The defendant Ralph Damms was charged by information with the offense of attempt to commit murder in the first degree contrary to secs. 940.01 and 939.32, Stats. The jury found the defendant guilty as charged, and the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment in the state prison at Waupun for a term of not more than ten years. The defendant has appealed from the judgment of conviction entered May 1, 1959.
The alleged crime occurred on April 6, 1959, near Menomonee Falls in Waukesha county. Prior to that date Marjory Damms, wife of the defendant, had instituted an action for divorce against him and the parties lived apart. She was thirty-nine years and he thirty-three years of age. Marjory Damms was also estranged from her mother, Mrs. Laura Grant.
That morning, a little before eight o'clock, Damms drove his automobile to the vicinity in Milwaukee where he knew Mrs. Damms would take the bus to go to work. He saw her walking along the sidewalk, stopped, and induced her to enter the car by falsely stating that Mrs. Grant was ill and dying. They drove to Mrs. Grant's home. Mrs. Damms then discovered that her mother was up and about and not seriously ill. Nevertheless, the two Damms remained there nearly two hours conversing and drinking coffee. Apparently it was the intention of Damms to induce a reconciliation between mother and daughter, hoping it would result in one between himself and his wife, but not much progress was achieved in such direction.
At the conclusion of the conversation Mrs. Damms expressed the wish to phone for a taxicab to take her to work. Damms insisted on her getting into his car, and said he would drive her to work. They again entered his car but instead of driving south toward her place of employment, he drove in the opposite direction. Some conversation was had in which he stated that it was possible for a person to die quickly and not be able to make amends for anything done in the past, and referred to the possibility of "judgment day" occurring suddenly. Mrs. Damms' testimony as to what then took place is as follows: "When he was telling me about this being judgment day, he pulled a cardboard box from under the seat of the car and brought it up to the seat and opened it up and took a gun out of a paper bag. [He] aimed it at my side and he said, `This is to show you I'm not kidding.' I tried to quiet him down. He said he wasn't fooling. I said if it was just a matter of my saying to my mother that everything was all right, we could go back and I would tell her that."
They did return to Mrs. Grant's home and Mrs. Damms went inside and Damms stayed outside. In a few minutes he went inside and asked Mrs. Damms to leave with him. Mrs. Grant requested that they leave quietly so as not to attract the attention of the neighbors. They again got into the car and this time drove out on Highway 41 toward Menomonee Falls. Damms stated to Mrs. Damms that he was taking her "up North" for a few days, the apparent purpose of which was to effect a reconciliation between them. As they approached a roadside restaurant, he asked her if she would like something to eat. She replied that she wasn't hungry but would drink some coffee. Damms then drove the car off the highway beside the restaurant and parked it with the front facing, and in close proximity to, the restaurant wall.
Damms then asked Mrs. Damms how much money she had with her and she said "a couple of dollars." He then requested to see her checkbook and she refused to give it to him. A quarrel ensued between them. Mrs. Damms opened the car door and started to run around the restaurant building screaming, "Help!" Damms pursued her with the pistol in his hand. Mrs. Damms' cries for help attracted the attention of the persons inside the restaurant, including two officers of the state traffic patrol, who were eating their lunch. One officer rushed out of the front door and the other the rear door. In the meantime, Mrs. Damms had run nearly around three sides of the building. In seeking to avoid colliding with a child, who was in her path, she turned, slipped, and fell. Damms crouched down, held the pistol at her head, and pulled the trigger, but nothing happened. He then exclaimed, "It won't fire. It won't fire."
Damms testified that at the time he pulled the trigger the gun was pointing down at the ground and not at Mrs. Damms' head. However, the two traffic-patrol officers both testified that Damms had the gun pointed directly at her head when he pulled the trigger. The officers placed Damms under arrest. They found that the pistol was unloaded. The clip holding the cartridges, which clip is inserted in the butt of the gun to load it, they found in the cardboard box in Damms' car, together with a box of cartridges.
That afternoon, Damms was questioned by a deputy sheriff at the Waukesha county jail, and a clerk in the sheriff's office typed out the questions and Damms' answers as they were given. Damms later read over such typed statement of questions and answers, but refused to sign it. In such statement Damms stated that he thought the gun was loaded at the time of the alleged attempt to murder. Both the deputy sheriff and the undersheriff testified that Damms had stated to them that he thought the gun was loaded. On the other hand, Damms testified at the trial that he knew at the time of the alleged attempt that the pistol was not loaded.
CURRIE, J.
The two questions raised on this appeal are:
(1) Did the fact, that it was impossible for the accused to have committed the act of murder because the gun was unloaded, preclude his conviction of the offense of attempt to commit murder?
(2) Assuming that the foregoing question is answered in the negative, does the evidence establish the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt?
