I. There is no error in the decision of the Court below touching the alleged judgment in favor of Briggs and McGowan.
No final judgment was entered up in the District Court; and if the attention of the Supreme Court had been directed to the point, the appeal taken by Chipman and Aughenbaugh must have been dismissed. There was a finding for the defendants, but no judgment or decree upon the subject matter of the suit. (Lisle v. Rhea, 9 Miss. 172 .)
1. The alleged judgment in the judgment book is void on its face, and would be rejected on inspection. It was a rule of the common law, that an entry in Arabic figures could not be received as a record, even when they appeared within the body of the writing, and were consistent with it. Here, however, there was a manifest alteration at some period subsequent to the date of the writing in the book. The place where the sum would naturally be entered in words, is filled by the statement of a fact, which, in legal effect, was a waiver of costs. (Pr. Act, sec. 510.) " No bill of costs filed within the time specified by law."
2. In order to charge the defendant in execution, or bind his lands, or to proceed against him by action of debt or scire facias, on the judgment, " & c." it is necessary that the judgment should be entered of record and docketed, and the judgment roll carried to and filed in the treasury of the Court. (Tidd Prac. 843.) The record of nisi prius, ought to be warranted by the roll, and if it vary from it, it is void. (Young v. Englefield, Cro. Jac. 670.) It is the judgment roll which constitutes the record and imports verity. Our statute law has not altered the English rule (Pr. Act, secs. 203, 204)
Upon consulting the roll, we find that the judgment, so called, as entered in the book, is literally copied into it. No sum is expressed, either in words or figures, but the same statement appears therein--" No bill of costs filed within the time specified by law."
The failure to enter up judgment for costs was not caused by misprision of the Clerk. He had no power to enter up such judgment, unless a bill of costs, duly verified had been filed. The interpolation of one hundred and twenty-seven dollars and fifty cents on the margin of the judgment book, was not an amendment of the judgment; for there was nothing to amend by, and no order appears to have been at any time made, authorizing an amendment.
3. There was no judgment docketed, without which there could be no lien.
In the column under the caption of " Judgment," and in the same continuous line with the names of the parties, plaintiff and defendant, dates, & c., this entry was made: " No bill of costs filed."
But, it is said that there is another entry inserted in the docket, over the former. It is this: " Clerk's and Sheriff's fees, one hundred and twenty-seven dollars and fifty cents."
There is nothing to warrant that entry, either in the judgment roll or book. Neither does the entry itself purport to be the amount of a judgment.
In some of the States, costs are allowed by statute to be taxed up by the Clerk upon the margin of the execution, after judgment, and may be re-taxed at any time even after the Sheriff has levied the money. But that is not permitted under our statute. Here, execution for costs cannot issue, except on a judgment for costs duly rendered and entered up for a specific sum. (Pr. Act, sec. 510.) At common law, neither party recovered costs of the other. (4 Wash. C. C. 107.) It is not in the power of the Court to give costs, where the statute declares that costs shall not be recovered. (Juion v. MacFadder, 1 Ashmead, 1; Bills v. Harris, 2 Vir. Cas. 26.)
4. It is said that the plaintiffs in this case are bona fide purchasers, without notice.
They are the assailants, in equity, and cannot rest their case on that position. The question is, have they shown a perfectly good title, as against the defendants, Hibberd and Freaner, under the sale on execution in favor of Briggs and McGowan? In order to do so, it is necessary that they should have proved, not only the existence of a valid judgment against Chipman and Aughenbaugh, but, also, a judgment lien prior in date to the first of March, 1855.
II. On the first of March, 1855, Hibberd recovered a judgment against Chipman and Aughenbaugh, which was regulary docketed on the same day. An appeal was perfected on the third of March (the same month), by filing an undertaking in the sum of three hundred dollars; and, for the purpose of staying execution, in the further sum of $ 17,200, being double the amount of the plaintiff's pecuniary judgment, exclusive of costs. On the twenty-third of the same month, an additional undertaking was filed in the sum of $ 8,600, being the exact amount of the damages recovered.
