Alibrandi v. Wise (In re Estate of Alibrandi)

Preliminary letters testamentary were issued to petitioner, the daughter of decedent, upon her petition seeking to probate decedent's will. Objectant, decedent's granddaughter, filed objections to the probate of the will, alleging, inter alia, that decedent lacked testamentary capacity and that the will was procured by undue influence on the part of petitioner. Surrogate's Court granted petitioner's motion for summary judgment seeking dismissal of the objections and, inter alia, admitted decedent's will to probate. We affirm.

“It is the indisputable rule in a will contest that ‘[t]he proponent has the burden of proving that the testator possessed testamentary capacity and the [Surrogate] must look to the following factors: (1) whether [ ]he understood the nature and consequences of executing a will; (2) whether [ ]he knew the nature and extent of the property [ ]he was disposing of; and (3) whether [ ]he knew those who would be considered the natural objects of h [is] bounty and h[is] relations with them” ’ (Matter of Kumstar, 66 N.Y.2d 691, 692, 496 N.Y.S.2d 414, 487 N.E.2d 271,rearg. denied67 N.Y.2d 647, 499 N.Y.S.2d 1031, 490 N.E.2d 558;see Matter of Castiglione, 40 A.D.3d 1227, 1228, 837 N.Y.S.2d 360,lv. denied9 N.Y.3d 806, 842 N.Y.S.2d 782, 874 N.E.2d 749;Matter of McCloskey, 307 A.D.2d 737, 738, 763 N.Y.S.2d 187,lv. denied100 N.Y.2d 516, 769 N.Y.S.2d 202, 801 N.E.2d 423). “ ‘Mere proof that the decedent suffered from old age, physical infirmity and ... dementia when the will was executed is not necessarily inconsistent with testamentary capacity and does not alone preclude a finding thereof, as the appropriate inquiry is whether the decedent was lucid and rational at the time the will was made” ’ (Matter of Williams, 13 A.D.3d 954, 957, 787 N.Y.S.2d 444,lv. denied5 N.Y.3d 705, 801 N.Y.S.2d 2, 834 N.E.2d 781;see Matter of Makitra, 101 A.D.3d 1579, 1580, 956 N.Y.S.2d 780;Matter of Murray, 49 A.D.3d 1003, 1004, 853 N.Y.S.2d 680). “Where there is direct evidence that the decedent possessed the understanding to make a testamentary disposition, even ‘medical opinion evidence assumes a relatively minor importance” ’ ( Makitra, 101 A.D.3d at 1580, 956 N.Y.S.2d 780).

Here, we conclude that, contrary to the contention of objectant, petitioner met her initial burden of establishing decedent's testamentary capacity through the submission of, inter alia, the self-executing affidavits and the SCPA 1404 hearing testimony of the two witnesses to the will's execution, decedent's longtime attorney and a paralegal with the attorney's law firm; the report from a contemporaneous neurological examination of decedent; and the results of decedent's September 2006 Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) ( see Murray, 49 A.D.3d at 1004–1005, 853 N.Y.S.2d 680;Castiglione, 40 A.D.3d at 1228, 837 N.Y.S.2d 360;Williams, 13 A.D.3d at 956, 787 N.Y.S.2d 444;see generally Matter of Frank, 249 A.D.2d 893, 894, 672 N.Y.S.2d 556,lv. denied92 N.Y.2d 807, 678 N.Y.S.2d 592, 700 N.E.2d 1228). The evidence offered by petitioner established that decedent's will was the culmination of several months of discussions among decedent, his financial advisors, and his longtime attorney. The attorney stated in an affidavit that, throughout those discussions, decedent “appeared to be of sound mind [and] memory, fully aware of the value of his estate and the natural objects of his bounty, focused on and in complete understanding of what he was doing and that it was his intent to do so[, and] ... in all respects fully competent to make a will.” According to the attorney, decedent showed no signs of lack of cognitive ability or memory loss during that time period. The paralegal, who also had known decedent for a number of years, similarly stated in an affidavit that it appeared that decedent was of sound mind and competent when he executed the will, and that decedent understood what he was signing ( see Williams, 13 A.D.3d at 956, 787 N.Y.S.2d 444;see also Kumstar, 66 N.Y.2d at 692, 496 N.Y.S.2d 414, 487 N.E.2d 271;Castiglione, 40 A.D.3d at 1228, 837 N.Y.S.2d 360).

