Contract, Performance and breach. Municipal Corporations. Bond. Surety. Damages, In contract. Interest.
One who contracts absolutely to do a certain thing which is lawful is not to be excused for non-performance merely because performance originally was or has become impossible.
A contractor agreed in writing with a town to construct a tunnel of the length of fifteen hundred and fifty feet to hold a masonry conduit thirty inches in diameter "by the use of timber props, roof supports and lagging." The specifications contained the statement that the underground plot had not been investigated and that the committee acting for the town expressly denied any responsibility for its character. The contract provided that the contractor should bear all loss resulting to him from the character of the work or because of the nature of the ground being "different from what was estimated or expected." The character of the soil through which the tunnel was to be constructed proved to be such that the construction of the tunnel was impossible unless at a cost to the contractor greatly exceeding the contract price. The contractor on discovering the difficulties refused to perform his contract. Held, that the practical impossibility of the performance of the contract did not excuse the contractor from his obligation to construct the tunnel according to the specifications for the price named, and that he must respond in damages for his failure to do so.
Where a committee on water supply of a town consisting of seven members, of whom one is the chairman, have authority to make a contract for the construction of a tunnel to hold a conduit for the waterworks of the town, and make such a contract, which the contractor afterwards abandons on finding the difficulties so great that it can be performed only at an excessive loss to him, no waiver of or change in the terms of the contract can be made in behalf of the town by the chairman of the committee except so far as authority to do this has been given to him by his associates, who together with the chairman have power to act for the town only as a collective body.
In an action by a town against the surety on the bond of a contractor, who had made a contract to construct a tunnel to hold a conduit thirty inches in diameter for the waterworks of the town, which contract he afterwards had abandoned on finding the difficulties so great that the construction of the tunnel was impossible except at a cost to him greatly exceeding the contract price, it appeared, that the method of construction required by the contract was by the use of timber supports, and that after the contractor abandoned the contract the town completed the tunnel by pneumatic construction at a necessary cost of nearly $48,000 more than the contract price for the timber construction, and that it was necessary in order to use the pneumatic method of construction to make the diameter of the tunnel forty-eight inches instead of thirty inches, although the greater diameter was of no advantage to the town after the tunnel was finished. The pneumatic method of construction was essentially different from that originally contracted for, but it was the cheapest and the most expeditious method of constructing the tunnel. Held, that the town, not having received from the contractor the tunnel which he had agreed to furnish, was entitled to hold him and the surety on his bond liable for the necessary cost of obtaining such a tunnel in excess of the original contract price; that the town had obtained such a tunnel as it needed at the smallest possible cost, which was much less than would have been required to procure one constructed in the manner contracted for, and the fact that in doing this the town had been forced to acquire a tunnel somewhat larger than that contracted for and different in its method of construction did not diminish the damages to which the town was entitled, as the larger tunnel served the purpose of the town no better than one of the size specified in the contract would have done and it could not have been built smaller by the method of construction that was used, this method having lessened the burden of the damages for which the contractor and the surety on his bond were liable.
Where, in an action against the surety on a bond given to secure the faithful performance of a contract, the penalty of the bond is less in amount than the damages which in equity and good conscience the plaintiff is entitled to recover, interest should be allowed upon the amount of such penalty.
SHELDON, J.
The plaintiffs in the first action, hereinafter called the contractors, made in July, 1905, an agreement with the town of Peabody for the building of a tunnel from Suntaug Lake for a distance of fifteen hundred and fifty feet, and for the laying of certain pipe and the performance of other specified work. The contractors were to do all the work and supply the materials, so as to furnish to the town a completed tunnel with all its equipment, and were to be paid fixed prices for the different parts of what they were to do. They gave to the town a bond with the defendant in the second action as surety, conditioned for their faithful performance of the contract. The work was to be a timber supported tunnel, in which was to be constructed a masonry conduit thirty inches in diameter. The judge instructed the jury that the contract required as essential conditions "the construction of a tunnel thirty inches in diameter by the use of timber props, roof supports and lagging. It was not a contract for constructing a suitable tunnel by whatever method should become available." He further ruled that under the contract the officers acting for the town had no power "to require the contractors, without their consent, to construct a tunnel by pneumatic process forty-eight inches in diameter. Such requirement would not be a mere variation in form and dimensions which the contractors must adopt, . . . but would be the substitution of a different contract." Both of these rulings were made at the request of the contractors and apparently without objection by any party. They must now be taken as correct. MacKnight Flintic Stone Co. v. New York, 160 N.Y. 72.
