Argued May 10, 1927.
OPINION BY MR. JUSTICE SADLER, June 25, 1927:
Brobston, plaintiff, was injured while driving an automobile on a public highway in the Borough of Darby. It was claimed that the paving within or along the tracks of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, occupying the street by virtue of a grant to a predecessor, regularly acquired by the operating corporation, had become in disrepair, and, as a result, the steering wheel of the machine was wrenched from the driver's hand with the resulting injury complained of. Suit was brought against the street railway in the courts of Philadelphia County to recover damages. The fact that it maintained its tracks under a franchise which required it to keep the street in proper condition, was averred, and the failure to perform this duty, with the amount of damage resulting, set forth in the statement filed. At the trial proof was offered to show the street surface was not defective, and therefore the charge of negligence was unfounded, and testimony produced of contributory negligence on part of the plaintiff. After a full and careful charge, the questions of fact were submitted to a jury, and a verdict rendered for the defendant, upon which judgment was entered, and no appeal taken.
Later, the present action was brought in the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County against the Borough of Darby, present defendant, based on the same cause of action as asserted in the suit against the transit company. The affidavit of defense, setting forth the record of the first proceeding, was brought to the attention of the court when the case was called, and counsel for plaintiff admitted that Brobston was "the same person who was plaintiff in an action brought in Philadelphia, that the action there brought was for the same injuries occurring at the place, and in the time and manner for which the action is brought in this court, now on trial, and that a verdict in that case, decided in Philadelphia, was entered by the jury in favor of the defendant." The cause of action, and the facts upon which the right to recover rested, were the same, the only difference being in the name of the defendant. These stipulations were avowedly entered of record to enable the court to pass upon the legal question involved, as to the right of a plaintiff to recover under such circumstances. Notwithstanding the formal admissions, counsel made an offer to prove the same facts, which the court refused, and, on motion, a nonsuit was entered because of the former adjudication. Complaint is now made that the plaintiff should have been permitted to call witnesses to establish the matters already agreed to, but we see no merit in the complaint. All facts essential to the legal determination of liability were before the court, and had been voluntarily placed there by consent of both parties.
Lowe v. Haggerty, 283 Pa. 459, is cited as showing this rejection of testimony constituted prejudicial error, but the decision referred to is not authority for so holding. There, the question of the effect of a former judgment for defendant, when sued by an injured guest, was held not to bar a later suit by the driver of the car which had been struck by another, where no previous record was produced disclosing what had been passed upon in the first proceeding, and the defense was not asserted until the motion for a new trial was presented. Under such circumstances it was held impossible to determine what issue was involved in the previous trial. A very different situation appears here, and the learned court below properly disposed of the merits on the record as made up by the parties. The motion to take off the nonsuit, granted in the present case, was refused, and plaintiff has appealed.
It is insisted that the municipality is liable for injuries which resulted from a failure to keep its street in repair, and, as a general proposition, there can be no doubt of the right to recover damages sustained, where such legal obligation has not been performed, and it has had actual or constructive notice of faulty condition: Bucher v. Sunbury, 216 Pa. 89. This rule applies, though an abutting owner may have been responsible for the disrepair, and the party injured may sue either the borough or the one primarily responsible for the defect: Brookville v. Arthurs, 130 Pa. 501; Fowler v. Jersey Shore, 17 Pa. Super. 366. The municipality may recover over from the negligent one, where the loss was caused by him, and not by some independent act of the municipality itself: Johnson Co. v. Phila., 236 Pa. 510; Reichard v. Bangor, 286 Pa. 25. But the liability of the borough in such case is secondary and not primary, and it cannot be joined in a suit with the abutting owner as a tort-feasor (Dutton v. Lansdowne Boro., 198 Pa. 563; Mintzer v. Hogg, 192 Pa. 137; Brookville v. Arthurs, supra, s. c., 152 Pa. 334; Smith v. Henry, 66 Pa. Super. 538), for the joint right of action against wrongdoers arises only from unity of fault (Cleary v. Quaker City Cab Co., 285 Pa. 241), though the common consequence is caused by their separate acts: Wiest v. El. Tr. Co., 200 Pa. 148; Howard v. Union Tr. Co., 195 Pa. 391; Little Schuylkill Nav. Co. v. Richards, 57 Pa. 142; Eckman v. L. W. Coal Co., 50 Pa. Super. 427. "Joint tort-feasorship can only be affirmed when the parties charged have a community of interest in the object and purposes of the undertaking and an equal right to direct and govern the movements and conduct of each other in respect thereto": Betcher v. McChesney, 255 Pa. 394, 396.
