1. ( a) Where a petition is amended so as to change the cause of action from one based on contract to one founded in tort, the amendment should be stricken when attacked by a proper demurrer.
2. There is no civil liability merely for conspiracy alone, since the gist of the action is not the conspiracy alleged, but the tort committed against the plaintiff to his damage. The tort, the damage, and the conspiracy must all be alleged to set forth a cause of action.
Plaintiff brought this action to recover a real estate commission allegedly due him as agent, earned on the sale of property of the defendant Brittain Bros. Company. Joined as additional defendants were The National City Bank of Rome, which, allegedly acting as agent for Brittain Bros., offered the real estate for sale, and the Citizens and Southern National Bank, to which the plaintiff offered his services in consummating the buying of the property.
The petition as amended alleges that The National City Bank of Rome, through its trust officers and trust department, acting as agent for the Brittain Bros. Company, offered for sale certain real estate and other assets which were owned by Brittain Bros. Company; that the plaintiff's agent and employee was invited to the Rome bank and told by W. T. Maddox, its executive vice president and the president of Brittain Bros. Company, that these properties would be offered for sale through real estate brokers and salesmen; that he furnished plaintiff's agent with a prospectus in which the properties were described and the terms of the sales and conditions under which sales would be made, and the commissions to be paid to the brokers instrumental in effecting any sale or sales; that thereupon the plaintiff wrote to the president of The Citizens and Southern National Bank, in Atlanta, informing him that the properties were for sale, and "offered your petitioner's services in consummating the buying of the said properties"; that the assistant vice president of the bank answered this letter and "stated that if anything developed concerning the Brittain Bros. Company's properties, your petitioner would be informed prior to 2:30 o'clock P. M. on June 17, 1959"; that the plaintiff heard nothing concerning the sale of the properties until June 29, 1959, when the plaintiff's agent learned that The Citizens and Southern National Bank had bid on certain of the property and submitted its bid "in compliance with the demands of the National City Bank of Rome and Brittain Bros. Company, as set forth in petitioner's Exhibit `A'"; that plaintiff's agent learned at the same time (June 29, 1959) that The Citizens and Southern National Bank had made a bid on the property known as the "Firestone Building" in the amount of $140,000, and the bid had been accepted but the sale transaction had not been closed; that the employee and agent of the plaintiff immediately informed W. T. Maddox, President of Brittain Bros. Company and Executive Vice President of The National City Bank of Rome, the agent of Brittain Bros. Company, "on the 29th day of June, 1959," that The Citizens and Southern National Bank was a prospect and client of petitioner and that petitioner would expect a commission when and if the sale of the property was made to the Citizens and Southern National Bank by The National City Bank of Rome, as agent, and by Brittain Bros. Company, as seller; that this position in regard to payment of the commission was confirmed in writing by the plaintiff; that the defendant seller and The National City Bank of Rome on July 23, 1959, transferred and conveyed the property to the trustees of the Employees' Pension Plan of The Citizens and Southern National Bank, for $140,000; that the defendants refused to pay the plaintiff the commission; that plaintiff was the procuring cause of the sale of the property and that the seller and its agent in selling the property did so with full knowledge that the purchaser had been procured by the acts of the plaintiff; that the letter of the plaintiff, Exhibit "B", was the "efficient cause" of the sale of the property, as neither Brittain Bros. Company nor The National City Bank of Rome contacted The Citizens and Southern National Bank in any manner respecting the sale of the property, and that the property was transferred from the buyer to the seller with full knowledge of the facts in the case.
