THE PESCAWHA, (D.Or. 1928)

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Docket Number

No. A-9820.

Attorney(S)

J.O. Stearns, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty., of Portland, Or., for libelant. James B. O'Connor and Harold C. Faulkner, both of San Francisco, Cal., and E.M. Morton, of Portland, Or., for respondent.

Judges

Robert Sharp Bean

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Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

The United States filed a libel against the Canadian-owned steamer Pescawha and her cargo for violating tariff and prohibition laws. The Pescawha departed Vancouver, B.C., on November 8, 1924, with a cargo of liquor ostensibly destined for a Canadian port but instead hovered off the Oregon and Washington coasts intending to deliver liquor to boats from shore. On November 28, she transferred part of her cargo to another schooner, which entered the Columbia River. The captain, crew, and associated parties were indicted, tried, and convicted for conspiracy to violate U.S. laws.

On February 3, 1925, the Coast Guard steamer Algonquin sighted the Pescawha approximately 6.6 miles off the Washington shore. The Algonquin pursued and boarded the Pescawha, discovering a large quantity of intoxicating liquor without a manifest. The Pescawha was seized and taken to Astoria, Oregon, where the vessel and cargo were appraised. The claimant denied the intent to smuggle, asserting the vessel was beyond the 20-mile limit and was searching for a missing lifeboat crew, but no evidence supported these claims.

Legal Issues Presented

Whether a foreign vessel engaged in smuggling or attempting to smuggle intoxicating liquors into the United States, when discovered within twelve miles of the coast, may be pursued and seized beyond the twelve-mile limit.
Whether the Pescawha was required to have a manifest for its cargo under U.S. tariff laws despite the cargo being illegal to import.
Whether the absence of a prior penalty imposed on the vessel or master for failure to have or exhibit a manifest precludes a forfeiture suit.

Arguments of the Parties

Claimant's Arguments

The Pescawha was not bound for the United States at the time of seizure and was beyond twenty miles from the mainland.
The vessel was engaged in a legitimate search for missing crew members of another ship, the Caoba.
The Pescawha was not required to have a manifest for its cargo.
No manifest was demanded or shown to be refused at the time of seizure.
No penalty has been imposed on the vessel or master, thus the forfeiture suit cannot be maintained.

Plaintiff's Arguments

The Pescawha was engaged in smuggling intoxicating liquors into the United States in violation of tariff and prohibition laws.
The vessel was within the twelve-mile territorial limit when first discovered, justifying pursuit and seizure beyond that limit.
The vessel was required by statute to have and exhibit a manifest of its cargo.
The master refused to show any manifest when demanded by Coast Guard officers.
Failure to impose a prior penalty is not a prerequisite to bringing a forfeiture action against the vessel.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent	Rule or Principle Cited For	Application by the Court
The Vinces, 20 F.2d 164	Authority to pursue and seize vessels beyond the twelve-mile limit when attempting to escape after being discovered within the limit.	Supported the legality of pursuing and seizing the Pescawha beyond the twelve-mile limit.
Arch v. United States, 13 F.2d 382	Jurisdiction over vessels within four leagues for enforcing revenue laws; right to board, examine manifest, and seize without warrant if no manifest is found.	Confirmed that the Pescawha was within U.S. jurisdiction and subject to inspection and seizure.
The Norman Bridge, 13 F.2d 435	Considered in relation to jurisdiction and enforcement of customs laws.	Referenced as part of the body of precedent supporting enforcement actions.
The Squanto, 13 F.2d 548	Considered in relation to jurisdiction and enforcement of customs laws.	Referenced as part of the body of precedent supporting enforcement actions.
The Panama, 6 F.2d 326	Considered in relation to jurisdiction and enforcement of customs laws.	Referenced as part of the body of precedent supporting enforcement actions.
United States v. Bengochea, 279 F. 537	Definition of intoxicating liquor as merchandise requiring a manifest; vessel bound to the U.S. when intending to deliver cargo within twelve miles.	Supported the requirement for the Pescawha to have a manifest and the applicability of penalties for failure to produce it.
The Mistinguette, 14 F.2d 753	Confirmed the requirement of manifest and enforcement jurisdiction within twelve miles.	Supported the court's conclusion on jurisdiction and manifest requirements.
Worrall v. Davis, 113 F. 549	General rule against admitting vessel log entries as evidence for the vessel or party keeping it.	Noted but found immaterial as the log corroborated independent testimony.
U.S. v. Sischo, 262 U.S. 165	Requirement of manifest for vessels arriving in the U.S. even if cargo is illegal to import.	Supported the statutory mandate that the Pescawha was required to have a manifest.
Seijo v. United States, 20 F.2d 904	Held that forfeiture suit could not be maintained without prior penalty imposition or adjudication of violation.	Distinguished from the present case; court found forfeiture suit proper despite no prior penalty.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court recognized that from earliest times, the United States has asserted jurisdiction over the marginal sea extending at least four leagues from shore for enforcing revenue laws. The Pescawha was found within this jurisdictional limit engaged in smuggling intoxicating liquors and lacked a manifest as required by statute. The Coast Guard was authorized to board, examine, and, upon refusal or absence of a manifest, seize the vessel without a warrant. The court applied established precedents confirming the legality of pursuit beyond the twelve-mile limit if the vessel attempts to escape after being discovered within the limit.