Even in the absence of a contract, a street railway company is under the implied duty to keep in proper repair the portions of a highway occupied by its tracks: Reading v. United Traction Co., 215 Pa. 250; Chambersburg v. Ry. Co., 258 Pa. 57; Swarthmore Boro. v. P. R. T. Co., 280 Pa. 79. Since the Constitution of 1874, which requires municipal consent before entry upon the streets, such obligation is usually imposed in terms by franchises granted, and the duty to maintain the roadway is ordinarily made by agreement an express condition of the right to locate. But the obligation so assumed is a mere substitute for the common law duty imposed when possession is taken of a public road: Com. v. Newton Twp., 276 Pa. 172. If there is a failure to maintain, a recovery for the cost of necessary repairs may be had in assumpsit under its implied or express agreement to reimburse (Collingdale Boro., 274 Pa. 124), or if one is injured by reason of its negligence in regard thereto, damages may be recovered against it: Gates v. P. R. R. Co., 150 Pa. 50. A similar duty to keep in proper repair rests on a municipality as to its streets, and the fact that another may also be sued does not prevent an action against it (Burrell Twp. v. Uncapher, 117 Pa. 353; Dutton v. Lansdowne, supra; Aiken v. Phila., supra; Lawrence v. Scranton, 284 Pa. 215), though it may secure indemnity from the one responsible for the defect if compelled to pay damages. The street railway company is not to be sued jointly with the city, for it is no more to be treated as a tort-feasor than is the abutting owner, though liable to suit for its own default.
The plaintiff here did not attempt to sue the railway company and the borough, but brought his action against the former, and lost. He now sues the municipality for the same cause of action, based on the same facts, alleging it was responsible for permitting the transit company to leave the highway in improper condition. The court held the action barred by the former proceeding, and we think properly so. If a recovery were now had, then the borough defendant could compel, by suit, the street railway to pay for the injury, where in a regular judicial proceeding it has been declared not to be responsible. The plaintiff elected to sue the one ultimately liable, and failed to recover, and he cannot now be permitted to secure judgment against the borough for this identical negligence. If so, then the latter could seek a recovery from the former, though its nonliability has been adjudicated, and compel it to defend a proceeding based on a cause of action previously determined in its favor.
In determining whether a prior judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction is conclusive of a pending suit, the inquiry is usually confined to the identity of the cause of action, and it was admittedly the same here. If the parties were also identical, there could be no question that the former adjudication was a bar, for the determination of a fact governing the right to recover is controlling (First Nat. Bank v. Dissinger, 266 Pa. 349; Tasin v. Bastress, 284 Pa. 47; Havir's Est., 283 Pa. 292), as to all contentions which could properly have been passed upon on the first trial: Hochman v. Mortgage Finance Corp., 289 Pa. 260; McGunnegle v. R. R. Co., 269 Pa. 404; P. L. E. R. R. Co. v. McKees Rocks, 287 Pa. 311. This rule applies not only to the actual parties to the litigation, but binds those who are in privity with them: Com. v. Kelly, 287 Pa. 139. The same cause of action cannot be retried, and a second suit cannot be predicated on a question of fact already passed on: Loughrey v. P. R. R. Co., 284 Pa. 267; Ludwig Co. v. Green, 88 Pa. Super. 142.
Ordinarily, an estoppel by judgment is applied where parties are the same, or in privity with them, which include those who are responsible over (34 C. J. 1031; Cressler v. Brown, 79 Okla. 170, 192 P. 417), but "an apparent exception to the rule of mutuality has been held to exist where the liability of defendant is altogether dependent upon the culpability of one exonerated in a prior suit upon the same facts, when sued by the same plaintiff; in such cases the unilateral character of the estoppel is justified by the injustice which would result in allowing a recovery against a defendant for conduct of another, when that other has been exonerated in a direct action": 34 C. J. 988. If the liability rests on the proof of wrongdoing by one, and the necessary facts to establish it have been found adversely in a prior proceeding, a suit against another, based on the same cause of action, cannot be maintained, — a legal principle recognized in Bigelow v. Copper Co., 225 U.S. 111, though not there applied since the parties involved were joint tort-feasors. "The purpose underlying res adjudicata [or estoppel by judgment] is more than to serve simply the interest of one who may see fit to invoke the rule; it is a measure of public policy, based on the principle that the general welfare requires litigation not to be interminable": State Hospital v. Water Supply Co., 267 Pa. 29, 37. It is for like reason that actions for damages may not be split up, and different suits be instituted for loss to person and property: Fields v. P. R. T. Co., 273 Pa. 282.