Exhibit "A" attached to the petition listed certain properties owned by the defendant Brittain Bros.; stated that the owner was soliciting offers for these properties; that sealed offers would be received by them at The National City Bank of Rome on Wednesday, June 17, 1959, at 2:30 p. m.; the manner of submitting the bids or the offers was set forth, announcing that "The stockholders of Brittain Bros. Co. have expressed a desire to sell the properties described herein and have every intention of selling said property if offers are received commensurate with the true values thereof. However, the stockholders have no intention of selling any of their properties at any unrealistic price. They therefore specifically reserve the right to accept or reject any and all offers for a period of thirty days from and after June 17, 1959, and only final acceptance of a contract in writing shall be binding upon Brittain Bros. Co., and no broker's commission shall accrue until such written acceptance is executed and delivered by Brittain Bros. Co. Certified checks accompanying offers which may be rejected will be returned with the notice of rejection"; and also, that on any offer which is accepted and a sale successfully consummated Brittain Bros. Company would pay the standard sales commission as established by the Atlanta Real Estate Board. It concluded by stating that all inquiries concerning this matter should be addressed to a designated individual who was vice president and trust officer of The National City Bank of Rome, Rome, Georgia.
Plaintiff's letter to the defendant The Citizens and Southern National Bank was dated June 1, 1959, and advised the bank that the defendant Brittain Bros. was soliciting offers for its properties in Atlanta, and that the plaintiff, among others, had been authorized to attempt to find a purchaser at a reasonable price; that no asking or selling price had been set but that all pertinent information would be furnished; the properties for sale were listed, and the letter then concluded, "These are good properties soundly located, and the Brittain Bros. stockholders want to sell. Offers will be accepted by the National City at 2:30 on June 17th. If you or your associates are interested, please contact Mrs. Sara Wright at my office and she will bring all the information we have about the properties to you. I am also sure that Billy Maddox, Trust Officer and Lloyd Summer, Assistant Trust Officer of the bank, will accompany her to see you." (Emphasis added.)
The petition further alleged that the three defendants, through their officers and agents, with full knowledge that the plaintiff was the efficient cause of the procuring of the purchaser of the property, did "fraudulently and wrongfully conspire among themselves to defeat your petitioner's right to your petitioner's commission for the sale of said property, thereby enriching themselves"; and that the plaintiff, although no formal contract was entered into between him and The Citizens and Southern National Bank for him to act as agent, the bank did take advantage of plaintiff's labor and information furnished by the plaintiff in good faith, and using the information furnished the bank purchased the property, and wrongfully and fraudulently conspired with the other defendants to deprive the plaintiff of his commissions by attempting to conceal from the plaintiff the buying and selling of the property. Plaintiff further charged that The National City Bank of Rome, acting as agent for the seller of the property, was a part of the conspiracy to deprive the plaintiff of his commission, and is consequently, as part of the conspiracy, liable to the plaintiff for his commission.
Numerous demurrers were filed by the three defendants.
The trial judge, after a hearing, overruled all the demurrers of each of the defendants on each and every ground. To the overruling of these demurrers the defendants excepted.
BELL, Judge.
1. The voluminous petition seeking as it does to allege a cause of action against each of three defendants, initially rested its cause upon an action on contract based upon commissions allegedly earned by a broker for the sale of real estate. Later, by amendment, there was added to the petition a separate and distinct cause of action founded upon a tort consisting of an alleged conspiracy between the three defendants to fraudulently and wrongfully deny to petitioner the commissions due him on the sale.
(a) It is well settled in our law that an amendment to a petition which changes the cause of action from one based on contract to one founded in tort renders the petition subject to demurrer. Horne v. Skinner, 206 Ga. 491 (2) ( 57 S.E.2d 576); Code § 81-1303. The defendant, The National City Bank of Rome, having presented properly its demurrer to the amendment which added the charge of conspiracy to the petition, the demurrer should have been sustained and the amendment, as to it, should have been dismissed.
(b) It is equally well settled in this jurisdiction that where the agent acts for a disclosed principal, within the scope of his authority, the actions are those of the principal, who is alone liable unless the agent has assumed personal liability also. The original petition charged that the defendant National City Bank of Rome was acting as agent within the scope of its authority for the owner of the property, who was disclosed. Under these circumstances the original petition stated no cause of action against the National City Bank of Rome. Hill v. Daniel, 52 Ga. App. 427 (2), 428 ( 183 S.E. 662), and authorities there cited. See also Petretes v. Atlanta Loan c. Co., 161 Ga. 468 (2) ( 131 S.E. 510).
