PRESENT: SCUDDER
Mitchell Goris Stokes & O'Sullivan, LLC, Cazenovia (Patrick J. O'Sullivan of Counsel), for Plaintiff–Appellant–Respondent. Costello, Cooney & Fearon, PLLC, Syracuse (Gabrielle M. Hope of Counsel), for Defendant–Respondent–Appellant. Petrone & Petrone, P.C., Utica (James H. Cosgriff, III, of Counsel), for Defendant–Respondent. PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., CENTRA, FAHEY, CARNI, and SCONIERS, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Plaintiff, as subrogee of the owners of the property in question, Richard Frear and Barbara Frear, commenced this action on June 17, 2008 seeking to recover sums that it paid to the Frears for property damage sustained as a result of a liquid propane (LP) gas explosion. The Frears entered into a contract with defendant Stewart Brockett, doing business as Another Construction Company, for the construction of a home that was to include an LP gas system. The Frears entered into a separate contract with defendant Glider Oil Company, Inc. (Glider) for the installation of an LP gas tank and supply system and for the provision of all future LP gas required. Brockett completed construction of the home in September 2001, and Glider installed and connected the LP gas tank and supply system in October 2001. Glider returned to the home on October 31, 2006 to service the LP gas tank, and it last supplied LP gas to the home on November 6, 2006. The home was destroyed by an LP gas explosion on March 20, 2007.
Plaintiff alleged four causes of action against defendants for negligence, breach of warranty, breach of contract and strict products liability, and each defendant cross-claimed against the other for contribution. Brockett moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint against him, and Glider also moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint against it. Supreme Court granted Brockett's motion in its entirety and granted those parts of the motion of Glider with respect to the first cause of action, for negligence, the second cause of action, for breach of warranty, and the fourth cause of action, for strict products liability.
We reject the contention of plaintiff on its appeal that the court erred in granting that part of Brockett's motion for summary judgment dismissing the breach of contract cause of action against him as time-barred. The statute of limitations for a breach of contract cause of action is six years ( see CPLR 213[2] ). In an action “against a general contractor and architect for defective construction and design, the cause of action generally accrues upon the completion of construction, meaning completion of the actual physical work” ( State of New York v. Lundin, 60 N.Y.2d 987, 989, 471 N.Y.S.2d 261, 459 N.E.2d 486; see Phillips Constr. Co. v. City of New York, 61 N.Y.2d 949, 951, 475 N.Y.S.2d 244, 463 N.E.2d 585, rearg. denied 62 N.Y.2d 646, 476 N.Y.S.2d 1028, 464 N.E.2d 990; Caleb v. Sevenson Envtl. Servs., Inc., 19 A.D.3d 1090, 1091, 796 N.Y.S.2d 806), i.e., “when the contract in question was substantially completed” ( Town of Poughkeepsie v. Espie, 41 A.D.3d 701, 706, 840 N.Y.S.2d 600, lv. dismissed 9 N.Y.3d 1003, 849 N.Y.S.2d 30, 879 N.E.2d 170, lv. denied 15 N.Y.3d 715, 915 N.Y.S.2d 216, 940 N.E.2d 922). Brockett established his entitlement to judgment as a matter of law with respect to the breach of contract cause of action inasmuch as he established that the home was substantially completed in September 2001, more than six years before commencement of this action ( see Lundin, 60 N.Y.2d at 989, 471 N.Y.S.2d 261, 459 N.E.2d 486; see generally Zuckerman v. City of New York, 49 N.Y.2d 557, 562, 427 N.Y.S.2d 595, 404 N.E.2d 718). Although there is evidence in the record that Brockett returned to the home in either the fall of 2001 or 2002 to complete work, that evidence is insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact concerning the date when the home was substantially completed ( see generally Zuckerman, 49 N.Y.2d at 562, 427 N.Y.S.2d 595, 404 N.E.2d 718). Indeed, the work in question was described as incidental and cosmetic, and it was performed in a few hours on one day ( see Lundin, 60 N.Y.2d at 989–990, 471 N.Y.S.2d 261, 459 N.E.2d 486; Tom L. LaMere & Assoc., Inc. v. City of Syracuse Bd. of Educ., 48 A.D.3d 1050, 1051–1052, 851 N.Y.S.2d 752). “[C]onstruction may be complete even though incidental matters relating to the project remain open” ( Lundin, 60 N.Y.2d at 989, 471 N.Y.S.2d 261, 459 N.E.2d 486; see Phillips Constr. Co., 61 N.Y.2d at 951, 475 N.Y.S.2d 244, 463 N.E.2d 585; Tom L. LaMere & Assoc., Inc., 48 A.D.3d at 1052, 851 N.Y.S.2d 752). We note that plaintiff failed to raise any issues in its brief with respect to those parts of the order granting Brockett's motion for summary judgment dismissing the first, second and fourth causes of action against him, and we therefore deem any such issues abandoned ( see Ciesinski v. Town of Aurora, 202 A.D.2d 984, 609 N.Y.S.2d 745).
