Joan N. Feeney
Chapter 13
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Whereas, Donna Bruce (the "Debtor") filed a voluntary Chapter 13 petition on November 9, 2011; and
Whereas, on Schedule A-Real Property she listed an ownership interest in property located at 5 Juniper Valley Court, Beverly, Massachusetts (the "Property") with a value of $855,100, subject to a mortgage in favor of Stewart Title Guaranty Company ("Stewart Title") in the sum of $420,000; and
The Court takes judicial notice of the docket in the Debtor's Chapter 13 case and prior Chapter 7 case. See Mailman Steam Carpet Cleaning Corp., 196 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 1999).
Whereas, in her Statement of Financial Affairs, the Debtor listed a pending divorce proceeding involving her former spouse, William A. Bruce ("Husband"); and a pending malpractice claim against James Mitchell ("Mitchell"), although on Schedule B-Personal Property she did not list any "[c]ontingent and unliquidated claims of every nature . . ."; and
Whereas, in her Chapter 13 plan, the Debtor disclosed that she had "obtained a third party lender who is going to lend Debtor money to pay off Stewart Title in its' [sic] entirety . . . and . . . [a]ppropriate Motions will be filed with the Court for approval;" and
Whereas, the Debtor obtained a discharge of all dischargeable debts on December 8, 2010 in a prior Chapter 7 case (Case No. 10-18455-JNF) and is not entitled to a discharge in her present Chapter 13 case; and
Whereas, in the Debtor's prior case, Mitchell, as Trustee of DAR Realty Trust, obtained, without objection, relief from the automatic stay to file a petition in equity in the Essex County Probate and Family Court, Department of the Trial Court, for the purposes of obtaining instructions as to what actions he should take to preserve and protect the assets of the Trust or, alternatively, appointing and empowering a special master to list, market and sell the Property; and
Whereas, on March 30, 2012, the Debtor filed a Verified Complaint against Stewart Title, to which she attached 14 exhibits, and in which she alleged, in pertinent part, the following:
As of June 3, 1994, the Plaintiff was the owner of the premises located at 5 Juniper Valley Court in Beverly Farms, Massachusetts (the "Premises").
On June 25, 2002, the Plaintiff and her husband William A. Bruce ("Husband") were divorced pursuant to a Decree Nisi entered in the Essex County Probate and Family Court, and subject to the terms of a certain Separation Agreement dated June 24, 2002. Specifically with regard to the Premises, the Separationresult, DAR 2 granted a mortgage to the Massachusetts Department of Revenue in the amount of $18,300 and recorded at the Essex County Registry of Deeds . . . ; and
Whereas, based upon the foregoing allegations, the Debtor formulated three counts; and
Whereas, through Count I, captioned "Fraud and Deceit," the Debtor alleged that her consent to the Settlement Agreement, as well as the Note and Mortgage in favor of Stewart Title, was obtained as the result of the fraud and deceit of Mitchell and her Husband; that her Husband and Mitchell intended to cause her harm and she and her children have in fact suffered material and substantial harm as the result of that fraud and deceit, including, without limitation, the imminent foreclosure of her home and liability for an obligation which she did not understand and for which she did not consent; and
Mitchell, as Trustee of DAR 2, was the sole signatory of the Note, Mortgage and Allonge in favor of Stewart Title.
The Debtor was not liable personally for obligations arising under the note and mortgage to Stewart Title as she did not execute either the note or the mortgage. As noted by Stewart Title in its Motion to Dismiss, Mitchell as Trustee of DAR 2 deeded the Property to the Debtor by Quitclaim Deed on October 19, 2011, less than three weeks before the commencement of her case, subject to existing mortgages, including that of Stewart Title.