Sec. 939.32(2), Stats., provides as follows:
"An attempt to commit a crime requires that the actor have an intent to perform acts and attain a result which, if accomplished, would constitute such crime and that he does acts toward the commission of the crime which demonstrate unequivocally, under all the circumstances, that he formed that intent and would commit the crime except for the intervention of another person or some other extraneous factor." (Italics supplied.)
The issue with respect to the first of the afore-stated two questions boils down to whether the impossibility of accomplishment due to the gun being unloaded falls within the statutory words, "except for the intervention of . . . some other extraneous factor." We conclude that it does.
Prior to the adoption of the new Criminal Code by the 1955 legislature, the criminal statutes of this state had separate sections making it an offense to assault with intent to do great bodily harm, to murder, to rob, and to rape, etc. The new code did away with these separate sections by creating sec. 939.32, Stats., covering all attempts to commit a battery or felony, and making the maximum penalty not to exceed one half the penalty imposed for the completed crime, except that, if the penalty for a completed crime is life imprisonment, the maximum penalty for the attempt is thirty years' imprisonment.
In an article in 1956 Wisconsin Law Review, 350, 364, by Assistant Attorney General Platz, who was one of the authors of the new Criminal Code, explaining such code he points out that "attempt" is defined therein in a more intelligible fashion than by using such tests as "beyond mere preparation," "locus poenitentiae" (the place at which the actor may repent and withdraw), or "dangerous proximity to success." Quoting the author (ibid., footnote, p. 364):
"Emphasis upon the dangerous propensities of the actor as shown by his conduct, rather than upon how close he came to succeeding, is more appropriate to the purposes of the criminal law to protect society and reform offenders or render them temporarily harmless."
Robert H. Skilton, in an article entitled, "The Requisite Act in a Criminal Attempt," 3 University of Pittsburgh Law Review (1937), 308, 314, advances the view that impossibility to cause death because of the attempt to fire a defective weapon at a person does not prevent the conviction of the actor of the crime of attempted murder:
"[If] the defendant does not know that the gun he fires at B is defective, he is guilty of an attempt to kill B, even though his actions under the circumstances given never come near to killing B. . . . The possibility of the success of the defendant's enterprise need only be an apparent possibility to the defendant, and not an actual possibility."
In State v. Mitchell (1908), 139 Iowa 455, 116 N.W. 808, 810, the defendant was convicted of assault with intent to do great bodily injury, and, on appeal, complained, among other things, that the charge in the indictment was insufficient, because it failed to allege that the gun in question was loaded. In sustaining the conviction, the Iowa court held in part as follows (p. 459):
"The specific objection made is that there is no allegation that the gun was loaded; but how could the defendant have intended to shoot the person assaulted unless the gun which he held in his hands was, in fact, or, as he believed, so loaded as that it could be fired? If he believed that it was loaded and intended to fire it at the person assaulted, he was guilty of an assault with intent to commit great bodily injury, although in fact and contrary to his belief it was not loaded. Kunkle v. State, 32 Ind. 220; Commonwealth v. Creed, 8 Gray (Mass.) 387; People v. Lee Kong, 95 Cal. 666 ( 30 P. 800, 17 L.R.A. 626, 29 Am. St. Rep. 165); State v. Glover, 27 S.C. 602, 4 S.E. 564; 1 McClain's Crim. Law, secs. 226, 234, 266; 1 Wharton's Crim. Law (10th ed.), sec. 642. The indictment was sufficient, therefore, in charging an intent to do great bodily injury by shooting the person assailed with a gun, although it was not specifically alleged that the gun was in fact loaded." (Emphasis supplied.)
The facts in Mullen v. State (1871), 45 Ala. 43, were that the accused pointed a loaded gun at another and pulled the trigger three times, but the gun would not fire because of the absence of a percussion cap. The defendant was convicted of attempt to murder. On appeal, the court upheld a charge to the jury that the absence of the cap would not avail the defendant if he supposed it was on the gun, but the jury must be satisfied beyond all reasonable doubt that the defendant did not know there was no cap on the gun. In its opinion the court quoted from 1 Bishop's Criminal Law, to the effect that in order to be guilty of the offense of an attempt to commit a felony, such as murder, assuming the necessary intent to exist, the act must have some adaptation to accomplish the result intended, but the adaptation need only be apparent, not perfect. The conviction was reversed on other grounds not here material.
A case contra to State v. Mitchell, supra, and Mullen v. State, supra, is State v. Swails (1857), 8 Ind. 524. In the Swails Case the accused was indicted for shooting at a person with intent to commit murder. The gun which was fired was loaded with powder and a light cotton wad, but no shot or ball. The court upheld a charge that the accused could not be convicted of the crime of the indictment if the life of the person fired upon was not at all endangered, or put in jeopardy by the act of the accused. In its opinion the court declared (p. 525):
"To constitute an assault, the intent and the present ability to execute, must be conjoined. Thus, in this case, there was the intent, but not the power."