We reject plaintiff's further contention that the court erred in granting that part of Glider's motion for summary judgment dismissing the breach of warranty cause of action against it as time-barred. The statute of limitations for a breach of warranty cause of action is four years ( see UCC 2–725[1] ), and such a cause of action “against a manufacturer or distributor ‘accrues on the date the party charged tenders delivery of the product’ ” ( Rissew v. Yamaha Motor Co., 129 A.D.2d 94, 99, 515 N.Y.S.2d 352, quoting Heller v. U.S. Suzuki Motor Corp., 64 N.Y.2d 407, 411, 488 N.Y.S.2d 132, 477 N.E.2d 434; see UCC 2–725[2] ). It is undisputed that Glider installed and connected the LP gas tank and supply system on or about October 22, 2001, and this action was commenced more than four years after that cause of action accrued ( see UCC 2–725[2]; Heller, 64 N.Y.2d at 411, 488 N.Y.S.2d 132, 477 N.E.2d 434).
We agree with plaintiff, however, that the court erred in granting those parts of Glider's motion for summary judgment dismissing the negligence and strict products liability causes of action against it, and we therefore modify the order accordingly. This case “falls in the borderland between tort and contract, an area [that] has long perplexed courts” ( Sommer v. Federal Signal Corp., 79 N.Y.2d 540, 550, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365). “[A] simple breach of contract is not to be considered a tort unless a legal duty independent of the contract itself has been violated ... [That] legal duty must spring from circumstances extraneous to, and not constituting elements of, the contract, although it may be connected with and dependent upon the contract” ( Clark–Fitzpatrick, Inc. v. Long Is. R.R. Co., 70 N.Y.2d 382, 389, 521 N.Y.S.2d 653, 516 N.E.2d 190; see Sommer, 79 N.Y.2d at 551–552, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365; Gallup v. Summerset Homes, LLC, 82 A.D.3d 1658, 1660, 920 N.Y.S.2d 504). “ ‘[M]erely alleging that the breach of a contract duty arose from a lack of due care will not transform a simple breach of contract into a tort’ ” ( Gallup, 82 A.D.3d at 1660, 920 N.Y.S.2d 504, quoting Sommer, 79 N.Y.2d at 551, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365). “In considering whether plaintiff[has] viable tort causes of action, we must also consider ‘the nature of the injury, the manner in which the injury occurred and the resulting harm’ ” ( id., quoting Sommer, 79 N.Y.2d at 552, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365).