Numerous authorities are to be found where a second action for negligence, based on the same cause, has been brought after an adverse verdict in a former suit against another, resulting from lack of necessary proof, or where the same established contributory want of care, and the judgment in the first was held a conclusive bar as to the second. This has been decided where the parties bore the relation of master and servant, and the jury found against the plaintiff in the action first brought: Betcher v. McChesney, 255 Pa. 394; McNamara v. Chapman (N.H.), 123 A. 229; New Orleans Ry. Co. v. Jopes, 142 U.S. 18; Wade v. Campbell (Mo.), 243 S.W. 248; Pangburn v. Buick Motor Co., 211 N.Y. 228, 105 N.E. 423; Doremus v. Root, 23 Wn. 710, 63 P. 572; Begin v. Bus Co., 208 N.W. 546; Lasher v. McAdam, 211 N.Y. S. 395; Muntz v. Ry. Co. (La.), 40 So. 688. Or the relation of the respective defendants was that of principal and agent (Emma Silver Mining Co. v. Mining Co., 7 Fed. 401), lessor or the operating company (Anderson v. West Chicago St. Ry. Co., 200 Ill. 327, 65 N.E. 717; Jenkins v. A. C. L. R. R. Co. (S.C.), 71 S.E. 1010; Portland Gold Mining Co. v. Stratton, 158 Fed. 63), or, partner, when the wrong was committed while engaged in firm business: McFaddin Co. v. Texas Rice Land Co., 253 S.W. 916. The controlling principle has been applied where a contractor making an excavation in a highway has been first exonerated and the city subsequently sued for negligence in permitting the street to be in improper condition (Anderson v. Fleming, 160 Ind. 597, 67 N.E. 443), and, conversely, where the municipality has been absolved, and suit brought against the one responsible for the supposedly negligent act: Smith v. Henry, 66 Pa. Super. 538; Hayes v. Chicago Tel. Co., 218 Ill. 414, 75 N.E. 1003. The same has been held when the suit first brought against an abutting owner had failed, and the municipality was later sued: Sawyer v. City of Norfolk (Va.), 116 S.E. 245; Betor v. City of Albany, 184 N.Y. S. 44; Hill v. Bain, 15 R.I. 75, 23 A. 44. Likewise, a verdict in favor of one placing obstructions on a highway absolved the corporation responsible for its maintenance from liability in a subsequent action: Featherson v. Turnpike Co., 71 Hun. 109, 24 N.Y. S. 603.
Only two cases have been discovered in which a recovery, under circumstances similar to those presented here, has been permitted. In City of Tulsa v. Wells (Okla.), 191 P. 186, a verdict against the city, following one in favor of the first defendant, a street railway, was sustained on the ground that the municipality and the corporation were tort-feasors, and could be jointly sued, a judgment as to the one not affecting the other. No such relation between like parties exists in Pennsylvania, as our decisions have pointed out; a plaintiff may sue either legally responsible for the defect. The second case (Sutter v. Kansas City (Mo.), 119 S.W. 1084), was placed on the ground of independent negligence of the municipality. There, a street railway company had, with consent, piled bricks along a sidewalk, and in so doing was found not to have acted in a negligent manner. Without its knowledge, children scattered the bricks over the sidewalk, which condition had existed for a sufficient length of time to give to the municipality constructive notice of the danger, and the latter was held liable for its own lack of care.
In Pennsylvania, if damages are first recovered against a borough, it may recover over against the wrongdoer, that is to say, against one in the position of the present transit company, and this, of course, was known to the instant plaintiff; therefore, what is said in Van Fleet on Former Adjudication, section 572, states correctly the rule which is applicable to the case at bar: "If A, as between himself and B, is primarily liable upon an alleged cause of action held by C, or is responsible over to B for any judgment recovered against him by C, and C sues A in the first instance, and is defeated on the merits, he cannot afterwards sue B. If he could, A would be compelled to defend twice against the same action, — once for himself and once for B. . . . . . If a town is sued for injuries caused by an obstruction wrongfully placed in a street by a person, he may be notified to defend, and in such case he will be bound by the judgment. Therefore, if he is sued in the first instance, and defeats the case, the town may plead this judgment in bar of an action against it; otherwise the wrongdoer would have to defend the same action twice."
The suit in Philadelphia resulted in a verdict for the transit company, which was under duty to keep the portion of the street, where the accident occurred, and which was alleged to be defective, in repair. The jury in its finding for defendant in the first action negatived the facts essential to a recovery for the cause asserted, including the allegation that the street was out of repair, and the judgment then entered prevents the successful maintenance of the present proceeding, as was correctly held by the court below.
The judgment is affirmed.