HOKE, J.
The facts showing that the defendant subscribed for one share of stock, in pursuance of a plan and purpose to form a corporation, which was afterwards carried out, the company being thereafter regularly organized and doing business, he thereby became a subscriber, and, taken in connection with the note given in evidence of his obligation, this was what is known as a subscription on special terms, sometimes said to be on condition subsequent, defined by Beach on Corporations and other writers as one "which does not affect the subscriber's liability to take and pay for his shares, but which gives him a right of action against the corporation upon its failure to perform," etc. 1 Purdey's Beach on Corporations, sec. 233.
It is well understood that a subscription of this kind may be made, and that the conditions will, to a certain extent, be enforced; the limitation being that these may not be in contravention of public policy or the provisions of general law or of the special charter, and are not in fraud of creditors or the just legal rights of the other stockholders. Clark and Marshall on Corporations, p. 1447; 1 Thompson on Corporations, sec. 625; 1 Cook on Corporations, sec. 83; Clark on Corporations, page 302, and sec. 170, etc. In Clark and Marshall it is said: "In general, a subscription upon special terms is an absolute and unconditional subscription which makes the subscriber a stockholder and renders him liable as such, and for the amount of the subscription as soon as it is accepted, but contains special terms and stipulations. Such a subscription is valid, provided the special terms or stipulations are not such as to constitute a fraud upon the other subscribers or stockholders or upon the creditors of the corporation, and provided they are not beyond the powers conferred upon the corporation by its charter, nor contrary to law."
In Clark on Corporations, supra, the same position is stated (188) thus:
"Subscriptions upon special terms are valid except —
"a. Where the stipulations are ultra vires, or inconsistent with the charter or articles of incorporation.
"b. Where they operate as a fraud upon the other shareholders by subjecting the subscriber to lighter burdens or giving him greater rights and privileges.
"c. Where they operate as a fraud upon the creditors of the corporation who contract with it on the faith of the capital stock being fully paid."
On the record there is no definite finding as to the meaning of the condition appearing on the face of defendant's note, "that the subscription is to be used to do business on the Rochdale system, and for this purpose only," nor whether such system was pursued in this instance by the management for a whole or part of the time. From an examination of the Encyclopedia Britannica, put in evidence apparently without objection, the name was taken from the city of Rochdale, Lancaster, England, said to be the birthplace of the cooperative movement as a system for conducting business and now used as a general term appropriate to any kind of business, store, or other where the cooperative method is pursued." But there are no facts in evidence tending to show, nor is there anything in the term ex vi termini to import that the condition appearing in this note is in violation of the charter or other law or public policy of the State. Nor are the rights of creditors directly involved, the findings of the court being to the effect that none of them are parties, and the objective property of the company amounting to $1,703.67 and the debts only to $1,450, and under the law controlling in subscriptions of this character, the question presented is whether the stipulation or condition appearing on the face of defendant's note is void as being in fraud of the rights of the other subscribers or stockholders.
Recurring to the findings of fact more directly relevant to this question, it appears that there are sixty-eight subscribers who have paid in full, amounting to $1,700, and twenty-five, including the defendant, who have as yet paid nothing; that the company having duly organized, undertook to carry on its specified business for some months on the Rochdale plan, as the management understood it, but later it was so far changed as to meet competition by usual methods; that the business has been conducted at a substantial loss, and an entire sacrifice of the paid-up stock is threatened.
Under these circumstances, defendant, being called on to pay, resists recovery by reason of an alleged violation of a condition subsequent attached to his subscription. So far as the facts now disclose, such a provision was personal to him and, although appearing on the face (189) of the note, given in evidence of his obligations, was unknown to the other stockholders and unassented to by them, and, in our opinion, on the facts as presented in the findings of the court, to uphold defendant's position would be to wrongfully enhance the burden of those stockholders who have paid in full and in violation of that quality of obligation which should prevail amongst subscribers who embark in a common enterprise and on a principle of equal and proportionate responsibility.