As the general demurrer of this defendant was good for the reason given in (b) above as to the cause sounding in contract, and as the demurrer seeking to strike the amendment adding the tort of conspiracy should have been sustained, it follows that the petition stated no cause of action against The National City Bank of Rome, and the petition as to it should have been dismissed.
The trial court erred in not doing so.
2. The next question presented is whether the general demurrers of the defendants Brittain Bros. Company and The Citizens and Southern National Bank, based simply upon the assertion that the petition as amended set forth no cause of action against them, were properly overruled by the trial court.
We recognize that it is not difficult under our requirements of pleading for a petitioner to charge a conspiracy in a civil case. However, a mere general charge of a conspiracy is insufficient to state a cause of action unless the conspiracy be coupled with a tort. It is essential that there be a wrong upon which the conspirators acted to the damage of another for the conspiracy to be actionable. The language added by amendment, here asserting a conspiracy in general terms, is quite similar to that found in the case of National Bank of Savannah v. Evans, 149 Ga. 67 (2), ( 99 S.E. 123), which was held good against special demurrer. The Evans case was cited with approval and followed in Young v. Wilson, 183 Ga. 59, 72 ( 187 S.E. 44). Yet in both the Evans and the Young cases there were present allegations sufficient to show a tort. In this case we have the general allegation of conspiracy, but we do not have the essential tort alleged.
"If no cause of action is otherwise alleged, the addition of allegations concerning conspiracy will not make one . . ." Cook v. Robinson, 216 Ga. 328, 329 (4), ( 116 S.E.2d 742). "Where it is sought to impose civil liability for a conspiracy, the conspiracy of itself furnishes no cause of action. The gist of the action, if a cause of action exists, is not the conspiracy alleged, but the tort committed against the plaintiff and the resulting damage." Vandhitch v. Alverson, 52 Ga. App. 308, 310 (1) ( 183 S.E. 105). Also see Woodruff v. Hughes, 2 Ga. App. 361 (1) ( 58 S.E. 551); Bentley v. Barlow, 178 Ga. 618 ( 173 S.E. 707); Peoples Loan Co. v. Allen, 199 Ga. 537, 558 ( 34 S.E.2d 811); Walker v. Grand Internat'l. c. Engineers, 186 Ga. 811, 820 ( 199 S.E. 146); Martha Mills v. Moseley, 50 Ga. App. 536, 538 ( 179 S.E. 159).
These defendants invoke the elemental principle that on demurrer a petition must be construed most strongly against the pleader. When this is done, they urge, it will be seen that the petition as a whole sets forth no cause of action against them. We are compelled to agree, for as we construe the petition, the plaintiff, while sufficiently charging a conspiracy, failed to allege a tort upon which the conspirators acted to his damage.
Since neither of these defendants demurred to the amendment on the ground that it added to the petition a separate and distinct cause of action, the entire pleading as amended must be considered in passing upon their general demurrers.
"When a pleading is considered on general demurrer, if there are inferences unfavorable to the rights of the plaintiff which may be fairly drawn from the allegations of the petition, this ought to be done. In such a case the petition must be construed in the light of omission as well as averments." Washburn Storage Co. v. General Motors Corp., 90 Ga. App. 380 (3), 385 ( 83 S.E.2d 26).
There are indeed in this petition inferences unfavorable to the plaintiff which may be fairly drawn from its allegations. The following paragraphs are quoted from it:
"14. Petitioner shows that your petitioner heard nothing concerning the sale of said properties until June 29, 1959, when your petitioner's agent learned that The Citizens and Southern National Bank had bid on certain property of Brittain Bros. Company and had submitted its bid in compliance with the demands of The National City Bank of Rome and Brittain Bros. Company. . ." (Emphasis added.)
"15. Petitioner's agent learned at the same time that The Citizens and Southern National Bank had made a bid on the property known as the `Firestone Building' in the amount of $140,000.00, and the bid had been accepted but the sale transaction had not been closed." (Emphasis added.)