One-half of the premises in question was sold under execution, before the lapse of two years from the date of the judgment. The other half was sold under an alias execution within two years from the date of filing the remittitur from the Supreme Court. The remittitur was filed twenty-seventh May, 1856, and the sale was made thirtieth April, 1858. If there was a stay of execution, pending the appeal, then the judgment lien had not expired at the time of the second sale. (Dewey v. Latson, 6 Cal 130 .)
By the common law, a writ of error operated as a supersedeas to the execution without bail. (Tidd Prac. 1074, 1075.) The stay of execution is not, therefore, a privilege conferred by statute. The statute simply requires security to be given, for the purpose of indemnifying the appellee or defendant in error from loss by the delay. If the bail or undertaking is sufficient for that purpose, it would seem to answer the intent of the statute.
But if technical exactness is imperatively demanded by the statute, it would necessarily follow that if the undertaking should be for one dollar, or even one cent more than double the amount of the judgment, it would be inoperative to stay execution. But the law has been held to be otherwise. ( 11 Ill. 419 .)
The question is not whether Hibberd could have applied for and obtained a rule upon the appellants, Chipman and Aughenbaugh, to give an undertaking in a larger sum, on pain of allowing execution to issue, but whether he was at liberty to treat it as a nullity, and sue out execution without the action of the Court. If he refrained from issuing execution, it is not doubted that the sureties in the undertaking would be bound, notwithstanding the instrument did not literally conform to the directions of the statute. Certainly, so soon as their obligation became fixed as sureties in the undertaking, to wit: at the time of filing it, the appellee became reciprocally bound to submit to the stay; for so long as he could treat it as a nullity, so they could.
An injunction suspends, but does not defeat a judgment lien. (Overton v. Perkins, Mart. & Yerg. 367.) A special injunction takes effect only after a bond has been given. But no one can disregard the injunction because the bond is insufficient, either in amount or otherwise. He must take his rule, that unless a good bond be given by a given day the injunction shall be dissolved.
The undertaking in question was just twice the sum recovered by the plaintiff, without costs, and was evidently intended to conform to the statute.
Hibberd could not have complained that the undertaking was not sufficiently large to afford ample indemnity. The only objection he could have urged would have been, that it was not precisely in double the amount of judgment, including damages and costs.
III. On the twenty-second of November, 1854, Moss obtained a decree of foreclosure and sale of certain mortgaged premises, against Aughenbaugh. There was a sale under the decree July 25th, 1855, and report of sale filed on the thirty-first of the same month.
Drexel, Sather and Church had obtained a similar decree against Aughenbaugh, under which a sale was made July 24th, 1855, and report thereof returned and filed the same day.
The decree of foreclosure, under the old chancery practice, either operated in personam, by foreclosing the mortgagor of his right to redeem, or in rem, by directing a sale of the mortgaged land. It did not possess the character or form of a judgment at law, on which execution could at once issue, to be levied of goods and chattels, lands or tenements of the debtor.
To obviate the necessity of suing at law upon the personal obligation for any deficiency which might exist, after exhausting the mortgage security, the revised code of New York provided that the Court should have power to decree payment of the balance of the mortgage debt that may remain after sale of the premises, and to issue the necessary executions therefor against other property of the debtor. (2 Rev. Code, 191, sec. 158.)
It was well settled in New York, that a decree of that character creates no lien; that no lien could exist until the complainant was in a condition to sue out execution, which was after the master's report of sale had been confirmed.
If the Sheriff's report of sale, under the decree, is not required in practice here, to be confirmed or passed upon by the Court, the necessity of filing the report still exists; for until then, the balance unsatisfied, if any, cannot be known, and no execution can issue for such balance. Until that has been done, the decree does not assume the character of a pecuniary judgment at law, and cannot be held to be a lien, either upon principle or authority.
The case was argued and submitted at the January term, 1860. At the July term, in accordance with an order of the Court, it was again argued and submitted.
JUDGES: Cope, J. delivered the opinion of the Court. Baldwin, J. concurring.