As said by Associate Justice Brown in Farrish v. Cotton Mills, 157 N.C. 190: "It is elementary that a corporation, as a rule, must treat all shareholders of the same class alike." In Meholin v. Carson, 17 Idaho 742, it is held, among other things, that a corporation has no authority to accept subscription to capital stock upon special terms when the terms are such as to constitute a fraud upon the other subscribers or upon persons who become creditors of the corporation. And in 2 Clark and Marshall on Private Corporations, p. 1452, sec. 467c, it is said: "A corporation has no authority to accept subscriptions upon special terms when the terms are such as to constitute a fraud upon the other subscribers or upon persons who may become creditors of the corporation in reliance upon a bona fide regular subscription of the authorized capital stock. In such a case, however, the subscription is not void. The fraudulent and unauthorized stipulations are void, and the subscriber is liable for his subscription as if no such stipulations had been inserted." And this same general principle is recognized and approved in many authoritative cases and text-books of established repute. Upton, assignee, v. Tubelock, 91 U.S. 45, and Webster v. Upton, same volume, p. 65; Morrow v. Iron and Steel Co., 87 Tenn. 262; Bank v. Moody (Ark.), 161 S.W. 134; Melvin v. Ins. Co., 80 Ill. 446; Johnston v. R. R., 81 Ga. 725. Apart from this, where, as in this case, the stipulation relied upon, even where valid, is in the nature of a condition subsequent, it is considered as collateral to the principal obligation, and the remedy of the subscriber in case of breach is by an action to recover damages. 8 Thompson on Corporations, White's Supp., sec. 625, citing, among other cases, The Gould, etc., Valve Co., 140 Iowa 744; Purdey's Beach, sec. 237.
On reference to his Honor's findings, it does not appear that defendant has suffered any damages by the observance or failure to observe the condition, or that any such damages are alleged or claimed by him. It is insisted further for defendant that "at some time after the company was formed and doing business he had offered to pay his subscription, and the offer was refused, thereby releasing him from his position and obligation as subscriber." There is authority for the position that when a position of a defendant is in the tentative, constituting a mere offer to subscribe, a refusal by the corporation may have the effect of releasing him, 10 Cyc., p. 456; but where, as in this case, the subscription has been made and the obligation of the party has (190) become absolute, a mere refusal by the corporation does not release. As against creditors or other stockholders who have not been consulted or do not assent, the management could not, without consideration, surrender or cancel the obligation by direct action, and are clearly without authority to discharge a subscriber by a mere refusal to presently accept his tender of payment. Boushall v. Myatt, 167 N.C. 328; Bank v. Moody, supra; 8 Thompson, White's Supp., sec. 494; 1 Cook on Corporations, sec. 170.
On this question, in Bank v. Moody, McCullough, C. J., delivering the opinion, said: "It appears, however, that defendant Vaughn and several other stockholders never paid any part of their subscriptions to the capital stock, but gave notes therefor which were afterwards canceled by the directors. The corporation, acting through its directors, had no right to cancel the notes for the stock subscriptions as against creditors nor as against other stockholders who had paid their subscriptions. Those who had paid were, to the extent of their payments on stock, creditors of the corporation, and are entitled to have the liability against other stockholders enforced."
The present corporation was organized in 1914, presumably under the general law (the charter does not appear in the record), and before the enactment of the statutes more directly applicable to enterprises of this character. Laws of 1915, ch. 144, and ch. 115. As now advised, we are not aware that these later statutes would interfere with or affect the positions recognized and upheld in this opinion, but we deem it well to note that the provisions of these later statutes, not being applicable to the present case, have been in no wise considered.
For the reasons heretofore given, we are of opinion that there was no error in his Honor's judgment, and the same is
Affirmed. Cited: Hotel Co. v. Latta, 186 N.C. 713 (1c); Fuller v. Service Co., 190 N.C. 658 (3c).