordance with the statutory regulation framed under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952. Mr. Moitra further contended that, when the matter was referred to the arbitration, the petitioner or appellant or any of the party was barred in raising the question of arbitration being invalid because the contract was invalid. In our opinion this cannot be correct. The Privy Council in AIR 1949 PC 334 has already decided that the award cannot be set aside even if there is error of law unless it comes within the mischief of provision of Sec. 20 (or 30) of the Arbitration Act of 1940. This question was also considered in a similar matter by the Supreme Court in a case reported in AIR 1962 SC 1810 and AIR 1963 SC 90 where the question was raised similarly under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act that this cannot be raised by the parties to the Contract. The Supreme Court categorically stated that if the contract itself is void the question of submitted jurisdiction of arbitrator is of no avail. It has been held by the Supreme Court that it cannot be disputed that the expression “arising out of” or “concerning” or “in connection with” or “in consequence of” or “relating to this contract” occurring in an arbitration clause in an agreement to purchase goods are of sufficient amplitude to take in a dispute as to the validity of the agreement. But the arbitration clause cannot be enforced when the agreement of which it forms an integral part is held to be illegal, on principle it must be held that when an agreement is invalid every part of it including the clause as to arbitration contained therein must also be invalid. The point which Mr. Moitra argued was specifically taken by the parties. It has been held by the Supreme Court that the party applying under S. 33 is not estopped by its conduct in appearing before the arbitrators and in taking part in the proceedings before them from questioning the validity of the award. What confers jurisdiction on the arbitrators to hear and decide a dispute is an arbitration agreement as defined in Section 2(a), and where there is no such agreement, there is an initial want of jurisdiction which cannot be cured by acquiescence. We are therefore of opinion that this argument of Mr. Moitra that the appellant having acquiescence and taking part in the arbitration proceeding cannot now challenge the arbitration proceeding, cannot be sustained and must fail. In view of the finding on the first question we must hold that the contract not being in form as in Appendix II and in violation of Chap. V Bye-laws 15 and 17 read with S. 15(3A) of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act cannot be upheld and must be said to be void.

    10. The appeals are therefore allowed. The judgment and order passed by the court below are set aside and the Award of the Tribunal is set aside. But there will be no order as to costs.

    B.N Maitra, J.:— I agree.

    Appeals allowed.

    Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952.

    Use AI to get other relevant cases.

    Comments

    Alliance Mills (Lessees) Pvt. Ltd. v. Madan Gopal & Sons .
    (Feb 16, 1982)