Whereas, in Count I, the Debtor also alleged that Stewart Title "knew or should have known of the fraud and deceit of her Husband and Mitchell, and accordingly, she is entitled to a determination that the Settlement Agreement, Note, Mortgage and Allonge are void and unenforceable; and
Whereas, through Count II, the Debtor seeks rescission of "[t]he Settlement Agreement, Mortgage and Allonge;" and
Whereas, through Count III, the Debtor seeks reformation of "the Note and Allonge to terms consistent with the former Chase Mortgage note;" and
Whereas, Stewart Title filed a Motion to Dismiss the Debtor's three count complaint in which it stated that "[a]s a result of the settlement with Chase, the Debtor was no longer personally obligated on the discharged 2004 Mortgage and underlying note. . ."; and
Whereas, Stewart Title further noted that by deed dated October 19, 2011 and recorded on November 9, 2011, the Debtor acquired title to the Property, subject to its mortgage and all mortgages of record; and
The Debtor did not mention this deed in her Complaint, but listed the Property on Schedule A. If the Debtor had contended that she held merely a life estate, she would have been obliged to list her interest on Schedule B.
Whereas, Stewart Title, citing, inter alia, Fed. R. Civ. P. 9, made applicable to this proceeding by Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7009, as well as In re Receivership Estate of Indian Motorcycle Mfg., Inc., 299 B.R. 36, 44 (D. Mass. 2003), Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), heightened pleading requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 9; and
In Indian Motorcycle, the court stated:
Rule 9(b) dictates that fraud must be alleged with particularity. The party alleging fraud must specify "(1) the allegedly fraudulent statements; (2) the identity of the speaker; (3) where and when the statements were made; and (4) why the statements were fraudulent."
In re Allaire Corp. Securities Litigation,
224 F.Supp.2d 319, 325 (D. Mass. 2002). One purpose of the rule is to give the defendant adequate notice of the fraud claim.
Hayduk v. Lanna,
775 F.2d 441, 443 (1st Cir.1985). The rule also prevents a plaintiff from filing first and searching for a cause of action later.
Id.
299 B.R. at 44.
The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit stated:
Per the
Iqbal decision, we described the "two-pronged approach . . . implicit in [ ]
Twombly," pursuant to which we must first separate a complaint's factual allegations from its legal conclusions.
Ocasio-Hernández, 640 F.3d at 10. "The second prong . . . requires a reviewing court to accept the remaining factual allegations in the complaint as true and to evaluate whether, taken as a whole, they state a facially plausible claim."
Id. at 10-11 (emphasis added). Moreover, "[n]on-conclusory factual allegations . . . must [ ] be treated as true, even if seemingly incredible."
Id. at 12 (citing
Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1951). We emphasized that the court should not "attempt to forecast a plaintiff's likelihood of success on the merits," and instead should "evaluate the cumulative effect of the factual allegations."
Id. at 13-14. In short, "[t]he question confronting a court on a motion to dismiss is whether all the facts alleged, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, render the plaintiff's [sic] entitlement to relief plausible."
Id. at 14 (relying on
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 569 n. 14,
127 S.Ct. 1955).
Stewart Title argues:
In determining what statute of limitations to apply, this Court "must look to the 'gist of the action' or the essential nature of the plaintiff's claim."
Cambridge Literary Properties, Ltd. v. W. Goebel Porzellanfabrik G.M.B.H. & Co. KG.,
448 F. Supp.2d 244, 263 (D. Mass. 2006) (citation omitted). The Debtor's Complaint seeks equitable relief in the form of rescission and/or reformation based upon fraud and deceit, not breach of contract. Indeed, the remedies of rescission and reformation generally are not available in cases involving mere breach of contract.
See
Ward v. Ward,
874 N.E.2d 433, 437, 437 n.5 (Mass. App. Ct. 2007) (identifying rescission or reformation of contracts as the appropriate remedy in cases of mutual mistake, fraud, false statement of material fact, scrivener's error, or counsel's negligence) (citations omitted);
Worcester Heritage Soc., Inc. v. Trussell,
577 N.E.2d 1009, 1010 (Mass. App. Ct. 1991) ("There is ample authority for refusing rescission where there has been only a breach of contract rather than an utter failure of consideration or a repudiation by the party in breach.").