Here, plaintiff demonstrated that Glider owed a legal duty independent of its contractual obligations, thus precluding summary judgment dismissing the negligence and strict products liability causes of action ( see Sommer, 79 N.Y.2d at 551–553, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365; cf. Clark–Fitzpatrick, Inc., 70 N.Y.2d at 389–390, 521 N.Y.S.2d 653, 516 N.E.2d 190; Gallup, 82 A.D.3d at 1660, 920 N.Y.S.2d 504). “A legal duty independent of contractual obligations may be imposed by law as an incident to the parties' relationship. [For example, p]rofessionals [and] common carriers ... may be subject to tort liability for failure to exercise reasonable care, irrespective of their contractual duties” ( Sommer, 79 N.Y.2d at 551, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365). “A gas company is required to use reasonable care in the handling and distribution of gas. In view of the dangerous and explosive character of gas and its tendency to escape, a gas company has the duty to use that degree of caution which is reasonably necessary to prevent the escape or explosion of gas from its pipes and equipment” (PJI 2:185; see generally Schmeer v. Gaslight Co. of Syracuse, 147 N.Y. 529, 538, 42 N.E. 202; Jackson v. Gas Co., 2 A.D.3d 1104, 1105, 769 N.Y.S.2d 638; Lockwood v. Berardi, 135 A.D.2d 881, 882, 522 N.Y.S.2d 279). Thus, Glider's duty to act with reasonable care is not only a function of its contract with the Frears “but also stems from the nature of its services” (Sommer, 79 N.Y.2d at 552, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365).
In addition, “the manner in which the injury arose ... and the resulting harm [are] both typical of tort claims” ( id. at 553, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365). The gas explosion was an “ ‘abrupt, cataclysmic occurrence’ ” ( id.; see Syracuse Cablesystems v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 173 A.D.2d 138, 140–142, 578 N.Y.S.2d 770; cf. Bellevue S. Assoc. v. HRH Constr. Corp., 78 N.Y.2d 282, 293–294, 574 N.Y.S.2d 165, 579 N.E.2d 195, rearg. denied 78 N.Y.2d 1008, 575 N.Y.S.2d 459, 580 N.E.2d 1062). Further, plaintiff “is not seeking the benefit of [the] contractual bargain,” inasmuch as the Frears suffered more than economic damages ( Sommer, 79 N.Y.2d at 553, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365; see Village of Palmyra v. Hub Langie Paving, Inc., 81 A.D.3d 1352, 1353–1354, 917 N.Y.S.2d 454; Syracuse Cablesystems, 173 A.D.2d at 142, 578 N.Y.S.2d 770).
We agree with Glider on its cross appeal that the court erred in granting Brockett summary judgment dismissing the cross claim against him inasmuch as Brockett did not request that relief in his motion papers ( see Franklin Credit Mgt. Corp. v. Wik, 75 A.D.3d 1145, 1146, 905 N.Y.S.2d 809; Berle v. Buckley, 57 A.D.3d 1276, 1277, 869 N.Y.S.2d 679; Lyon v. Lyon, 259 A.D.2d 525, 686 N.Y.S.2d 476). We therefore further modify the order accordingly. We reject the further contention of Glider on its cross appeal, however, that the court erred in denying that part of its motion for summary judgment dismissing the breach of contract cause of action against it as time-barred. Glider had recurring obligations under its contract with the Frears, i.e., to supply all LP gas required by the Frears and to maintain the LP gas supply system. “ ‘The general rule applicable to contract actions is that a six-year [s]tatute of [l]imitations begins to run when a contract is breached or when one party omits the performance of a contractual obligation’ ” ( Stalis v. Sugar Cr. Stores, 295 A.D.2d 939, 940, 744 N.Y.S.2d 586). Where, as here, a contract provides for a recurring obligation, a claim for damages accrues each time the contract is allegedly breached ( see Bulova Watch Co. v. Celotex Corp., 46 N.Y.2d 606, 611, 415 N.Y.S.2d 817, 389 N.E.2d 130; Sirico v. F.G.G. Prods., Inc., 71 A.D.3d 429, 435, 896 N.Y.S.2d 61; Airco Alloys Div. v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 76 A.D.2d 68, 80–81, 430 N.Y.S.2d 179). Plaintiff alleged that Glider breached the contract by defectively servicing and supplying the LP gas system, and the record establishes that Glider last serviced the LP gas system in October 2006 and last supplied LP gas in November 2006.
It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by denying those parts of the motion of defendant Glider Oil Company, Inc. for summary judgment dismissing the first and fourth causes of action against it and reinstating those causes of action against that defendant and by denying defendant Stewart Brockett, doing business as Another Construction Company, summary judgment dismissing the cross claim against him and reinstating that cross claim, and as modified the order is affirmed without costs.