"16. Your petitioner shows that the employee and agent of your petitioner, Mrs. Sarah Wright, immediately informed and told Mr. W. T. Maddox, President of Brittain Bros. Company, and Executive Vice President of The National City Bank of Rome, the agent of Brittain Bros. Company, on the 29th day of June, 1959, that The Citizens and Southern National Bank was a prospect and client of your petitioner and that your petitioner would expect a commission when and if the sale of the property was made to The Citizens and Southern National Bank by The National City Bank of Rome, as agent, and by Brittain Bros. Company, as seller." (Emphasis added.)
(a) With respect to the defendant Brittain Bros. Company, the damaging portions of the petition which lead logically to inferences unfavorable to the plaintiff are that petitioner "heard nothing concerning the sale of said properties until June 29, 1959"; that the petitioner's agent learned at the same time, that is to say June 29, 1959, that The Citizens and Southern National Bank had made a bid on the property and the bid had been accepted, but the sale transaction had not been closed; that on the same day, the 29th of June, 1959, petitioner's agent informed and told Brittain Bros. Company that The Citizens and Southern National Bank was a prospect of petitioner.
The key words in the allegata are "informed and told." The word "inform" is defined as, ". . . to communicate knowledge to; to make acquainted; to acquaint; advise; instruct; tell; notify; enlighten . . . inform, the general term, emphasizes the actual imparting of facts or knowledge of whatever sort . . ." Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition. The same authority defines "told," the past participle of "tell," as, "to make known; disclose, divulge; to inform; to report or communicate to. . ."
The conclusion, the inference, to be drawn from the data is that it was not until June 29, 1959, that plaintiff learned, for the first time: that The Citizens and Southern National Bank had tendered a bid to purchase the property; that the bid had been accepted; that, at the time he learned of the acceptance of the bid, the transfer of title had not been accomplished formally; and that, on the same day, plaintiff initially informed and told Brittain Bros. Company that The Citizens and Southern National Bank was a prospect of his.
As to this defendant (Brittain Bros. Company), the inference that the initial notice was given after the entering into of the sales contract but before the formal transfer by deed is fatal to the petitioner. "Since the rights and liabilities of the seller and purchaser are to be determined by the date of the contract of sale rather than the date of delivery of the deed and closing of the sale, the fact that the seller had actual knowledge of the plaintiff's efforts in procuring the purchaser at the time of delivery of the deed is not determinative of this issue." Palmer v. Malone, 97 Ga. App. 666, 668 (4) ( 104 S.E.2d 131). The allegations in the petition that the plaintiff was the procuring cause, the efficient cause, do not alter the fatal nature of the petition in the face of the decision cited and the inferences revealed by the petition.
The mere fact that property is placed in the hands of a broker to sell does not prevent the owner from selling it. Code § 4-213. Here the property was not placed exclusively in the hands of the plaintiff.
(b) We now consider the general demurrer of The Citizens and Southern National Bank. It is particularly to be noted that the effect of the plaintiff's letter dated June 1, 1959, to The Citizens and Southern National Bank was to offer his services to the bank in any prospective purchase of the property. The reply of the bank, dated June 2, was noncommittal and contained no acceptance of the offered services of the plaintiff, and nothing in the petition charges that the plaintiff rendered any services to the defendant Citizens and Southern National Bank. In short, all that happened was that the agent voluntarily forwarded information to the bank that these properties were for sale. The bank, without availing itself of the proffered services of the plaintiff's agent, directly submitted its own bid to the seller, which was accepted.
We must recognize as the law that there is no obligation upon the part of a prospective buyer to accept the volunteered services of an agent looking to the sale of property. Here, under the allegations of the petition the services tendered were not accepted. The commission, if any, is to be paid by the seller unless otherwise agreed upon, and, as held in division 2 (a) above, the seller was not liable. The defendant buyer did not contract to pay the commission, and the petition admits this to be the case.
