The Dinnegan Principle: The Dominance of Objective Evidence over Evolving Allegations in School-yard Personal-Injury Litigation

Introduction

Dinnegan v Trustees and Board of Management of Loughegar National School ([2025] IEHC 423) concerns a nine-year-old pupil who fractured her elbow after falling during break time. Initially, the accident was pleaded as having been caused by another child; three years later the pleadings were completely reframed to allege a hazardous protruding grating. The High Court (Mr Justice Paul Coffey) was therefore asked to determine:

Whether the fall was caused by a defective steel grating or by some other means;
Whether the defendants breached their duty of care in supervising children or in maintaining the premises; and
How to treat the plaintiff’s radically different versions of the accident in light of contemporaneous CCTV footage and eyewitness testimony.

The defendants denied liability, emphasizing (i) the shifting pleadings, (ii) eyewitness/CCTV evidence showing the fall occurred far from the alleged defect, and (iii) an insurer’s site visit six weeks post-accident that found no hazard.

Summary of the Judgment

Justice Coffey dismissed the claim in its entirety. The Court held that the plaintiff failed to establish—on the balance of probabilities—that the raised grating caused her fall. Two decisive factors underpinned the ruling:

Credibility and Consistency: The plaintiff’s unexplained volte-face from a “tripped-by-another-child” narrative to a “defective-grating” narrative, three years after issuing proceedings, fatally undermined her credibility.
Objective Evidence: The testimony of Special Needs Assistant Mary Kenny—corroborated by contemporaneous CCTV—showed the fall occurred near concrete steps, not near the grating later identified as defective.

Finding that the fall was simply an unfortunate playground mishap, with adequate supervision in place, the Court held that no liability attached to the school.

Analysis

Precedents Cited (or Not Cited)

The judgment is notable for its lack of reliance on extensive precedent: Justice Coffey resolved the dispute primarily on factual assessment and well-settled principles of negligence. Although no specific Irish Court of Appeal or Supreme Court authorities are referenced in the written judgment provided, the decision implicitly draws on:

The orthodox three-fold test for negligence—duty of care, breach, and causal connection;
Established jurisprudence stressing the plaintiff’s onus to prove causation (Quinn v. Mid-Western Health Board principles); and
Case law emphasizing the weight accorded to objective evidence such as CCTV (DPP v. Doherty regarding evidential value, albeit in the criminal context).

By grounding the outcome almost entirely on factual credibility and causation, the Court signals that even in the absence of complex legal argument, the evidential burden remains stringent.

Legal Reasoning

Pleadings and Credibility: The Court treated the verified pleadings as quasi-contemporaneous accounts. Where a plaintiff pleads an accident mechanism for years and then substitutes a new mechanism without persuasive justification, the Court may infer unreliability. Consistency, though not determinative, is a “hallmark of credibility”.
Onus of Proof & Causation: Justice Coffey reiterates the orthodox rule that a personal-injuries plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s breach caused the injury. Here, even if the grating were defective in 2018, there was no convincing evidence it was defective in 2015, nor that the plaintiff interacted with it.
Objective Evidence Hierarchy: The Court elevates CCTV and real-time witness evidence over post-hoc recollections, articulating what this commentary terms the “Dinnegan Principle”:
Where objective, contemporaneous recordings exist, they will normally prevail over later, less certain testimonial accounts—especially where those accounts have materially evolved.
Ordinary Play Doctrine: Even had the fall occurred as described initially (tripping on another child while racing), such “rough and tumble” incidents are an accepted part of school life and do not, absent more, signify negligence. The Court found supervision and the physical environment to be reasonable and compliant with the standard of care.

Impact

Although fact-specific, the decision is poised to exert influence in several ways:

Pleadings Discipline: Litigants and solicitors will take renewed care when framing initial pleadings. Later attempts to “pivot” theories of liability—without rock-solid justification—invite scepticism and may be fatal.
Weight of CCTV: Schools, retailers, transport operators, and other CCTV-rich defendants will likely deploy video evidence aggressively, trusting courts to prioritise it over conflicting oral testimony.
School Liability Parameters: The ruling confirms that ordinary playground accidents, even those involving running and minor falls, do not automatically found liability. Plaintiffs must show a specific breach—hazardous surface, inadequate supervision, etc.—that more probably than not caused the injury.
Insurers’ Investigations: Although the Court did not rely on the insurer’s investigator, it highlighted that site visits should focus on the exact alleged locus and be thoroughly documented. Insurers may refine their protocols accordingly.

Complex Concepts Simplified

Balance of Probabilities: The civil standard of proof—something is more likely than not (51%+). The plaintiff, not the school, had to reach this threshold.
Pleadings: Formal, sworn documents where each side sets out its case. Changing the story mid-litigation undermines credibility unless thoroughly explained.
Duty of Care: The obligation to take reasonable steps to prevent foreseeable harm. For schools, this covers safe premises and adequate supervision.
Causation: Even if a defendant breaches a duty, the plaintiff must link that breach to the injury. No link, no liability.
CCTV Evidence: Video footage recorded at the time of an incident. Courts treat it as highly persuasive because it is contemporaneous and objective.

Conclusion

Dinnegan articulates a clear, fact-driven message: objective contemporaneous evidence eclipses mutable recollections. In the context of school personal-injury claims—often coloured by child witnesses and the passage of time—the Court will scrutinise consistency, causation, and the reliability of competing narratives. The “Dinnegan Principle” thus serves as a cautionary beacon for plaintiffs and practitioners: maintain coherent pleadings, gather prompt objective evidence, and anticipate that courts will privilege demonstrable facts over belatedly reconstructed stories.

Beyond the schoolyard, the judgment fortifies a wider trend in Irish tort adjudication that privileges CCTV and real-time witness accounts, signalling a more exacting evidential environment for claimants whose cases pivot on evolving recollections. Ultimately, Dinnegan underscores the fundamental axiom of negligence law: he who asserts must prove.