Executors and administrators — Concealment of assets belonging to estate — Section 10506-67, General Code — Appeal to Common Pleas Court on law and fact — Section 10501-56, General Code (114 Ohio Laws, 320, 336) — Judgment not invalid for entertaining appeal on law only — Proceeding for concealing assets does not abate upon death of fiduciary — Provisions for preserving testimony of witnesses, directory — Sections 10506-70 and 10506-71, General Code — Testimony of dead or absent witnesses admissible in further trial — Section 11496, General Code.
1. A judgment rendered by a Probate Court in a proceeding properly brought under Section 10506-67, General Code, in which proceeding it was charged that the fiduciary of a trust estate had concealed assets of such estate, was appealable to the Court of Common Pleas on questions of law and fact under Section 10501-56, General Code (114 Ohio Laws, 320, 336).
2. Where the Court of Common Pleas erroneously entertained an appeal under Section 10501-56, General Code, on questions of law only, considered the judgment appealed from on a bill of exceptions allowed and signed by the Probate Judge, reversed such judgment as being against the weight of the evidence, and remanded the proceeding for a new trial, without challenge or objection, the judgment of reversal is not invalid, the Court of Common Pleas having had jurisdiction.
3. Under the broad authority conferred on the Probate Court in matters relating to the administration of estates and in the control of fiduciaries, including plenary power to dispose of any matter properly before it, a proceeding in such court based on Section 10506-67, General Code, does not abate with the death of a fiduciary charged with the concealment of assets of an estate and may be revived in the name of his executor.
4. The provisions of Sections 10506-70 and 10506-71, General Code, requiring that the questions and answers of the party examined and of the witnesses called to testify in a proceeding instituted under Section 10506-67, General Code, shall be reduced to writing and signed by those who have testified, are directory.
5. Where the testimony of the party examined and of the witnesses is given in the presence of the Probate Judge, recorded by a stenographer, transcribed and included in a bill of exceptions allowed and signed by the judge, and the party examined dies and the witnesses go beyond the jurisdiction of the court, such testimony may be used upon a further trial of the proceeding in the Probate Court by virtue of Section 11496, General Code.
ZIMMERMAN, J.
This proceeding was based on Section 10506-67, General Code, which provides that upon complaint made to the Probate Court by an interested person against a fiduciary or other person suspected of having concealed, embezzled or conveyed away or of being or having been in the possession of any moneys, things in action or effects belonging to a trust estate, such court shall cite the person so suspected forthwith to appear before it to be examined, on oath, touching the matter of the complaint.
We think the petition and the evidence produced present a case within the contemplation of this section. On the original hearing in the Probate Court, plaintiff offered evidence tending to show that Hodes had borrowed the sum of $4,000 from Edward A. Morrison in April of 1932, for which Hodes gave Morrison his promissory note; and that after Morrison's death, when Hodes became administrator of his estate, Hodes extracted the note from Morrison's papers and thereafter concealed or disposed of it, and further concealed the fact of his indebtedness to the estate.
On the witness stand, Hodes readily admitted having received a draft from Morrison for $4,000 in April of 1932 and having cashed it. However, he maintained that Morrison had instructed him orally at the time of the delivery of the draft to hold the proceeds in trust for distribution, after Morrison's death, in different amounts among various persons designated by Morrison, which Hodes stated he had done or was in the process of doing.
Thus, concealment of a promissory note belonging to the Morrison estate and failure on the part of Hodes to divulge his indebtedness to the estate were vital matters in issue.
Although Sections 10506-67 and 10506-73, General Code, were involved in the case of Goodrich, Admr., v. Anderson, 136 Ohio St. 509, 26 N.E.2d 1016, it differs from the instant one. The principal question before the court in that case was the admissibility of evidence in the Court of Common Pleas as to the mental capacity of William H. Anderson when he delivered certain promissory notes to his son. In the opinion the statement is made:
"While the authority of the court under such a proceeding is very broad for the purpose of discovering concealed or embezzled assets, it is not broad enough to litigate all the issues in the instant case, where the ultimate objective is a money judgment and where there has been no concealment of assets." (Emphasis ours.)
It is to be noted that Hodes did not object to the proceeding as instituted. Moreover, Section 10501-53, General Code, gives the Probate Court plenary power at law or in equity to dispose of any matter properly before it, unless such power is expressly limited or denied by statute; and by the provisions of Section 10506-73, General Code, the Probate Court may hear and determine questions pertaining to title in a proceeding begun under Section 10506-67, General Code.
In our opinion the present proceeding was properly maintainable and was within the jurisdiction of the Probate Court.
Three questions remain for determination:
1. Did the Court of Common Pleas have jurisdiction of the proceeding when it erroneously entertained the appeal on questions of law only?
2. Could the proceeding instituted against Hodes be revived in the name of his executrix?
3. Was the transcribed but unsigned testimony of Hodes and other witnesses, given upon the original hearing before the Probate Court, admissible at the second hearing before such court in view of Sections 10506-70 and 10506-71, General Code, Hodes having died and other witnesses not being available?