OPINION
COPE, Judge
This is an action to quiet the title to certain land in the county of Alameda. The land is divided into three tracts, one of which contains two hundred and twenty-three acres, and the other two, one hundred and eleven acres each. Chapin and Mastick, the plaintiffs, and Hibberd and Freaner, defendants, are the only parties interested in the controversy. Chapin claims to be the owner of the two tracts of one hundred and eleven acres, and Mastick claims the tract of two hundred and twenty-three acres. Hibberd claims all three of the tracts, and the tract of two hundred and twenty-three acres is also claimed by Freaner. The land belonged originally to William W. Chipman and Gideon Aughenbaugh, and was sold, as their property, under certain judgments recovered against them in the District Court for Alameda county. Under these judgments the present claimants acquired whatever rights they possess, and the questions in the case turn upon their validity and effect.
Firstin this order, is a judgment in favor of Martin C. Briggs and James McGowan, rendered on the twenty-second of August, 1854. This is a judgment for costs, and it is admitted that no memorandum of the costs was delivered within the time limited by the statute. The judgment, as entered in the judgment book, recites this fact, but includes certain fees which had been paid to the officers of the Court; and it is contended that these fees were properly inserted in the judgment. Their insertion was a mere ministerial act of the Clerk, and the validity of this act depends entirely upon the authority for its performance. The recovery of costs is a matter regulated exclusively by statute, and the mode pointed out for that purpose must be strictly pursued. If the provisions upon the subject, in force at the time of the rendition of this judgment, were not complied with, the fees were improperly inserted, and to that extent the judgment cannot be maintained. The Practice Act, as it then stood, provided that the prevailing party should be allowed certain sums, by way of indemnity for his expenses in the action, and that the sums so allowed should be termed costs. (Com. Laws, sec. 494.) For the purpose of recovering the costs, the party was required to deliver to the Clerk of the Court a memorandum of the items; and it was provided that he might include in the costs all necessary disbursements-including the fees of officers allowed by law, the fees of witnesses, expenses in taking depositions by commission or otherwise, the compensation of Referees, and the fees paid on the commencement of the action, or on filing a notice of appeal. The memorandum, accompanied by an affidavit of its correctness, was required to be delivered within twenty-four hours after the rendition of the verdict, and if not so delivered, it was declared that the costs should be deemed waived. (Id. 610, sec. 510.) It was provided that the Clerk should include in the judgment entered up by him, the costs, etc. We do not see how there can be any difference of opinion as to the construction of these provisions. The successfully party was allowed certain sums, by way of indemnity for his expenses, and these allowances were denominated costs. No distinction was made between the fees of officers and other expenses, and disbursements of every character were placed upon the same footing. The party entitled to costs was required to claim them in a particular manner, and the consequence attached to a failure was, that they should be considered waived. When properly claimed, it was the duty of the Clerk to include them in the judgment; but until they were claimed, he was vested with no authority for that purpose. There was no general right of recovery, and the provisions in relation to the delivery of a memorandum were not intended to be directory. No right was created, apart from the remedy provided for its enforcement, and in respect to this remedy there is no room for construction. It was expressly declared, that a failure to deliver the memorandum within the time specified, should operate as a waiver of the costs. Such a failure not only extinguished the remedy, but forfeited the right itself. It is contended that an objection of this nature is not available in a collateral proceeding; but this view, we think, is incorrect. The objection goes to the legality of the judgment, and the ground upon which it proceeds is, that the judgment pro tanto is a nullity. If costs are illegally inserted, the act of inserting them is simply void, and there is no reason why this illegality may not be inquired into collaterally. Under the code of New York, costs are taxed by the Clerk, upon notice to the adverse party, but no time is fixed within which the notice is to be given, and the costs are not waived by a failure to give it. The Courts hold that the provisions in regard to notice are directory, merely, and that the remedy, when the notice has not been given, is by motion to retax. The cases show, however that the rule would be different if the right to recover depended upon the giving of the notice, and a time were fixed within which the notice must be given. It has been uniformly held that the insertion of the costs in the judgment did not take away the right to retax upon motion.