Accordingly, as the Debtor's Complaint is premised upon fraud, the three-year tort statute of limitations applies. See M.G.L. c. 260, § 2A. Based upon the applicable statute of limitations, the Debtor's claims are untimely as they should have been brought prior to August 30, 2010. See id; Cambridge Literary Properties, Ltd., 448 F. Supp.2d at 263. It is of no consequence that the Debtor seeks equitable relief rather than monetary relief. See Gilbert v. City of Cambridge, 932 F.2d 51, 57-58 (1st Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 866 (1991) ("It is settled, therefore, that where legal and equitable claims coexist, equitable remedies will be withheld if an applicable statute of limitations bars the concurrent legal remedy."). The Debtor's Complaint must be dismissed as untimely.
Whereas, the Debtor filed a Response in which she argued that the statute of limitations was tolled due to the undue influence of her Husband and Mitchell and the fraudulent concealment of her claims; and
Whereas, the Debtor asserted that she did not learn of the balloon note until "sometime after the Allonge was executed and foreclosure proceedings were underway;" and
Whereas, the Debtor further asserted that her "claims for rescission and reformation of the Settlement Agreement must stand because the three-year statute of limitations was equitably tolled;" and
Whereas, the Debtor argued that she sufficiently pled her fraud claims as "the Defendant agrees that the Complaint alleges that 'Stewart knew or should have known of the Fraud and Deceit of Husband and Mitchell;'" and
Whereas, the Debtor added in her Response that Stewart Title was the agent of her Husband and Mitchell, an allegation omitted from her Complaint; and
Whereas, the Court heard the parties' arguments at a hearing held on June 20, 2012,
Now, therefore, the Court finds and rules as follows:
The Court may consider the exhibits attached to the Complaint, as well as the deed attached to Stewart Title's Motion to Dismiss. See Doucot v. IDS Scheer Americas, Inc., 734 F.Supp.2d 172, 180 (D. Mass. 2010). Moreover, the Court accepts the Debtor's well-pleaded facts as true and reviews them, as a whole, to determine whether they state facially plausible claims. See Sanchez ex rel. D.R.-S., 671 F.3d at 107 .
The Court finds that the Debtor's Complaint is devoid of any facts that would establish any kind of relationship, agency or otherwise, between Stewart Title, on the one hand, and the Debtor's former Husband or Mitchell on the other hand. The Debtor's conclusory allegation that Stewart Title knew or should have known of the fraud and deceit of her Husband and Mitchell is wholly unsupported by any factual allegations or even inferences from existing allegations. Indeed, the Settlement Agreement, to which Stewart Title was not a party, removed the Debtor's personal liability and replaced it with the obligation of Mitchell as Trustee of DAR 2 on a note secured by a mortgage on the Property in the substantially reduced amount of $285,000. Moreover, in view of the substantial equity in the Property, the facts adduced by the Debtor in her Complaint compel the inferences that the reduced amount of the mortgage would have made refinancing easier and that a refinancing would appear to have been feasible, particularly where the Debtor represented in her Chapter 13 plan that she had a third party lender willing to refinance the Property.
The Complaint contains no allegations as to 1) the identity of an officer or employee at Stewart Title who had contact with the Debtor and/or her Husband or Mitchell; 2) statements made by such officer or employee; 3) the date, time and place the statements were made; 4) reasons why any statements made by agents of Stewart Title were fraudulent; and 5) the factual basis for the conclusion that some type of agency relationship existed between Stewart Title and either Mitchell or the Debtor's Husband. In the absence of such allegations, the Complaint fails to state a facially plausible claim for relief. The Debtor's assertion that Stewart Title knew or should have known of the fraud and deceit of her Husband and Mitchell cannot withstand scrutiny and Count I of her Complaint must be dismissed under the Iqbal standard. Without details about such an agency relationship, the alleged fraudulent conduct of the Husband and Mitchell cannot be imputed to Stewart Title, particularly where the Debtor is not personally liable under the Note and Mortgage to Stewart Title, and Stewart Title was not a party to the Settlement Agreement.