The contractors began to construct the tunnel as required by the contract, but presently found that owing to the nature of the soil there were serious difficulties, so great, they contended, as to make the construction in that way practically impossible, and certainly so great as to make it impracticable without a very large and disproportionate expense, such as they were not able to incur. Finally, on October 27, after some negotiations with the engineer and with the committee of the town, which so far as necessary will be referred to hereafter, the contractors sent to the committee a letter formally abandoning the contract. The town then completed the tunnel by what is called the pneumatic construction, which necessarily involved a cost of $47,805.12 in excess of the contract price. It was also necessary under this mode of construction to make the diameter of the tunnel forty-eight inches instead of thirty inches. This mode of construction, as already pointed out, was essentially different from that originally contracted for; but it does not seem to have been disputed that if not the only practicable method, it was at least the cheapest, most expeditious and most economical method by which the tunnel could be constructed.
The first contention made in behalf of the contractors is that the performance of their contract was impossible, or at least that it might have been found by the jury to be impossible, and that for this reason the contract was no longer binding upon the parties. They argue that a contract to build a particular tunnel of specified dimensions by a described method of construction is like a contract to ship goods by a certain steamer, or to sell potatoes to be raised upon certain specified land, or to account for the proceeds of butter to be made in a certain factory, or to build a bridge by the caisson method, — in each of which cases it has been held that the continued existence of the subject matter of the contract or the continued practicability of the essential details that are stipulated for is an implied condition of the continued validity of the agreement. Krell v. Henry, 2 K.B. 740. Chandler v. Webster, 1 K.B. 493. Howell v. Coupland, 1 Q.B.D. 258. Stewart v. Stone, 127 N.Y. 500. Buffalo Lancaster Land Co. v. Bellevue Land Improvement Co. 165 N.Y. 247. Lovering v. Buckmountain Coal Co. 54 Penn. St. 291. This is the same principle which we recently considered in Hawkes v. Kehoe, 193 Mass. 419. It has frequently been applied in the courts. See, besides the cases already cited, Angus v. Scully, 176 Mass. 357; Butterfield v. Byron, 153 Mass. 517; Elliott v. Crutchley, 2 K.B. 476; McKenna v. McNamee, 15 Canada S.C. 311. But the question is as to the construction of the contract which the parties have made. This was recognized in most of the cases above cited. One who chooses to contract absolutely for the performance of a certain thing is not to be excused from such performance, in the absence of any other ground, merely because it either was originally or has since become impossible of execution. As was said by Blackburn, J., in the leading case of Taylor v. Caldwell, 3 B. S. 826, 833, "where there is a positive contract to do a thing, not in itself unlawful, the contractor must perform it or pay damages for not doing it, although in consequence of unforeseen accidents the performance of his contract has become unexpectedly burdensome or even impossible." This also has been frequently declared by the courts. Jones v. St. John's College, L.R. 6 Q.B. 115, 127. Paradine v. Jane, Aleyn, 26. Atkinson v. Ritchie, 10 East, 530. Hills v. Sughrue, 15 M. W. 253. Harvey v. Murray, 136 Mass. 377. Drake v. White, 117 Mass. 10. Stees v. Leonard, 20 Minn. 494. As was said by the present Chief Justice in Butterfield v. Byron, 153 Mass. 517, 520, "the fundamental question . . . is, What is the true interpretation of the contract?"