The claimant's denial of intent to smuggle and assertion of legitimate search for missing crew were unsupported by evidence. The refusal to produce a manifest and the presence of a large quantity of liquor corroborated the violation. The court also addressed the procedural argument regarding prior imposition of penalty, finding no condition precedent requiring such penalty before forfeiture proceedings.

Evidence such as the Algonquin's logbook and chart, though generally inadmissible as entries from the vessel itself, were admitted as corroborative of officer testimony. The court concluded that the seizure was lawful under the Tariff Act of 1922 and relevant case law.

Holding and Implications

The court decreed in favor of the plaintiff, ordering forfeiture of the Pescawha and her cargo.

The direct effect is the lawful seizure and forfeiture of the vessel and cargo due to violation of tariff and prohibition laws. This decision reaffirms the United States' authority to enforce customs and prohibition laws within the territorial sea and to pursue vessels beyond the twelve-mile limit if they attempt to evade inspection and seizure. The opinion does not establish new precedent but relies on and applies well-established legal principles and prior case law.

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THE PESCAWHA.

In Admiralty. Libel by United States against the steamer Pescawha and her cargo for a violation of the tariff and prohibition laws.

Decree for plaintiff.

BEAN, District Judge.

This is a libel filed by the United States against the steamer Pescawha and her cargo for a violation of the tariff and prohibition laws.

The facts are practically undisputed. The Pescawha is a Canadian owned and registered gasoline schooner of about a hundred gross tonnage. On November 8, 1924, she cleared from the port of Vancouver, B.C., with a cargo of liquor destined ostensibly for a Canadian port, but in fact she came south and hovered off the Oregon and Washington coasts with the intention of delivering her cargo to boats from the shore. On the 28th of the month she made contact off the Oregon coast with the gasoline schooner Azalia, having a speed of about twenty miles an hour, to which she delivered part of her cargo, which was taken into the Columbia river. The captain and crew of the Pescawha and other parties interested with them were indicted, tried, and convicted in this court for conspiracy to violate the laws of this country, and have served, or are now serving, their sentences.

About 4 o'clock, on the afternoon of Febrary 3, 1925, the Coast Guard steamer Algonquin, while cruising off Grays Harbor entrance, searching for the crew of the foundered Caoba, which had taken to the lifeboats, sighted off her starboard bow a schooner (which proved to be the Pescawha), 6.6 miles from the Washington shore, which was headed apparently in a due westerly course, with her sails set. The master of the Algonquin, considering her actions suspicious, concluded to intercept her to determine her identity, purpose, destination, and whether she had aboard the Caoba crew. After pursuing her for about ten miles, the Algonquin overhauled her, when it was ascertained that she had the name "Pescawha, Vancouver, B.C.," on her stern, but was flying no flag. She had the crew of the Caoba aboard, and was towing its boat astern.

The Pescawha was boarded by an officer of the Coast Guard, and, it being ascertained that she had aboard a large quantity of intoxicating liquor and no manifest, she was seized, taken into the port of Astoria, where she was delivered to the collector, and the vessel appraised at $30,000 and the cargo at $63,180.

In the answer of the claimant, it is denied that at the time of the seizure the Pescawha was bound for the United States or hovering off the coast with the purpose or intent of clandestinely smuggling into this country intoxicating liquors, or that she was attempting to import, or had imported, any such liquors, but that at the time of the seizure she was in excess of twenty miles from the main land, and was cruising in search of a reported missing lifeboat of the Caoba, and to hail a vessel for the purpose of putting the members of the crew on board of her. There was, however, no evidence given or offered in support of these allegations.

The question for decision, therefore, is whether a foreign vessel engaged in smuggling, or attempting to smuggle, into the United States intoxicating liquors, in violation of our laws, if discovered within twelve miles of the coast by a Coast Guard, may be pursued and seized beyond the twelve-mile limit, and the vessel and her cargo forfeited.

This question in its various forms is so fully and carefully considered in The Vinces (D.C.) 20 F.2d 164; Arch v. United States (C.C.A.) 13 F.2d 382; The Norman Bridge (C.C.A.) 13 F.2d 435; The Squanto (C.C.A.) 13 F.2d 548; The Panama (D.C.) 6 F.2d 326; U.S. v. Bengochea (C.C.A.) 279 F. 537; and The Mistinguette (D.C.) 14 F.2d 753, that further deliberation is unnecessary.

In Arch v. U.S., supra, the Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit, after alluding to the fact that from the earliest times the United States has claimed and exercised jurisdiction over the marginal sea to at least four leagues from shore for the purpose of enforcing her revenue and custom laws, holds that, when a vessel loaded with a cargo of intoxicating liquor intended to be introduced into the United States, either by making contact with small boats, or by entering the harbors, reaches a point within four leagues from the shore, she is as much within the jurisdiction of the United States as if actually in port and alongside a wharf, and is required to observe all the customs laws and regulations, and a Coast Guard vessel has authority to board her for the purpose of making an examination of her cargo, and, if she has no manifest, the right to search and seize the vessel without the necessity of securing a warrant.

