Supreme Court Reaffirms Non-Retroactive Reservation Rosters and Prohibits Mid-Recruitment Rule Changes

Introduction

This commentary examines the Supreme Court of India’s decision in Prabhjot Kaur v. The State of Punjab (2025 INSC 479) pronounced on April 9, 2025. The dispute arose from the withdrawal and subsequent re-publication of recruitment advertisements filled under emerging reservations for women in government posts in Punjab. The Court clarified the non-retroactive application of newly introduced roster points and emphasized the principle that once the "rules of the game" (i.e., the criteria set out in a recruitment advertisement) are established, they cannot be changed during the ongoing selection process.

The key parties were:

Appellant (Prabhjot Kaur): A candidate seeking appointment under the “Scheduled Caste Sports (Women)” reserved category for the post of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
Respondent (Private Respondent/SC Sports Male Candidate): Challenged the manner in which one post of DSP was exclusively reserved for female candidates (i.e., “SC Sports (Women)”) even though he belonged to the “SC Sports (Male)” category.
State of Punjab: The governmental authority introducing new rules (the Punjab Civil Services (Reservation of Posts for Women) Rules, 2020), along with subsequent amendments, leading to the reservation controversy.

Ultimately, the Supreme Court upheld the principle that new roster systems or altered reservation notifications cannot apply retrospectively or “change the rules of the game” mid-recruitment. This decision lays down significant guidance for government bodies dealing with reservation policies and direct recruitment processes.

Summary of the Judgment

In its final ruling, the Supreme Court allowed the appeal by Prabhjot Kaur, holding that:

The advertisement dated December 11, 2020 (advertisement no.14) governed the selection process and explicitly reserved one post of Deputy Superintendent of Police under the “Scheduled Caste Sports” category exclusively for women.
Any subsequent changes, including the issuance of new roster points on January 29, 2021, could not be retrospectively applied to override or alter the terms of that advertisement.
The private respondent, who participated in the process without challenging the advertisement in its entirety, could not later object to the specific female-only reservation seat for DSP after the results were publicized.
The Division Bench’s order, which had remanded the matter for fresh adjudication based on a new stance taken by the Chief Secretary, was set aside. The Single Judge’s earlier order favoring the appellant was reinstated.

Consequently, the Supreme Court ordered the authorities to finalize the appellant’s selection for the DSP post under the “SC Sports (Women)” reservation within three weeks, invalidating the private respondent's challenge.

Analysis

Precedents Cited

Several important judicial precedents were referenced or discussed in this matter:

K. Manjusree v. State of A.P., (2008) 3 SCC 512: The Supreme Court established the principle that governments cannot “change the rules of the game” once a recruitment process begins. This principle means that selection criteria must remain constant after the advertisement is issued.
Tej Prakash Pathak v. High Court of Rajasthan, (2013) 4 SCC 540 (referred to a Constitution Bench) and (2025) 2 SCC 1: The Court’s five-Judge Bench reaffirmed the Manjusree principle, recognizing that rules cannot be altered midway in a selection process. The constitutionality and necessity of upholding predictability in public employment were underscored.
K. Vinod Chandran J. & Sudhanshu Dhulia J.: In this particular case, the two-judge Bench applied the above precedents to hold that the new roster introduced on January 29, 2021, could not be imposed retrospectively on an already-ongoing recruitment initiated by the December 2020 advertisement.

Legal Reasoning

The Court’s reasoning hinges on the consistency of recruitment rules. Specifically:

Advertisement as the Baseline: Once the government (or its agencies) issues a recruitment advertisement, the terms and conditions spelled out there form the “baseline” for all applicants. The government cannot retroactively enforce new membership, eligibility, or reservation norms absent clear legal provisions allowing it.
Non-retroactivity of Rosters: The Court held that the 100-point roster and additional amendments to the 2020 Rules—the Punjab Civil Services (Reservation of Posts for Women) Rules—did not retroactively alter existing vacancies. The relevant date for determining the rules is the date of advertisement (December 11, 2020), not the date of subsequent amendments.
Consistency with Constitutional Requirements: While it is critical to enforce reservations fairly, employing authorities cannot disregard constitutional safeguards that require predictability and fairness in public recruitment processes. Mid-process changes not only violate legal certainty but may also harm candidates who have already acted in reliance on the published terms.
Arguments from Parties: Both the State of Punjab and the private respondent invoked the new notification and roster system to argue that the “SC Sports (Woman)” classification was an inadvertent mistake. However, the Court found that an “unapplied” or “unimplemented” roster cannot override a valid advertisement upon which candidates had already based their applications.

Impact

This decision has wide-ranging implications:

Prevents Potential Abuse: It guards against arbitrary or belated changes in government notifications, making sure candidates are not disadvantaged by policy shifts occurring after they submit applications.
Reinforces Constitutional Values: By highlighting the need for transparency and fairness, the Court’s ruling ensures compliance with Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution (equality and equality of opportunity in public employment).
Guidance for Future Recruitments: Employers and government agents must finalize rosters, reservations, and other mandatory criteria before issuing advertisements, thus strengthening legal certainty. Any post-advertisement amendment or statutory correction will not automatically apply to already-notified vacancies.
Clarity on Horizontal Reservation Schemes: The decision underscores that while horizontal reservations (e.g., for women) coexist alongside vertical reservations (e.g., SC, ST, OBC), implementing authorities must adhere to transparent procedures and timely finalize all details before initiating the recruitment process.

Complex Concepts Simplified

Horizontal vs. Vertical Reservation:
In Indian reservation jurisprudence, vertical reservations broadly refer to constitutional categories such as Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC). Horizontal reservations cut across these vertical categories, for example, providing reservations for women, persons with disabilities, or ex-servicemen within each vertical category. The 2020 Rules in Punjab introduced a 33% horizontal reservation for women; however, how it is implemented when combined with vertical reservations can sometimes be confusing and requires a carefully managed roster system.

“Changing the Rules of the Game” Principle:
Stemming from K. Manjusree v. State of A.P. and reaffirmed by the Constitution Bench in Tej Prakash Pathak v. High Court of Rajasthan, this principle prevents the government or any hiring authority from altering eligibility criteria, reservation matrices, or seat allotments after the recruitment advertisement has been published and candidates have applied. This principle ensures fairness and helps maintain trust in public recruitment processes.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s judgment in Prabhjot Kaur v. The State of Punjab reinforces the foundational doctrine that once a government recruitment process has been announced under specified conditions, it must be completed under those same conditions. By rejecting the retrospective application of a newly introduced roster system, the Court upheld both procedural fairness and the applicants’ legitimate expectations.

The ruling clarifies that meticulous compliance with statutory rules must occur at the outset of any recruitment drive. It also ensures that future government notifications for similar appointments will be issued only after rosters and other procedural details have been finalized. This decision thus safeguards the fairness of public employment processes and strengthens citizens’ faith in an even-handed and predictable legal framework.