Convoy Caution: The High Court Clarifies the Duty of Care Between Emergency-Service Vehicles – Comment on O’Mahony v Kerry County Council [2024] IEHC 672

1. Introduction

On 20 November 2024 the High Court (Barr J.) delivered an ex tempore judgment in O’Mahony v Kerry County Council – a rare tort action in which both protagonists were emergency-service vehicles responding, under blue lights, to the same road-traffic collision. The plaintiff, Garda Dennis O’Mahony, was driving a marked patrol car; the defendant, Kerry County Council, owned the fire tender driven by its employee Mr Fitzgerald. A collision occurred when the Garda attempted to overtake the slower fire tender and an agricultural tractor that lay ahead.

The case raised two core issues: (i) liability – where normal “rules of the road” are modified by statutory exemptions for emergency responses; and (ii) quantum – including psychiatric and musculoskeletal sequelae. Importantly, it provided the first detailed judicial consideration of the Road Safety Authority’s 2015 Emergency Services Driving Standard (“ESDS”) and established a practical test for interactions between emergency vehicles travelling in an unplanned convoy.

2. Summary of the Judgment

Liability: 100 % against the defendant. The court held that the fire tender moved into the overtaking lane without signalling and without adequate mirror checks, thereby colliding with the Garda vehicle already in the lane; no contributory negligence was attributed to the plaintiff.
Quantum: €91,621.90 total – comprising €60,000 general damages (€40,000 to date; €20,000 future) and €31,621.90 special damages (loss of overtime, allowances and agreed out-of-pocket expenses).
Key Principle: An ad hoc line of emergency vehicles does not automatically constitute a “convoy” for ESDS purposes. Even if a convoy exists, a faster vehicle may lawfully overtake, provided all drivers keep each other adequately informed (e.g., by signalling). The lead vehicle carries an elevated duty to ensure that any lane change is safe, particularly where following vehicles may need to pass.

3. Analysis

3.1 Precedents & Materials Cited

Although the decision is fact-driven, four authorities or external materials shaped the outcome:

Emergency Services Driving Standard (RSA, Feb 2015). Not legally binding, but agreed by the Gardaí, fire and ambulance services. The defendant relied heavily on its “convoy discipline” section; Barr J. treated it as an evidential aid only, emphasising context and mutual awareness.
Meehan v Shawcove Ltd. [2022] IECA 208. Cited on quantum: the Court of Appeal guidance for valuing multiple injuries was applied by analogy (even though the 2021 Guidelines did not govern the action).
Traditional negligence authorities such as McComiskey v Royal London Mutual and Hayes v Minister for Defence were implicitly followed – i.e., the reasonable-driver standard and mirror-signal-manoeuvre obligations. They were not expressly named but underpinned the reasoning.
The statutory emergency-vehicle exemptions in s.87 Road Traffic Act 1961 (as amended) were assumed; the judge noted that exemptions do not abrogate the common-law duty of care.

3.2 Legal Reasoning

Barr J.’s reasoning can be distilled into five steps:

Factual Reconstruction: By weighing directly conflicting testimony (particularly on indicator use) and relying on uncontroverted physical evidence of impact points, the court preferred the plaintiff’s version.
Indicator & Mirror Check Duty: The fire tender, being a heavy and slower vehicle, bore a high duty before moving into the overtaking lane. The absence of an active right indicator and the driver’s admitted visual focus on the tractor breached that duty.
“Convoy” ≠ Immunity: The ESDS envisages pre-planned convoys; spontaneous alignment on a public road does not, by itself, strip individual drivers of their separate responsibilities. Even within a convoy, overtaking is permissible where safe and properly signalled – a point conceded by the defendant’s own driver in cross-examination.
Emergency Context: The Garda driver’s decision to overtake two slower vehicles simultaneously was proportionate to the exigency (a reported head-on collision). The judge stressed that emergency privileges adjust, but do not abolish, the necessity for care.
Absence of Contributory Negligence: Because the plaintiff would not, on any sensible view, have committed to the overtake had a right indicator been flashing, and given the straight, unobstructed stretch of road, his manoeuvre was reasonable.

3.3 Likely Impact

Clarifies ESDS Status: Courts will view the ESDS as persuasive guidelines rather than hard law; however, non-compliance may evidence negligence where the fact-pattern fits.
Lead-Vehicle Burden: The decision places a practical onus on the first vehicle in an emergency line to assume that faster responders may overtake and therefore to use indicators and mirror checks meticulously.
Overtake of Multiple Vehicles: Endorses, in principle, simultaneous overtaking of more than one slow-moving vehicle by emergency responders where visibility is excellent and response urgency is acute.
Insurance & Training Implications: Local authorities and fire services will likely revise driver training; Garda Management may re-emphasise joint briefing protocols when multiple services are dispatched.
Damages Methodology: Confirms that, for pre-Guidelines accidents, courts will nonetheless apply Meehan-type proportionality checks.

4. Complex Concepts Simplified

Ex tempore judgment: A decision delivered orally at the end of the hearing. A written, “approved” transcript is later issued (as here).
Convoy (ESDS sense): A deliberately organised line of emergency vehicles that sets off together, usually with radio coordination. It is distinct from an accidental queue that forms en route.
Contributory negligence: When the injured party’s own carelessness helps cause the accident. The court found none here, so the plaintiff’s award was not reduced.
General vs. Special Damages: General damages compensate for pain, suffering and loss of amenity (subjective, non-pecuniary). Special damages cover quantifiable financial loss like medical bills and lost earnings.
PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – a psychiatric condition triggered by a terrifying event; here, it was mild and treated with counselling.

5. Conclusion

O’Mahony v Kerry County Council is likely to become the touchstone Irish authority on collisions between emergency vehicles. It re-affirms that statutory traffic exemptions do not dilute the common-law duty of care and that professionalism – signalled intention, constant observation, and allowance for other responders’ different performance capabilities – remains paramount. While the monetary award is modest, the judgment’s jurisprudential value lies in its balanced integration of the ESDS with orthodox negligence principles. Emergency-service operators should treat the decision as both a warning and a roadmap: travel swiftly, but never assume you travel alone.