However, the efficacy of the Swails Case as a precedent is virtually destroyed by the later Indiana case of Kunkle v. State (1869), 32 Ind. 220, 230, in which it was stated:
"But if the case [ State v. Swails] is to be understood as laying down the broad proposition, that to constitute an assault, or an assault and battery, with intent to commit a felony, the intent and the present ability to execute must necessarily be conjoined, it does not command our assent or approval. The case does not seem to have been very carefully considered, and no authority is referred to in support of the proposition."
In addition to the authorities hereinbefore cited, it is stated in two recent works on criminal law that pointing an unloaded firearm at another and pulling the trigger is an attempt if the actor believes the gun to be loaded. Perkins, Criminal Law, p. 494, sec. 3, and Williams, Criminal Law, p. 496, sec. 150. See also 1 Bishop, Criminal Law (9th ed.), p. 534, sec. 750, and 1 Wharton's, Anderson, Criminal Law and Procedure, pp. 164, 165, sec. 79.
Sound public policy would seem to support the majority view that impossibility not apparent to the actor should not absolve him from the offense of attempt to commit the crime he intended. An unequivocal act accompanied by intent should be sufficient to constitute a criminal attempt. In so far as the actor knows, he has done everything necessary to insure the commission of the crime intended, and he should not escape punishment because of the fortuitous circumstance that by reason of some fact unknown to him it was impossible to effectuate the intended result.
Counsel for Damms advance the contention that the legislative history of sec. 939.32, Stats., demonstrates that the legislature intended that such section should not be construed so as to make one guilty of the offense of attempt to commit a crime, if the attending circumstances were such as to render it impossible for the actor to have committed the crime intended.
The new Criminal Code was adopted in tentative form by ch. 623, Laws of 1953. By the provision of sec. 282 of such chapter, this tentative code was not to take effect until the 1955 legislature had completed final action on the bills to be offered by the legislative council on the recommendation of the criminal code advisory committee for amending such code. Such chapter also provided for the creation of such advisory committee. The section covering attempts in such 1953 tentative Criminal Code was numbered sec. 339.32, and contained three subsections. Sub. (3) thereof read as follows:
"It is not a defense to a prosecution under this section that, because of a mistake of fact or law other than criminal law, which does not negative the actor's intent to commit the crime, it would have been impossible for him to commit the crime attempted."
At a meeting of the criminal code advisory committee held on June 18, 1955, sub. (2) of such sec. 339.32 was amended to greatly simplify its language and have the same wording as it now appears in sec. 939.32(2), Stats. Immediately following such amendment, a further amendment was adopted by this committee striking sub. (3) of such sec. 339.32. It is this last action upon which counsel relies to establish the legislative intent contended for.
However, we do not deem that this demonstrates an unequivocal legislative intent that impossibility should always be a defense in a prosecution for an attempt. This is because there are other plausible explanations as to why the committee may have voted to strike sub. (3) of such sec. 339.32. One is that the committee may have thought that under the revision made in the language of sub. (2), the provision of sub. (3) was no longer necessary. Another is that the committee may have been motivated by the idea that the legal effect of impossibility be better left to the development of the common law rather than incorporating it in the code.
It is our considered judgment that the fact, that the gun was unloaded when Damms pointed it at his wife's head and pulled the trigger, did not absolve him of the offense charged, if he actually thought at the time that it was loaded.
We do not believe that the further contention raised in behalf of the accused, that the evidence does not establish his guilt of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt, requires extensive consideration on our part.
The jury undoubtedly believed the testimony of the deputy sheriff and undersheriff that Damms told them on the day of the act that he thought the gun was loaded. This is also substantiated by the written statement constituting a transcript of his answers given in his interrogation at the county jail on the same day. The gun itself, which is an exhibit in the record, is the strongest piece of evidence in favor of Damms' present contention that he at all times knew the gun was unloaded. Practically the entire bottom end of the butt of the pistol is open. Such opening is caused by the absence of the clip into which the cartridges must be inserted in order to load the pistol. This readily demonstrates to anyone looking at the gun that it could not be loaded. Because the unloaded gun with this large opening in the butt was an exhibit which went to the jury room, we must assume that the jury examined the gun and duly considered it in arriving at their verdict.
We are not prepared to hold that the jury could not come to the reasonable conclusion that, because of Damms' condition of excitement when he grabbed the gun and pursued his wife, he so grasped it as not to see the opening in the end of the butt which would have unmistakably informed him that the gun was unloaded. Having so concluded, they could rightfully disregard Damms' testimony given at the trial that he knew the pistol was unloaded.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
MARTIN, C.J., took no part.