TITONE, J.P.
In this shareholders' derivative action, plaintiffs appeal from two orders of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County. The first order granted defendants' cross motion to dismiss the complaint, the court finding that the litigation concerned the internal affairs of a foreign corporation and "[i]n the exercise of discretion * * * refus[ing] jurisdiction". The second order was made upon reargument and adhered to the original determination. We conclude that, in light of the substantial nexus of this litigation with New York, it was an improvident exercise of discretion to decline jurisdiction.
In January, 1984, the board of directors of the defendant Dow Jones Company (hereinafter Dow) announced that a recapitalization stock-split plan would be submitted for ultimate approval at the annual meeting of Dow's stockholders. The plan provided for the issuance of a stock dividend of one share of newly issued class B stock for every two shares of existing common stock. The new class B stock would have 10 voting rights per share, while the existing common stock would continue to retain a single vote per share. In addition to the radical change in voting rights, the plan would also place severe restrictions on the transferability of the new class B common shares.
The stated purpose of the reorganization is to substantially benefit Dow's majority shareholder group, all members of a single family owning 56.2% of Dow stock. If ratified and implemented, the proposal would enable the family to sell more than 50% of their present holdings, thereby obtaining needed personal capital, while simultaneously retaining voting control of the company.
In order to protect their interest from these consequences, the plaintiffs, shareholders of Dow, brought this action on behalf of themselves and all other minority shareholders similarly situated, and on behalf of Dow derivatively, for permanent injunctive relief. By motion, they sought a preliminary injunction and expedited discovery. Defendants opposed plaintiffs' motion and cross-moved to dismiss the action upon the ground that it concerned the "internal affairs" of a foreign corporation, Dow having been incorporated in Delaware.
Following oral argument, Special Term granted the cross motion, thus rendering plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction and other relief moot. We expedited the appeal and temporarily enjoined Dow from putting the recapitalization plan into effect. We now remit the matter to the Supreme Court, Suffolk County, for further proceedings.
At one time, many jurisdictions followed a doctrine to the effect that the courts of one State would not "interfere with or control by injunction or otherwise the management of the internal affairs of a corporation organized under the laws of another State but [would] leave controversies as to such matters to the courts of the State of the domicile" ( Rogers v. Guaranty Trust Co., 288 U.S. 123, 130; see Jurisdiction of Actions or Proceedings Involving Internal Affairs of Foreign Corporations, Ann., 155 ALR 1231; 17 Fletcher's Cyclopedia Corporations [rev ed], § 8425). On this basis, suits brought by domestic shareholders against foreign corporations were often dismissed when the shareholder was affected solely in his capacity as a member of the corporation ( Langfelder v. Universal Labs., 293 N.Y. 200; Cohn v Mishkoff Costello Co., 256 N.Y. 102).
Older cases tended to view the doctrine as jurisdictional, justifying the refusal to entertain such litigation on the premises that it was inadvisable to interpret the law of another State, that the possibility of conflicting decisions should be avoided, and that the court's judgment might not be enforceable elsewhere (see Ann., 155 ALR 1231, 1233-1235; Comment, Forum Non Conveniens as a Substitute for the Internal Affairs Rule, 58 Col L Rev 234, 234-235). The doctrine was nonetheless subject to numerous exceptions, and other decisions tended to view the question as one of discretion, based on considerations of convenience and public policy, not a lack of power ( Goldstein v Lightner, 266 App. Div. 357, 358, affd 292 N.Y. 670; Samuelson v Starr, 28 Misc.2d 479, 480 [Samuel Rabin, J.]; Levy v. Pacific Eastern Corp., 153 Misc. 488, 489-490; 17 Fletcher's Cyclopedia Corporations [rev ed], §§ 8425-8428; Henn and Alexander, Corporations [3d ed], § 86).
The doctrine was questioned by the Supreme Court of the United States in Williams v. Green Bay Western R.R. Co. ( 326 U.S. 549) and abrogated entirely in the Federal courts a year later in Koster v. Lumbermens Mut. Co. ( 330 U.S. 518, 527), the court holding, in effect, that the "internal affairs" rule is not entitled to separate status and should be treated as one facet under general principles of forum non conveniens. The Restatement of Conflict of Laws, Second (§ 84, Comment d), and numerous commentators, take the same position (Henn and Alexander, Corporations [3d ed], § 86; Weintraub, Conflict of Laws [2d ed], § 4.33, p 211; Latty, Pseudo-Foreign Corporations, 65 Yale LJ 137, 144; Comment, Forum Non Conveniens as a Substitute for the Internal Affairs Rule, 58 Col L Rev 234; Comment, Internal Affairs Rule in Federal Courts — The Erie Problem, 115 U of Pa L Rev 973). The Koster case ( supra) has often been utilized as the focal point for analysis by the courts of this State (e.g., Bader Bader v. Ford, 66 A.D.2d 642, 645, app dsmd 48 N.Y.2d 649; Field v. Jordan, 14 A.D.2d 845; 43-49 Chenango St. Corp. v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 6 Misc.2d 788; Novich v. Rojtman, 5 Misc.2d 1029).