There is another view of this judgment which is equally fatal. The Clerk had no right to insert the costs after the judgment was entered up and the record completed. The language of the statute was, that he should include the costs in the judgment, and not that he should enter the judgment and at some subsequent period insert the costs. His authority terminated with the entry of the judgment, and if by mistake, or otherwise, the costs were omitted, the remedy was by a motion to amend. The Court alone was competent to grant the relief, and the act of the Clerk was illegal and void.
The title of Chapin rests entirely upon this judgment, and the view we have taken disposes of the controversy as to him. The costs on appeal were never entered upon the judgment docket, and consequently did not become a lien upon the property until the levy of the execution. The rights of Hibberd had been attached, and his title to the two tracts of one hundred and eleven acres is perfect and complete. Mastick claims under this judgment, and also under a judgment in favor of Drexel, Sather & Church, rendered on the twenty-second of May, 1855. It is proper, before considering the questions in relation to this judgment, to refer to the judgment relied upon by Hibberd. This judgment was rendered on the first of March, 1855, and duly entered upon the judgment docket. An appeal was taken to this Court, but the undertaking filed was in a less sum than that required by the statute to stay proceedings in the Court below. The undertaking was excepted to, but no effort was made to enforce the judgment during the pendency of the appeal. The question is, whether the appeal operated to extend the lien beyond the period of two years from the docketing of the judgment. The Court below held that it did not, and we are of the same opinion. The case of Dore v. Covey (13 Cal. 502 ) is not in point. The question there was, whether the insufficiency of the undertaking to stay proceedings was available to the sureties as a ground of defense, and no opinion whatever was expressed upon the question now before the Court. The two questions are entirely different, and we are unable to see in what respect their determination depends upon the same, or even analogous principles. The whole inquiry here would seem to be, whether the party was in a situation to prosecute his judgment to satisfaction, and upon this subject there can be no difference of opinion. He was under no legal disability, and the course which he pursued was a matter of choice, and not of necessity. He might have sued out an execution at any moment, and his mere omission to do so was not sufficient to preserve the lien. In Dewey v. Latson (6 Cal. 130 ), the decision proceeded entirely upon the ground that the filing of a proper undertaking operated as a suspension of the right to enforce the judgment. An undertaking insufficient in amount has no such effect, and if this had been the character of the undertaking in that case, there is no doubt that the decision would have been different. " The obvious intention," said the Court, " was to charge the estate of the judgment debtor, and give the creditor two years to make his money. The statute intended that the time should run from the docketing of the judgment, or the period at which the plaintiff was in a situation to take out execution, and pursue his remedy to final satisfaction. By the defendant's own act, the force of that judgment has been suspended, and the lien, which is merely an incident, must share a like fate. It would be absurd to say that a lien attached upon a judgment, and expired by its limitation, while the judgment was still in fieri, and could not be prosecuted to full fruition." No objection was made to the sufficiency of the undertaking, and the case turned wholly upon the legal impediment in the way of the plaintiff. The defendant, by complying with the statute, had obtained a stay of proceedings, and the plaintiff was cut off from the privilege of pursuing his remedy pending the appeal. These were the reasons given for the decision, and, in our opinion, they are the only reasons upon which it can be maintained. To apply the same rule in all cases, without reference to the sufficiency of the undertaking, would be to ignore the provisions of the statute.
The result of our conclusion upon this point is, that the claim of Hibberd to the tract of two hundred and twenty-three acres is not maintainable. His rights were acquired subsequently to those of Mastick and Freaner, and the controversy as between them is the only remaining subject of consideration.
The judgment of Drexel, Sather & Church, under which Mastick claims, was for the foreclosure of a mortgage upon other property, situated in the same county. This judgment was in the form usually adopted in such cases. It ascertained the amount due, and directed a sale of the mortgaged premises, and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the debt. It provided for the recovery of any deficiency which might exist, and authorized the issuance of an execution for that purpose. It was docketed on the twenty-second of May, 1855. Freaner claims under a judgment of the same character, rendered on the twenty-fourth of November, 1854, and docketed on the same day.