The Court further finds that the three year statute of limitations bars the Debtor's claims against Stewart Title. In the absence of any specific allegations that Stewart Title engaged in any fraud or any specific allegations that the fraud of her Husband and Mitchell can be imputed to Stewart Title, the doctrine of equitable tolling does not apply to claims against Stewart Title. The Debtor set forth no facts which would even suggest that Stewart Title concealed the basis for a claim. "The statute requires the plaintiff to show that the defendants took an affirmative step to hide the cause of action. First Choice Armor & Equip., Inc. v. Toyobo Am., Inc., 717 F.Supp.2d 156, 160 (D. Mass. 2010)("The statute requires the plaintiff to show that the defendants took an affirmative step to hide the cause of action. . . '[M]ere silence is not a fraudulent concealment . . . there must be something in the nature of positive acts with intent to deceive.'").
With respect to Counts II and III, the court observed in Benotti v. Gill, No. 960586, 1996 WL 1186956 at *5 (Mass. Super. Nov. 18, 1996), that rescission and reformation are remedies, Settlement Agreement, the Court finds that Count II of the Complaint fails to set forth sufficient facts to state a plausible claim for rescission. Moreover, because the Debtor did not satisfy the requirements of Rule 9, rescission of the Settlement Agreement cannot be predicated upon a fraudulent misrepresentation by Stewart Title who was not a party to it, and, even if the Settlement Agreement was rescinded vis à vis the parties to it, it does not follow that the note and mortgage would be void, particularly where the Debtor did not execute either the note or mortgage in favor of Stewart Title.
In Benotti v. Gill, the court stated:
The primary purpose of an act of rescission is to place plaintiff in the status quo. Consequently, the plaintiff, as a condition precedent to equitable relief, must offer to return any consideration received by him under the transaction sought to be rescinded.
In general, the complaint should contain a tender or offer to return the consideration received by the plaintiff. See J. Nolan,
Equitable Remedies, § 403 (1993). Nancy [the Plaintiff] was not a party to the transaction at issue, and therefore cannot expect to 'return any consideration' because she never received any. Ordinarily a party seeking to reform an instrument must base her right to reformation upon fraud, accident, or mutual mistake, meaning a mistake common to all parties to the instrument. Nolan,
Mass Practice Series, § 401. Case law on reformation and rescission deals with the parties who were involved in the original transaction.
See, e.g.,
Marshall v. Marshall,
10 Mass.App.Ct. 893,
409 N.E.2d 1322 (1980) (deed conveying property to defendant son rescinded due to defendant son's exertion of undue influence on plaintiff mother, a party to original transaction).
Yorke v. Taylor,
332 Mass. 368,
124 N.E.2d 912 (1955) (plaintiff induced to enter contract in reliance on false representation of fact entitled to rescission, where both plaintiff and defendant were original parties in transaction);
Page v. Higgins, 150 Mass. 27, 22 N.E. 63 (1889) (mistake concerning contract or instrument must be common to all parties in written contract or instrument to seek reformation).
1996 WL 1186956 at *5 n.7 (emphasis supplied). The Debtor's Complaint contains no tender offer.
With respect to Count III, the Court finds that the Debtor failed to plead sufficient facts to sustain a claim against Stewart Title for reformation of the Settlement Agreement, as it was not a party to that agreement. The Debtor's Complaint sounded in tort, not contract.
In view of the foregoing, the Court grants Stewart Title's Motion to Dismiss as the Debtor's Complaint does not state plausible claims for relief under Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 566 U.S. 662 (2009). The Court observes that its ruling has no bearing on any claims which the Debtor may have against her Husband, Mitchell or Attorney Erb.
By the Court,
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Joan N. Feeney
United States Bankruptcy Judge