RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL
APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 1
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley 2
Square, in the City of New York, on the 1st day of April, two thousand twenty-3
six. 4
5
PRESENT: 6
JOSEPH F. BIANCO, 7
MYRNA PÉREZ, 8
MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN, 9
Circuit Judges. 10
_____________________________________ 11
12
MANUEL SEBASTIAN CHADAN 13
EUGENIO, CELIDA BENILDE PUNINA-14
CHISAG, E.M.C-P.,* 15
Petitioners, 16
17
v. 24-655 18
NAC 19
PAMELA BONDI, UNITED STATES 20
*We have used only initials to refer to the minor petitioners in this publicly accessible order, in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(a)(3) and Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 25(a)(5).
1
2
ATTORNEY GENERAL, 1
Respondent. 2
_____________________________________ 3
4
FOR PETITIONER: Michael Borja, Borja Law Firm, P.C., Jackson 5 Heights, NY. 6
7
FOR RESPONDENT: Brian Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant 8 Attorney General; Keith I. McManus, 9
Assistant Director; Nelle M. Seymour, Trial 10 Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, 11 United States Department of Justice, 12
Washington, DC. 13
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of 14
Immigration Appeals ("BIA") decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 15 DECREED that the petition for review is DENIED. 16
Petitioner Manuel Sebastian Chadan Eugenio, his wife Celida Benilde 17 Punina-Chisag, and their minor child, natives and citizens of Ecuador, seek review 18 of a February 13, 2024, decision of the BIA affirming a June 16, 2022, decision of an 19 Immigration Judge ("IJ") denying Chadan Eugenio's application for asylum, 20 withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture 21 ("CAT"). In re Manuel Sebastian Chadan Eugenio, et al., Nos. A 220 574 213 & 220 22 969 900/901 (B.I.A. Feb. 13, 2024), aff'g Nos. A 220 574 213 & 220 969 900/901 23 (Immigr. Ct. N.Y.C. June 16, 2022). We assume the parties' familiarity with the 24 underlying facts and procedural history. 25
3
We have reviewed the IJ's decision as modified and supplemented by the 1 BIA, and consider only the adverse credibility determination, which was the sole 2 basis for the BIA's decision. See Xue Hong Yang v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 426 F.3d 520, 3 522 (2d Cir. 2005) (reviewing IJ's decision "as modified by" the BIA); Yan Chen v. 4 Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005). We review fact-finding, including 5 adverse credibility determinations, "under the substantial evidence standard," 6 and questions of law and the application of law to fact de novo. Hong Fei Gao v. 7 Sessions, 891 F.3d 67, 76 (2d Cir. 2018). "[T]he administrative findings of fact are 8 conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to 9 the contrary." 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). 10
As the Government observes, Chadan Eugenio has abandoned review of the 11 agency's adverse credibility determination by failing to challenge it in his brief. 12
"We consider abandoned any claims not adequately presented in an appellant's 13 brief, and an appellant's failure to make legal or factual arguments constitutes 14 abandonment." Debique v. Garland, 58 F.4th 676, 684 (2d Cir. 2023) (quotation 15 marks omitted). Chadan Eugenio does not challenge, or even mention, the 16 adverse credibility determination. That determination is dispositive because all 17 three forms of relief were based on the same factual predicate. See Hong Fei Gao, 18
891 F.3d at 76. We do not reach the merits of the arguments raised in the brief, as 19
4
the BIA did not rely on the IJ's alternative findings. See Xue Hong Yang, 426 F.3d 1 at 522; see also INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) ("As a general rule courts 2 and agencies are not required to make findings on issues the decision of which is 3 unnecessary to the results they reach."). 4
However, we address the arguments Chadan Eugenio raises in his brief, 5 prepared by counsel Michael Borja, to the extent needed to highlight the problems 6 with counsel's briefing. In addition to abandoning the dispositive issue, the brief 7 here misstates facts, mischaracterizes the record, challenges findings the agency 8 did not make, and raises previously rejected arguments that are not fully 9 developed. First, counsel says the family suffered "repeated attacks" but there 10 was one attack. Second, counsel argues that the IJ's nexus determination was 11 erroneous, but the IJ made a positive nexus finding here and denied asylum on 12 other grounds. Relatedly, counsel misstates that the IJ found no nexus because 13 the attackers were motivated by pecuniary gain, but the IJ made no such finding. 14 Finally, as he has in other cases, counsel claims, without further development, that 15 the "one central reason" nexus standard applies only to asylum; to the contrary, 16 the standard also applies to withholding of removal, see Quituizaca v. Garland, 52 17 F.4th 103, 109-14 (2d Cir. 2022), and we have rejected this argument in prior 18 decisions pre-dating the filing of this brief, see, e.g., Chamba-Alvarez v. Garland, No. 19
5
21-6072, 2023 WL 6439401, at *1 & n.1 (2d Cir. Oct. 3, 2023) (summary order); Acero-1 Guaman v. Garland, No. 21-6606, 2024 WL 1734054, at *1 (2d Cir. Apr. 23, 2024) 2 (summary order). Finally, counsel's contention that the IJ did not examine the 3 CAT claim is belied by the record because the IJ expressly found that Chadan 4 Eugenio had not established government acquiescence to torture. Counsel has 5 made the same unsupported claim in other cases. See, e.g., Daquilema-Guaman, 6 No. 23-7742, 2025 WL 1466563, at *2 (2d Cir. May 22, 2025) (summary order). 7 Given these defects in briefing by Michael Borja, a copy of this order will be 8 forwarded to the Grievance Panel. 9
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. All pending 10 motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED. 11
FOR THE COURT: 12
Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, 13 Clerk of Court 14
15