In the case at bar the contract expressly stated that the nature of the underground plot had not been investigated, and that the committee of the town denied any responsibility for its character. The contractors also agreed by the twenty-third article of the contract to take all responsibility for the work and to bear all losses resulting on account of its nature or character or because of the nature of the ground being different from what was estimated or expected. The difficulties which it was asserted made the prescribed mode of construction impossible arose wholly from the character of the soil beneath the surface. They were warned that there might be such difficulties, and no one could say in advance that these might not be very great, or even insuperable. But they chose to make their agreement an absolute one, and the court cannot relieve them from the bargain which they saw fit to make. The case is well within the decisions. Boyle v. Agawam Canal Co. 22 Pick. 381. Dermott v. Jones, 2 Wall. 1. Eastman v. St. Anthony Falls Water-Power Co. 24 Minn. 437. Thorn v. Mayor of London, L.R. 9 Ex. 163; L.R. 10 Ex. 112; 1 App. Cas. 120. There are three English cases, decided respectively in the House of Lords and in the Court of Appeal, which resemble closely the case at bar. Jackson v. Eastbourne Local Board, 2 Hudson, Building Contracts, (3d ed.) 67; Bottoms v. Lord Mayor of York, 2 Ibid. 220; and McDonald v. Mayor of Workington, 2 Ibid. 240. In the first of these cases, Lord Esher said in the Court of Appeal: "When a man is asked to tender upon specifications, he must inquire whether it is possible for him to do the work which he engages to do, and if he does not then find out that it is impossible, he is not excused by reason that, from the difficulty of the works, it is afterwards found impossible. He has contracted to do it, and must fulfil his contract."
We are clearly of opinion that these contractors were not excused from the performance of their agreement by reason of its alleged impossibility, but that they were bound either to accomplish what they had promised to do or to respond in damages for their failure.
But it is contended that the town did not choose to stand upon its rights but waived performance by the contractors of the unfortunate obligation into which they had entered, and that it made a new arrangement with them, under which they were to construct another and different tunnel. The original contract, it is contended, was annulled or rescinded by mutual consent, and the parties now stand as if no such contract had been made.
It was competent for the parties to do this if they chose to do so; and under the circumstances of this case, considering the changed relations of the parties and the proposed modifications of the work to be done, there would be a sufficient consideration for the abandonment of the original contract and the substitution of a new arrangement. Munroe v. Perkins, 9 Pick. 298. Rogers v. Rogers Brother, 139 Mass. 440. Alden v. Thurber, 149 Mass. 271. Thomas v. Barnes, 156 Mass. 581. Stebbins v. Conners Brothers Construction Co. 202 Mass. 153. Hanson Parker v. Wittenberg, 205 Mass. 319.
Some efforts were made by the parties towards effecting a new arrangement. In these, as in all matters respecting the construction of the tunnel, the town acted through its committee on water supply, which consisted of seven persons and of which one Walker was chairman. Its power to bind the town was not disputed. On September 29, 1905, after the development of the conditions which impeded further progress under the terms of the contract, Barbour, the engineer of the town, wrote a letter to Walker, in which, besides stating these difficulties and the possibility that the contractors might throw up their work, he said: "In view of this possibility the question arises as to whether it will not pay the town of Peabody to make some arrangement with Rowe and Perini so that they can proceed with the work. I am satisfied that they are as well able to do this tunnel work as any one we could obtain. The cost to the town will unquestionably be much greater than originally bid. In considering any such idea it must be clearly borne in mind that we cannot make any proposition to Rowe and Perini without making the bond company a party of the same by a written agreement, otherwise there would be great danger of nullifying the bond." In October, the contractors reached the conclusion that they could not construct the tunnel according to the plans and specifications. There was evidence that Barbour suggested to Rowe, one of the contractors, that the town should continue the work, employing Rowe as its superintendent at a salary and making certain allowances to the contractors for what they had done. There was a meeting of the committee on October 17, and Rowe testified that on the next morning he talked over a telephone with Walker, and that in answer to Rowe's question Walker said that the committee had decided to go ahead with the work as suggested by Barbour, and added, "Go on with the work, Mr. Rowe, give us the water as soon as you can and save all the money you can for the town of Peabody"; that Rowe assented to this, and put his men at work.