Decedent lived independently and made his own legal and financial decisions from the time that the will was executed in November 2006 until March 2008, when he moved in with petitioner because of his declining eyesight. The patient history from decedent's November 2006 neurological examination, which took place just weeks before the will was executed, states that decedent took care of his own hygiene and, with assistance due to his vision loss, his finances. In the will, decedent divided his estate equally among his four then-living children. According to the attorney, decedent did not include objectant, a child of decedent's predeceased daughter, in the will because he “had already made gifts to her.” Indeed, objectant confirmed that she had “borrowed” money from decedent in the past. Further, objectant testified that there was a breakdown in her relationship with decedent approximately one year before he executed the will. Thus, the record reflects that decedent “ ‘knew those who would be considered the natural objects of h[is] bounty and h[is] relations with them” ’ ( Kumstar, 66 N.Y.2d at 692, 496 N.Y.S.2d 414, 487 N.E.2d 271;see Castiglione, 40 A.D.3d at 1228, 837 N.Y.S.2d 360).

In opposition to the motion, objectant relied primarily upon decedent's Alzheimer's diagnosis, the November 2006 neurological examination, and his MMSE results, none of which raises an issue of fact as to testamentary capacity ( see Murray, 49 A.D.3d at 1005, 853 N.Y.S.2d 680;Castiglione, 40 A.D.3d at 1228, 837 N.Y.S.2d 360;Williams, 13 A.D.3d at 956–957, 787 N.Y.S.2d 444). As noted above, a mere diagnosis of Alzheimer's, dementia, or age-related memory deficits is not necessarily inconsistent with testamentary capacity because the relevant inquiry is whether the decedent was competent at the time the will was executed ( see Makitra, 101 A.D.3d at 1580, 956 N.Y.S.2d 780; Murray, 49 A.D.3d at 1005, 853 N.Y.S.2d 680;Williams, 13 A.D.3d at 957, 787 N.Y.S.2d 444). Although the report from the neurological exam indicates that the 89–year–old decedent had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's and that his short-term memory had reportedly declined over the last several years, the report also states that decedent communicated normally, was alert and oriented, spoke articulately and fluently, clearly conveyed ideas, exhibited good eye contact, and interacted appropriately ( see Murray, 49 A.D.3d at 1005, 853 N.Y.S.2d 680;Williams, 13 A.D.3d at 956–957, 787 N.Y.S.2d 444). There is nothing in the report to indicate that decedent was not rational, lucid, or competent. As for the MMSE, decedent scored two points above the cutoff for “mild” cognitive impairment. Thus, “having failed to provide evidentiary support for [objectant's] allegation that decedent was incompetent in [November 2006], Surrogate's Court properly granted summary judgment [on that issue] in petitioner's favor” ( Murray, 49 A.D.3d at 1005, 853 N.Y.S.2d 680;see Castiglione, 40 A.D.3d at 1228, 837 N.Y.S.2d 360).

We likewise conclude that the Surrogate properly granted that part of petitioner's motion for summary judgment dismissing the undue influence objection. “A will contestant seeking to prove undue influence must show the exercise of a moral coercion, which restrained independent action and destroyed free agency, or which, by importunity which could not be resisted, constrained the [decedent] to do that which was against [his] free will” ( Makitra, 101 A.D.3d at 1581, 956 N.Y.S.2d 780, quoting Kumstar, 66 N.Y.2d at 693, 496 N.Y.S.2d 414, 487 N.E.2d 271 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). “Undue influence must be proved by evidence of a substantial nature ..., e.g., by evidence identifying the motive, opportunity and acts allegedly constituting the influence, as well as when and where such acts occurred” ( Makitra, 101 A.D.3d at 1581, 956 N.Y.S.2d 780 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). “Mere speculation and conclusory allegations, without specificity as to precisely where and when the influence was actually exerted, are insufficient to raise an issue of fact” (Matter of Walker, 80 A.D.3d 865, 867, 914 N.Y.S.2d 379,lv. denied16 N.Y.3d 711, 922 N.Y.S.2d 273, 947 N.E.2d 165;see Matter of Capuano, 93 A.D.3d 666, 668, 939 N.Y.S.2d 553;see generally Matter of Greenwald, 47 A.D.3d 1036, 1037–1038, 849 N.Y.S.2d 346). Here, even assuming, arguendo, that objectant identified a motive and opportunity for petitioner to exert influence upon decedent, we conclude that “there is no direct evidence that petitioner did anything to actually influence decedent's distribution of [his] assets” ( Walker, 80 A.D.3d at 868, 914 N.Y.S.2d 379). The attorney testified that he never discussed decedent's will or estate matters with any family members during decedent's lifetime. Petitioner averred that she “had absolutely nothing to do with [decedent]'s legal and financial matters in particular as they pertain to his preparation, direction, and the execution of his [will],” and that she did not discuss the will with decedent or the attorney prior to its execution. Petitioner was not present when decedent executed the will, and both the attorney and the paralegal stated in their respective affidavits that he did not appear to be under any restraint or duress at the time. Finally, objectant last saw or spoke to decedent more than a year before he executed the will, and she admitted at her deposition that she had no evidence of undue influence, “just a feeling.”

It is hereby ORDERED that the decree so appealed from is unanimously affirmed without costs.