The first question should be given an affirmative answer. An appeal was duly taken by the plaintiff on questions of law and fact from the Probate Court to the Court of Common Pleas. The latter court had jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the parties. There was no objection to the action of the court in considering the appeal on questions of law only Those concerned actively participated in the proceeding in the Court of Common Pleas, and no appeal was taken from the judgment of that court. Under these circumstances, the claim cannot effectively be made that the Court of Common Pleas was without jurisdiction or that its judgment was invalid. See Drake et al., Trustees, v. Tucker, 83 Ohio St. 97, 93 N.E. 534; Trumbull Savings Loan Co. v. Saviers, 115 Ohio St. 403, 154 N.E. 317.
As to the second question, Section 11397, General Code, reads:
"Unless otherwise provided, no action or proceeding pending in any court shall abate by the death of either or both of the parties thereto, except actions for libel, slander, malicious prosecution, for a nuisance, or against a justice of the peace for misconduct in office, which shall abate by the death of either party."
While a proceeding brought under Section 10506-67, General Code, has been characterized as quasi-criminal, because a finding of "guilty" or "not guilty" is required and because a penalty is imposable upon a finding of "guilty" ( Goodrich, Admr., v. Anderson, supra), still arrest and imprisonment are not provided for, and the same objections to the survival of a proceeding of this kind do not obtain as would, in a bastardy proceeding, for instance, where the defendant dies. See 7 American Jurisprudence, 691, Section 100.
Bastardy proceedings, while often denoted as quasi-criminal in nature, are largely controlled by the Code of Civil Procedure. 5 Ohio Jurisprudence, 545, Section 5. Section 10501-22, General Code, makes the Code of Civil Procedure applicable to proceedings in the Probate Court, and no convincing or compelling reason is apparent why such code should not govern a proceeding brought under Section 10506-67, General Code.
By Section 8, Article IV of the Constitution of Ohio, and by virtue of statutory provisions, notably Section 10501-53, General Code, the jurisdiction of the Probate Court in matters pertaining to the administration of trust estates and the control of fiduciaries is wide and comprehensive in scope.
Undoubtedly the Probate Court has jurisdiction of the subject matter of the present proceeding, and the question is still open as to whether Hodes concealed or had in his possession an asset belonging to the Morrison estate, which he failed to produce, divulge or account for. If it is determined that he did, we see no good reason why his estate should not be held accountable for his dereliction. Therefore, in our opinion the proceeding did not abate upon Hodes' death and its revivor by the substitution of the executrix — his personal representative — was proper, even though a proceeding in the form adopted could not originally have been instituted against the executrix.
As to the third question, Section 10506-70, General Code, provides:
"Such examination [authorized by Section 10506-67, General Code], including questions and answers, shall be reduced to writing, signed by the party examined, and filed in the court before which they were taken."
Section 10506-71, General Code, contains a similar provision as to witnesses.
We think the sections just mentioned are directory and not mandatory, within the principles announced by this court in the case of Miller v. Busick, 56 Ohio St. 437, 47 N.E. 248. The Miller case involved a bastardy proceeding commenced before a justice of the peace. Section 5615, Revised Statutes, then in force (now Section 12112, General Code), read:
"* * * The examination of the complainant by the justice, the questions of the defendant, and the answers thereto by the complainant shall be reduced to writing, in the presence of the justice, and subscribed by the complainant."
The complainant was examined under oath and such examination was reduced to writing by the justice and certified by him and filed, but was not signed by the complainant. At the trial in the Court of Common Pleas, the examination before the justice was offered and received over objection and exception. A verdict and judgment for the plaintiff was affirmed by the Circuit Court.
In affirming the judgment of the latter court, the language of this court in its opinion was to the effect that there could be no real doubt as to the genuineness of the examination, and to hold that the absence of the complainant's signature was a fatal defect would be the extreme of technicality; the requirement that the examination shall be subscribed by the complainant "may well be held to be directory merely."
Whether a statute is mandatory or merely directory depends on the intention of the General Assembly as disclosed by the nature, the object and the context of the act. 37 Ohio Jurisprudence, 325, Section 28. Certainly the underlying purpose of Sections 10506-70 and 10506-71, General Code, is to insure that testimony has been accurately recorded and to perpetuate it.
In the instant case the testimony of Hodes and other witnesses was given in the presence of the judge, was taken by a stenographer and transcribed, and the transcription was included in a bill of exceptions allowed and signed by the judge. The correctness of the testimony as transcribed has never been challenged and there was no objection to it on any ground in the Court of Common Pleas.
In the situation presented, Section 11496, General Code, is applicable. It states that when a party or witness dies or goes beyond the jurisdiction of the court after testifying in a case and such testimony has been incorporated in a bill of exceptions, it may be used upon a further trial of the case.
Our answer to the third question stated is in the affirmative.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals being without error is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
WEYGANDT, C.J., MATTHIAS, HART, BELL, WILLIAMS and TURNER, JJ., concur.
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