With respect to the allegations based upon contract, the petition does not state a cause of action against the defendant The Citizens and Southern National Bank.
(c) It remains to be demonstrated in this case that the general allegations of the conspiracy as added by amendment to the petition are not sufficient to allege a cause of action for a conspiracy based on a tort against the defendants Brittain Bros. Co. and The Citizens and Southern National Bank.
The portion of the petition as amended which asserts these general allegations states that: "28. Petitioner shows that the said The Citizens and Southern National Bank, The National City Bank of Rome, and Brittain Bros. Company, by and through its proper officers and agents, with full knowledge that your petitioner was the efficient cause of the procuring of the purchaser of the `Firestone Property,' did fraudulently and wrongfully conspire among themselves to defeat your petitioner's right to your petitioner's commission for the sale of said property, thereby enriching themselves." (Emphasis added.)
Concisely stated, the question is whether the allegation that the defendants conspired to defeat petitioner's right to a commission on a sale of real estate (which is the general allegation of a conspiracy) is supported by a tort, the combination of which caused damage to the petitioner. The tort, if there is one, must be found in the words that the defendants conspired "with full knowledge that . . . petitioner was the efficient cause of the procuring of the purchaser" for the property. Ordinarily, it would seem that this language, as against general demurrer, would be sufficient to show a tort. Further, it is a basic principle that a general demurrer goes to the whole pleading to which it is addressed and should be overruled if any part of the pleading is good in substance. Bailey v. Bell, 208 Ga. 715 ( 69 S.E.2d 272). However, the principle of the Bailey case is not applicable here for the simple reason that the general allegation of the tort is negated by the specific allegations which, as we have held in divisions 2 (a) and 2 (b) above, are subject to the reasonable inference that neither of the defendants, Brittain Bros. Company or The Citizens and Southern National Bank, was liable to pay to the plaintiff commissions on the sale.
"Where allegations are equivocal, doubtful, or subject to different interpretations, they will be construed most strongly against the pleader." Hoffman v. Chester, 204 Ga. 296, 307 ( 49 S.E.2d 760). More specifically, a general assertion must yield, on demurrer, to the more particular statement of the transaction, and the version taken will be that most unfavorable to the pleader. Independent Life c. Ins. Co. v. Pantone, 80 Ga. App. 426 (1), 429 ( 56 S.E.2d 153). General allegations must yield on demurrer to particular facts shown where inferences from the facts necessarily to be drawn are contradictory to conclusions alleged in the petition. Luck v. Western c. R., 73 Ga. App. 197 (4), 204 ( 36 S.E.2d 59). Where a pleader alleges that a conspiracy between two persons existed and sets up preliminary facts by which the pleader claims that this relationship is established, the general allegation of conspiracy is a mere conclusion unless the preliminary facts establish the relationship, and where the preliminary facts relied upon do not support the ultimate fact of the conclusion, a demurrer is properly sustained. Walraven v. Walraven, 76 Ga. App. 713, 717 ( 47 S.E.2d 148). Mere conclusions add nothing to the facts alleged, and a conclusion must yield, on demurrer, to the particular facts shown if inferences therefrom contradict the conclusions. Wilkinson v. Rich's, Inc., 77 Ga. App. 239, 242 ( 48 S.E.2d 552). Special facts pleaded by the plaintiff which vary with the general conclusions of the petition must control. Waller v. Wright Contracting Co., 91 Ga. App. 709 ( 86 S.E.2d 721).
The specific facts pleaded contradict the general averment as to the defendants' knowledge of the plaintiff's position in the transaction. From the authorities cited, it necessarily follows that the specific allegations control. The petition in its entirety does not state a cause of action against the defendants Brittain Bros. Company or The Citizens and Southern National Bank.
In view of the holding that no cause of action was stated by the petition, it becomes unnecessary to pass upon the other assignments of error.
Judgment reversed. Carlisle, P. J., Frankum, Jordan and Russell, JJ., concur. Felton, C. J., Nichols, P. J., and Hall, J., dissent. Eberhardt, J., disqualified.