At the meeting of the committee on October 17, which has been mentioned, a vote was passed "that the chairman be authorized to make a contract with Mr. Rowe to continue the work on a cost basis, all loss on the contract to the present time to be borne by the contractors, that Mr. Rowe be allowed six dollars ($6) per day for his salary as superintendent, that the surety company be informed of the change in the contract and it is understood they will consent to the change. It shall be agreed to by Mr. Rowe that this supplementary contract can be annulled by the committee at any time." The arrangement which had been suggested by Barbour to Rowe, and which the contractors said was agreed upon between Walker and Rowe, did not conform to the terms of this vote. There was no evidence that Rowe's alleged conversation with Walker was known to any other member of the committee or that the new arrangement alleged thus to have been made was communicated to any other member, or that it ever was assented to or ratified by any of them, either individually or at any meeting of the committee. Not only did Walker himself testify that he made no such agreement with Rowe (which testimony of course would present merely a question for the jury), but each member of the committee testified that he never authorized or heard of any such agreement; and there was no evidence to the contrary. Under these circumstances, even if the testimony of Rowe had been believed by the jury, they would not have been warranted in finding that the town was at all bound by Walker's action in attempting to make a new agreement. The authority to speak for the town was in the committee as a collective body; no such authority could be found to have existed in any one member thereof, except as it might have been given to him by his associates. Murdough v. Revere, 165 Mass. 109. Shea v. Milford, 145 Mass. 528. Haven v. Lowell, 5 Met. 35. See Damon v. Framingham, 195 Mass. 72, 78. Nor is there to be found in this long bill of exceptions any evidence that such a new agreement as Walker was authorized by the vote of the committee to make was ever in fact made by him with the contractors or either of them. Under these circumstances we must regard the rights of the parties as fixed by the letter of Rowe abandoning the contract and the reply made by the committee in their letter of November 2. There was no evidence that the town had waived the obligations of the contractors.
We need not consider the contractors' requests for rulings in detail. They are all disposed of by what has been said. We find no error in the action of the judge.
The second action was brought by the town against the surety upon the bond given by the contractors. Most of the questions raised in this action have been sufficiently discussed.
The cost of the tunnel actually constructed was more than $47,000 in excess of the contract price for what was to have been done by the contractors. Upon a careful examination of the evidence and the contentions made at the trial, as well as the very elaborate and learned arguments which were made before us, we are satisfied that all parties then conceded that the mode of construction adopted by the town was the cheapest and most advantageous one that could have been devised. This resulted in giving to the town a larger tunnel than had been contracted for or than was needed or desired by the town; but it sufficiently appears that it was of the smallest size that could have been made by the best and cheapest method of making any tunnel in this location. The town, not having received the tunnel which the contractors had agreed to furnish and which their surety had agreed that they should furnish, was entitled to hold them for the cost of obtaining such a tunnel. Florence Machine Co. v. Daggett, 135 Mass. 582. Hills v. Sughrue, 15 M. W. 253. But it was the duty of the town to take all proper measures to diminish this quantum of damages. Loker v. Damon, 17 Pick. 284, 288. Cavanagh v. Durgin, 156 Mass. 466. Ingraham v. Pullman Co. 190 Mass. 33. Sullivan v. Old Colony Street Railway, 200 Mass. 303, 309. This it has done. It has obtained a tunnel such as it needed and in its main features such as it was entitled to under the contract, at a cost much less than would have been needed to procure the one contracted for. That in doing this it has been forced to receive a tunnel somewhat larger than was contracted for and somewhat different in its method of construction does not necessarily diminish its damages, especially where this has materially lessened the burden upon those who are answerable to it. Instead of being injured, the latter gain an advantage from the course which has been adopted, and they cannot be heard to complain thereof.
The penalty of the bond was less than the amount of the damages to which the town was entitled in equity and good conscience. For this reason, interest was rightly allowed upon that penalty. Bank of Brighton v. Smith, 12 Allen, 243, 251. Bassett v. Fidelity Deposit Co. 184 Mass. 210, 216. Sampson Co. v. Commonwealth, 202 Mass. 326, 339.
The exceptions in each case must be overruled.
So ordered.