Neither of these judgments was satisfied by a sale of the mortgaged property. Under the former, the sale was made, and a report of the deficiency filed, on the twenty-fourth of July, 1855. Under the latter, the sale was made on the thirty-first of July, 1855, and a report of the deficiency filed on the twenty-fourth of August, 1855. The question is, at what time did the lien of these judgments attach upon the land in controversy. On behalf of Freaner, it is contended that the lien attached at the time of docketing; but it is urged in favor of Mastick, that no lien was acquired until a sale was made, and the deficiency ascertained. Section two hundred and forty-six of the Practice Act provides that, " in an action for the foreclosure or satisfaction of a mortgage of real property, or the satisfaction of a lien or incumbrance upon property, real or personal, the Court shall have power, by its judgment, to direct a sale of the property, or any part of it, the application of the proceeds to the payment of the amount due on the mortgage, lien, or incumbrance, with costs, and execution for the balance." We have held, in reference to this section, that in actions of foreclosure its effect was to authorize a personal judgment against the mortgagor, in addition to the relief usually granted in such cases. (Rollins v. Forbes, 10 Cal. 299; Rowland v. Leiby, 14 Id. 156 .) Where such a judgment is rendered, there is no doubt that, when docketed, it becomes a lien in accordance with the statute. It is obvious, however, that nothing but a judgment establishing a definite personal liability can have this effect. A mere contingent provision, referring to no particular amount, and in abeyance until the contingency is determined, is not within the meaning of the statute. It may become a valid and perfect judgment; but until the amount to be recovered is ascertained and fixed, no effect can be given to it as a lien. In the present case, the provisions in question were of this character, and no general lien was acquired by the docketing of the judgment. It is no answer to say that the judgments contained a statement of the amount due. There was no personal judgment for this amount, nor was there anything in the nature of a personal judgment, beyond the mere direction for the issuance of an execution, in the event of the insufficiency of the mortgaged property to pay the debt. The whole matter was contingent, indefinite and uncertain, and so long as this continued to be the case, no effect whatever could be given to it.
There are several other questions alluded to in the briefs of counsel, but they are not of sufficient importance to demand special attention.
We think the conclusion of the Court below was correct, and the judgment is therefore affirmed.
On petition for rehearing, Cope, J. delivered the opinion of the Court--Baldwin, J. concurring.
The petition for a rehearing in this case must be denied. So far as Chapin is concerned, it is unnecessary to add anything to what was said in our former opinion. On behalf of Hibberd, it is earnestly contended that the views expressed by us, in relation to the effect of the undertaking to stay proceedings, were erroneous. But we see nothing in the authorities cited to shake our confidence in these views, and we are satisfied that the conclusion arrived at was correct. It is evident that the judgment might have been enforced, notwithstanding the undertaking, and the very ground upon which the Court proceeded in Dewey v. Latson is, therefore, wanting. Of course, the mere fact that no execution was issued pending the appeal, amounts to nothing, and as the undertaking was insufficient to stay proceedings, we do not see that there was any legal necessity for the course pursued. The undertaking having been excepted to, there is no foundation for the argument upon the ground of acquiescence; nor, indeed, could any presumption of acquiescence arise, for there could be no valid waiver of the proper statutory undertaking, except in writing. (Pr. Act, sec. 358.) It is of no consequence that the undertaking was accepted and filed by the Clerk; he had no discretion in the matter, and could not bind the appellee by receiving and filing an undertaking which he had no authority to reject. In reference to the rights of Freaner, it is only necessary to say, that the errors of fact suggested by counsel are immaterial, and do not affect the merits of the controversy. Our impression as to the character of the judgment of Drexel, Sather & Church, was derived from the report of the referee, and may have been erroneous. But the limitation upon the lien did not commence to run until the deficiency was ascertained, and an execution could be issued for its recovery, and the legal result is therefore the same. The judgment of Freaner created no personal liability, except for the payment of the deficiency.
Rehearing denied.