No exception or bill of exception is necessary to open a question of law apparent on the record where the record shows no waiver of rights of plaintiffs in error. Nalle v. Oyster, 230 U.S. 165. When a municipality is authorized to raise money by sale of bonds this court will take it that the authority extends to putting the bonds in the form that would be necessary to obtain a purchaser. And this applies also to certificates of indebtedness. There is no essential difference between bonds of a municipality and its certificates of indebtedness, and in this case held that the purchasers for value before maturity and in good faith of negotiable certificates of indebtedness of the City of Denver were entitled to recover, and the defense that the authority to issue certificates did not authorize making them negotiable could not be maintained. 200 F. 28, affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action brought by the respondent upon a certificate of indebtedness and an interest coupon attached to the same, against the petitioner. There was a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff and the Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment. 118 C. C.A. 256; 200 F. 28. The plaintiff held the instrument by endorsement and was found to have purchased it in good faith before maturity, but the defendant denied the authority to issue the certificate in negotiable form and sought to raise the question by its third defence which set up failure of consideration. There was a demurrer to this defence which was sustained by the Circuit Court, and the trial took place upon the other issues. The Circuit Court of Appeals declined to consider the correctness of this ruling because no exception was taken to it. But no exception or bill of exceptions is necessary to open a question of law already apparent on the record and there is nothing in the record that indicates a waiver of the defendant's rights. Therefore we must consider the merits of the defence. Nalle v. Oyster, 230 U.S. 165.
The certificate recites the allowance of a claim for ballot machines by the Board of County Commissioners of the City and County of Denver and goes on "the Board of County Commissioners being authorized thereto by the laws of the State of Colorado, Act of 1905, thereby issues its certificate of indebtedness for the said sum, and will in one (1) year pay to the order of the Federal Ballot Machine Company the sum of eleven thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, with interest on this sum, from the date hereof, at the rate of five per cent. per annum; the said interest payable semi-annually, as per two (2) coupons, hereto attached." This certificate was one of ten issued to provide for the payment for ballot machines and the constitution of the State authorized provision for payment in such case "by the issuance of interest-bearing bonds, certificates of indebtedness, or other obligations, which shall be a charge upon such city, city and county, or town; such bonds, certificates or other obligations may be made payable at such time or times, not exceeding ten years from the date of issue, as may be determined, but shall not be issued or sold at less than par." Art. VII, § 8, as amended, November 6, 1906. A statute in like words previously had been passed to be effective if the amendment to the constitution should be adopted as it was. Laws of 1905, c. 101, § 6. See Rev. St. 1908, § 2342. The defence that we are considering is that the foregoing words did not warrant making the certificates of indebtedness negotiable, relying especially upon Brenham v. German American Bank, 144 U.S. 173. But the argument seems to us to need no extended answer. The power to issue certificates of indebtedness or bonds is given in terms and it is contemplated that these instruments may be sold to raise money for the purpose named. But however narrowly we may construe the power of municipal corporations in this respect, when they are authorized to raise money by the sale of bonds we must take it that they are authorized to put the bonds in the form that would be almost a necessary condition to obtaining a purchaser — the usual form in which municipal bonds are put upon the market. Gunnison County Commissioners v. Rollins, 173 U.S. 255, 276. What is true about bonds is true about certificates of indebtedness. Indeed it is difficult to see any distinction between the two as they are commonly known to the business world. The essence of each is that they contain a promise under the seal of the corporation, to pay a certain sum to order or to bearer. We are of opinion that the Board of County Commissioners was authorized to issue certificates in the negotiable form. Carter County v. Sinton, 120 U.S. 517, 525. Gelpcke v. Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175, 203. Cadillac v. Woonsocket Savings Institution, 58 F. 935, 937. Ashley v. Board of Supervisors, 60 F. 55, 67. D'Esterre v. Brooklyn, 90 F. 586, 590. Dillon, Munic. Corp., 5th Ed., § 882.
Judgment affirmed.