In the United States v. Bengochea, supra, it was held by the Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit that intoxicating liquor is merchandise within the law requiring the master of a vessel bound for the United States with such a cargo to have a manifest thereof, and that such a vessel, intending to get its cargo into the United States by delivering it at sea within twelve miles from the shore to a boat by which it shall be carried to a port of the United States, "was bound to the United States" within the meaning of the revenue law requiring the master to deliver upon demand a manifest to the custom or Coast Guard officers, and providing a penalty for failing to do so.

To the same effect is The Mistinguette, supra. In Vinces, supra, it was held that, where a liquor loaded vessel is discovered by a Coast Guard vessel within the twelve-mile limit, and attempts to escape by proceeding to sea, she may be pursued and seized beyond the twelve-mile limit, and such seizure is not unlawful or in violation of the Treaty with Great Britain. 43 Stat. 1761.

I conclude, therefore, that the seizure in this was lawful.

There was admitted in evidence during the trial over claimant's objection, and subject to its motion to strike out, the logbooks of the Algonquin, and a chart upon which the officers of that vessel had delineated the location and course of the two vessels. The general rule is that the entries in the log of a vessel are not admissible on behalf of the vessel or the party keeping it. Worrall v. Davis (D.C.) 113 F. 549. But whether that rule is applicable to the instant case is immaterial, for neither the logbook nor the chart added anything to the independent testimony of the officers of the Algonquin, but was merely corroborative thereof.

It is urged that, because the officers of the Coast Guard vessel had no knowledge prior to the seizure that the Pescawha was a rum runner, the seizure was unlawful. Section 581 of the Tariff Act of 1922 ( 19 USCA § 481) authorizes officers of the Coast Guard to at any time go aboard any vessel within four leagues of the coast to examine the manifest and inspect the same, and to that end to hail and stop such vessel, if under way, and, in case of escape or an attempt to escape, to pursue the same. It is a fair inference from the testimony that the Pescawha, when she recognized the Algonquin, attempted to escape by proceeding to sea, and therefore the Algonquin was justified in pursuing and seizing her, even beyond the twelve-mile limit.

It is also claimed that the Pescawha was not required to have a manifest, but this contention overlooks section 431 of the Tariff Act of 1922 ( 19 USCA § 241), which provides that every vessel arriving in the United States and required to make entry shall have on board a manifest in a form prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and signed by the master, containing detailed account of the merchandise on board with the marks and numbers of each package, etc., although such merchandise cannot be legally imported into the United States (U.S. v. Sischo, 262 U.S. 165, 43 S. Ct. 511, 67 L. Ed. 925; U.S. v. Bengochea, supra), and sections 583 and 584 (19 USCA §§ 485, 486), which provide that the master of any vessel bound for the United States shall deliver to the officer of the customs or Coast Guard, who shall first demand it of him, the original and one copy of the manifest, and, if he fails to do so, shall be liable to a penalty of $500 and the value of the goods not entered or described in the manifest, for the payment of which the vessel may be seized and proceeded against (section 594 [19 USCA § 498]).

It is argued that the evidence does not show that the manifest was demanded of the captain of the Pescawha. The testimony is that, when the Pescawha was overhauled, the commander of the Algonquin sent a boarding officer aboard her with instructions to examine the manifest and other papers, and in due time the officer returned and reported that her master had refused to show his papers, but admitted that he had on board a cargo of approximately a thousand cases of intoxicating liquor. The Pescawha was thereupon seized and taken into port, and at no time was any claim made by her master or any other person that she had a manifest of her cargo.

Finally, it is claimed that, because no penalty has been imposed upon the Pescawha or her master for failure to have or exhibit a manifest, this suit cannot be maintained. In all the forfeiture cases to which my attention has been called, except that of the Seijo v. U.S. (C.C.A.) 20 F.2d 904, the point has not been made or, if made, considered by the court, but it has been assumed that the imposition of the penalty was not a condition precedent to the bringing of a libel for forfeiture of the vessel. The Seijo was overhauled by a Coast Guard vessel and taken in to the port of San Juan, Porto Rico, where she was seized by the collector, and held to respond for such penalties as might be imposed, upon the vessel or her master, by any decree or order of the court of Porto Rico. The liquor found aboard the vessel belonged to the master and the first mate, and was concealed under the cargo. The master and mate were indicted and tried for attempting to introduce into Porto Rico liquor from a foreign country with intent to defraud the United States of the duty thereon. The master was acquitted, and the verdict against the mate set aside. Thereafter the United States brought suit for the forfeiture of the vessel, and the court held, on appeal, that the suit could not be maintained because no penalty had been imposed upon the vessel, and there had been no adjudication of a violation of customs or revenue laws of the United States by the vessel.

It follows, therefore, that plaintiff is entitled to a decree as prayed for.