RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY
ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL
APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 1
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley 2
Square, in the City of New York, on the 1st day of October, two thousand 3
twenty-five. 4
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PRESENT: 6
RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., 7
WILLIAM J. NARDINI, 8
EUNICE C. LEE, 9
Circuit Judges. 10
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CAROLINA ELIZABETH GUALLPA-13
ARCOS, E. A.L.-G., 14
Petitioners, 15
16
v. 23-7067 17
NAC 18
PAMELA BONDI, UNITED STATES 19
ATTORNEY GENERAL, 20
Respondent.* 21 * The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
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FOR PETITIONERS: Sanjay Chaubey, Esq., New York, NY. 3
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FOR RESPONDENT: Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant 5 Attorney General; Jennifer Levings, Assistant 6 Director; Stephanie L. Groff, Trial Attorney, 7 Office of Immigration Litigation, United 8
States Department of Justice, Washington, 9
DC. 10
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of 11
Immigration Appeals ("BIA") decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 12 DECREED that the petition for review is DENIED. 13
Petitioners Carolina Elizabeth Guallpa-Arcos and her child, natives and 14 citizens of Ecuador, seek review of an August 14, 2023 decision of the BIA 15 affirming a March 16, 2022 decision of an Immigration Judge ("IJ"), which denied 16 asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture 17 ("CAT"). In re Carolina Elizabeth Guallpa-Arcos, et al., Nos. A216 904 583/584 (B.I.A. 18 Aug. 14, 2023), aff'g Nos. A216 904 583/584 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Mar. 16, 2022). 19 We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural 20 history. 21
Under the circumstances, we have reviewed the IJ's decision as modified by 22 the BIA, that is, without reference to the IJ's past persecution finding and the CAT 23
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claim that the BIA found had been waived. See Xue Hong Yang v. U.S. Dep't of 1 Just., 426 F.3d 520, 522 (2d Cir. 2005); see also Vera Punin v. Garland, 108 F.4th 114, 2 124 (2d Cir. 2024) (requiring exhaustion of issues before the BIA). "We review the 3 agency's factual findings . . . for substantial evidence" and "legal conclusions de 4 novo." Hongsheng Leng v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 135, 141 (2d Cir. 2008). "[T]he 5 administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator 6 would be compelled to conclude to the contrary." 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). With 7 that standard in mind, we conclude that the agency did not err in finding that 8 Guallpa-Arcos failed to establish her eligibility for asylum or withholding of 9 removal based on her claim that an unknown man threatened her on account of 10 her membership in the particular social groups of unmarried Ecuadorian mothers 11 and single Ecuadorian women living alone without spousal support. 12 An applicant for asylum and withholding of removal has the burden to 13 demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear or likelihood of future 14 persecution "on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 15 social group, or political opinion"; to constitute persecution, the harm must be 16 inflicted by the government or by private parties that the government is "unable 17 or unwilling to control." Pan v. Holder, 777 F.3d 540, 543 (2d Cir. 2015) (quotation 18
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marks omitted); see also 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42), 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), 1231(b)(3)(A). 1 The agency reasonably found that Guallpa-Arcos did not establish a nexus 2 between the threats she received and the harm she fears and her membership in 3 the proposed social groups: her testimony showed that the man who threatened 4 her was motivated by his interest in a relationship with her specifically rather than 5 by her membership in a particular group of women. See Paloka v. Holder, 762 F.3d 6 191, 195 (2d Cir. 2014) ("To succeed on a particular social group claim, the 7 applicant must establish . . . that the alleged persecutors targeted the applicant on 8 account of her membership in that group . . . ." (quotation marks omitted)); 9 Quituizaca v. Garland, 52 F.4th 103, 114-15 (2d Cir. 2022) ("A protected ground 10 cannot be 'incidental' or 'tangential' to another reason for harm."); see also INS v. 11 Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482-83 (1992) (providing that an asylum applicant 12
"must provide some evidence of [the persecutors' motives], direct or 13 circumstantial"). 14
Because Guallpa-Arcos did not satisfy her burden of showing a nexus to a 15 protected ground, the agency did not err in denying asylum and withholding of 16 removal. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42), 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), 1231(b)(3). Accordingly, 17 we do not reach its alternative findings. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 18
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(1976) ("As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to make findings 1 on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach."). 2 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. All pending 3 motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED. 4
FOR THE COURT: 5
Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, 6 Clerk of Court 7
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