The case of Child in Conflict with Law through His Mother v. The State of Karnataka (2024 INSC 387) adjudicated by the Supreme Court of India on May 7, 2024, marks a significant development in juvenile justice law. This case revolves around the procedural and substantive aspects of handling cases involving minors accused of heinous offenses, specifically focusing on the interpretation of timelines and procedural mandates under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (hereinafter referred to as the JJ Act).

The primary parties involved include the Child in Conflict with Law (CCL), represented by his mother, and the State of Karnataka. The core issue pertains to whether procedural timelines for preliminary assessments under Section 14(3) of the JJ Act are mandatory or directory, and the validity of orders passed by the Juvenile Justice Board under such circumstances.

The CCL was apprehended on November 3, 2021, and subsequently produced before the Juvenile Justice Board (Board) where he faced charges under Sections 376(i) and 342 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), and Sections 4-8 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO Act). Initially released on bail, the Board later determined whether the CCL should be tried as an adult by the Children's Court or remain under juvenile jurisdiction.

On April 5, 2022, the Principal Magistrate of the Board directed the case to be transferred to the Children's Court for trial as an adult. However, a dissenting member did not sign this order, leading to an adjournment. On April 12, 2022, without the Principal Magistrate's presence, two Board members passed an order directing the inquiry to remain under the Board's jurisdiction as a juvenile case.

The Board's subsequent order on April 10, 2023, dismissed the mother's application to terminate proceedings and transfer the case to the Children's Court. The High Court later set aside this order, directing the Board to retransfer the case to the Children's Court. The CCL appealed this High Court decision to the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court held that the three-month timeline stipulated under Section 14(3) of the JJ Act for preliminary assessment is directory, not mandatory. Consequently, the Court allowed for extensions under specific circumstances. Additionally, the Supreme Court addressed procedural anomalies related to the interchangeability of the terms "Children's Court" and "Court of Sessions" within the Act and its rules, ensuring clarity in appellate procedures.

The judgment extensively references previous Supreme Court decisions to bolster its interpretation of procedural timelines and mandatory versus directory provisions. Notably:

• Balaji Baliram Mupade v. State of Maharashtra (2021) 12 SCC 603: Addressed the importance of providing reasons in orders to ensure transparency and fairness.
• Barun Chandra Thakur v. State of Maharashtra (2022 INSC 716): Emphasized adherence to statutory timelines to avoid procedural delays.
• Shilpa Mittal v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2020) 2 SCC 787: Highlighted the necessity of adhering to procedural requirements under the JJ Act.
• Topline Shoes Ltd. v. Corporation Bank (2002) 6 SCC 33, Kailash v. Nanhku (2005) 4 SCC 480, and others: These cases were instrumental in distinguishing between mandatory and directory provisions, drawing parallels to sections of the Consumer Protection Act and the Criminal Procedure Code.

These precedents collectively guided the Court in discerning that while the JJ Act prescribes timelines for proceedings, the absence of stipulated consequences for delays implies a directory nature.

The Supreme Court's reasoning revolved around statutory interpretation principles. Central to this was determining whether the three-month timeline for preliminary assessment under Section 14(3) of the JJ Act is mandatory or directory. The Court noted:

• The JJ Act does not specify penalties for non-compliance with the three-month timeline.
• Reference to other statutes where similar provisions are deemed directory due to the lack of prescribed consequences.
• Application of the canon of ejusdem generis and purposive interpretation to align with the Act's objective of expeditious juvenile justice proceedings.

Furthermore, the Court addressed procedural inconsistencies in the use of "Children's Court" and "Court of Sessions" within the Act and its supplementary rules, affirming their interchangeable usage to prevent jurisdictional ambiguities.

The Court also scrutinized the High Court's revisional power exercise, determining that despite procedural oversights, the essential rights and remedies available to the parties were preserved.

This judgment reinforces the judiciary's interpretative approach, emphasizing that procedural timelines in statutes can be flexible unless explicitly mandated. The implications include:

• Flexibility in Judicial Proceedings: Boards and courts now have the discretion to extend timelines based on case-specific exigencies, ensuring that justice is not thwarted by rigid procedural constraints.
• Clarification on Appellate Jurisdiction: By harmonizing the terminology between "Children's Court" and "Court of Sessions," the judgment eradicates previous ambiguities, facilitating smoother appellate processes.
• Enhanced Transparency: The directive to explicitly mention presiding members and their roles in orders fosters accountability and transparency in quasi-judicial proceedings.
• Precedential Value: Future cases involving juvenile justice will reference this judgment for interpreting procedural mandates, potentially influencing amendments to the JJ Act for clearer directives.

4.1 Mandatory vs. Directory Provisions

- Mandatory Provisions: These are strict requirements that must be followed. Failure to comply renders the proceeding or its outcomes invalid.

- Directory Provisions: These are guidelines that courts should follow but allow flexibility. Non-compliance does not automatically invalidate proceedings.

4.2 Revision Petition under Section 102

A revision petition allows a higher court to review and correct any errors in a lower court's decision. It is not an appeal but a supervisory mechanism to ensure legality and propriety.

4.3 Preliminary Assessment under Section 15

This assessment determines whether a minor accused of a heinous offense should be tried as a juvenile or an adult. It evaluates the child's mental and physical capacity to understand the offense and its consequences.

4.4 Juvenile Justice Board Composition

The Board comprises a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of First Class, with experience, and social workers, ensuring a balanced approach combining legal and social perspectives.

The Supreme Court's judgment in Child in Conflict with Law through His Mother v. The State of Karnataka underscores the judiciary's commitment to a balanced interpretation of the JJ Act, ensuring that procedural mandates serve their intended purpose without becoming obstacles to justice. By delineating the non-mandatory nature of certain procedural timelines and clarifying appellate jurisdictions, the Court paves the way for a more adaptable and fair juvenile justice system.

This decision not only rectifies procedural ambiguities but also reinforces the principle that legality and functionality must coexist harmoniously within statutory frameworks. Moving forward, this judgment will serve as a cornerstone for future jurisprudence in the realm of juvenile justice, advocating for both efficiency and fairness.