"The vague principle that courts will not interfere with the internal affairs of a corporation whose foreignness is at best a metaphysical concept, must fall before the practical necessities of the modern business world" (Note, 44 Harv L Rev 437, 439). We therefore hold that a suit which concerns the internal affairs of a foreign corporation should be entertained unless the same factors that would lead to dismissal under forum non conveniens principles suggest that New York is an inconvenient forum and that litigation in another forum would better accord with the legitimate interests of the litigants and the public (see Royal China v. Regal China Corp., 304 N.Y. 309, 312-313; Goldstein v Lightner, 266 App. Div. 357, affd 292 N.Y. 670, supra; Weintraub, Conflict of Laws [2d ed], § 4.33, p 211). As succinctly put in the Restatement, "[a] court will exercise jurisdiction over an action involving the internal affairs of a foreign corporation unless it is an inappropriate or an inconvenient forum for the trial of the action" (Restatement, Conflict of Laws 2d, § 313).
Consideration of all relevant factors compels the conclusion that plaintiffs should not be deprived of their chosen forum (cf. Westwood Assoc. v. Deluxe Gen., 53 N.Y.2d 618, affg 73 A.D.2d 572; Irrigation Ind. Dev. Corp. v. Indag, S.A., 37 N.Y.2d 522; Fertel v. Resorts Int., 35 N.Y.2d 895; Silver v. Great Amer. Ins. Co., 29 N.Y.2d 356). Defendants have not carried their burden of establishing that litigation in New York would be inconvenient and that the ends of justice and the convenience of the parties would best be served if the litigation were to proceed elsewhere (see Islamic Republic of Iran v. Pahlavi, 62 N.Y.2d 474, 479; Banco Ambrosiano v. Artoc Bank Trust, 62 N.Y.2d 65, 74; Bader Bader v. Ford, 66 A.D.2d 642, 645, app dsmd 48 N.Y.2d 649, supra).
Plaintiffs, as New York residents, are presumptively entitled to utilize their judicial system for dispute resolution (McLaughlin, Supplementary Practice Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 7B, CPLR C301:4, p 5; C327:1, pp 238-239, 1983-1984 Pocket Part; Slaughter v. Waters, 41 A.D.2d 810). In fact, New York has a special responsibility to protect its citizens from questionable corporate acts when a corporation, though having a foreign charter, has substantial contacts with this State (e.g., Western Air Lines v. Sobieski, 191 Cal.App.2d 399; Dudley v. Waite Min. Co., 49 Wn.2d 867; see Latty, Pseudo-Foreign Corporations, 65 Yale LJ 137; Reese Kaufman, The Law Governing Corporate Affairs: Choice of Law and the Impact of Full Faith and Credit, 58 Col L Rev 1118; cf. Rakaric v. Croatian Cultural Club, 76 A.D.2d 619, app dsmd 52 N.Y.2d 1072).
On the defendants' side of the equation, we note that Dow's contacts with this State are indeed substantial. Its principal place of business is in Manhattan. Its transfer agent and books and records are located in New York. Its stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange. It scheduled its stockholders' and directors' meetings in New York. Moreover, Dow has previously urged that New York is an appropriate forum for corporate litigation in another case ( Dow Jones Co. v. Board of Trade, 539 F. Supp. 190, 192). It ill behooves Dow to now urge the contrary (cf. Environmental Concern v. Larchwood Constr. Corp., 101 A.D.2d 591). The majority of Dow's shareholders and its officers and directors either reside or do business in New York, and Dow has been a frequent litigant in New York courts (e.g., Dow Jones Co. v. Board of Trade, supra; Rudin v. Dow Jones Co., 510 F. Supp. 210, 557 F. Supp. 535; Pressler v. Dow Jones Co., 88 A.D.2d 928; Sprecher v Dow Jones Co., 88 A.D.2d 550, affd 58 N.Y.2d 862; Matter of Guilfoyle [ Dow Jones Co. — Catherwood], 36 A.D.2d 108, affd 30 N.Y.2d 784).
The only nexus with Delaware would appear to be the fact that Dow is incorporated there. There is no reason to believe that Delaware would be a more convenient forum than New York (cf. Bader Bader v. Ford, 66 A.D.2d 642, app dsmd 48 N.Y.2d 649, supra). In no respect is this a species of "imported litigation" (cf. Bader Bader v. Ford, 66 A.D.2d 642, 647, supra).
We have not, of course, considered the "appendix" to defendants' brief consisting of an affidavit and other items dehors the record. It is axiomatic that appellate review is limited to the record made at nisi prius and, absent matters which may be judicially noticed, new facts may not be injected at the appellate level ( People ex rel. Martinez v. Walters, 99 A.D.2d 476, 477; Block v. Nelson, 71 A.D.2d 509; Matter of Wish Realty Corp. v. Starr, 56 A.D.2d 656).
Our scope of review of a discretionary matter is coextensive with that of Special Term ( Majauskas v. Majauskas, 61 N.Y.2d 481, 493-494; Northern Westchester Professional Park Assoc. v. Town of Bedford, 60 N.Y.2d 492, 499; Jacques v. Sears, Roebuck Co., 30 N.Y.2d 466, 471; 7 Weinstein-Korn-Miller, N Y Civ Prac, par 5501.22). In other words, we are not limited to determining whether Special Term abused its discretion. We may exercise discretion independently and, on this record, we are convinced that this litigation should remain in New York.
The appeal from the order dated February 29, 1984 should be dismissed. That order was superseded by the order dated April 9, 1984, made upon reargument ( Alpert v. Alpert, 20 A.D.2d 560).
The order dated April 9, 1984 should be reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law and in the exercise of discretion, the defendants' cross motion should be denied, the complaint should be reinstated and the matter should be remitted to the Supreme Court, Suffolk County, for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion, including determination of the plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction and priority of taking the depositions of the defendants. In the interim, the injunctive provisions contained in the order of this court dated April 16, 1984 should remain in full force and effect. Plaintiffs should be awarded one bill of costs.
MANGANO, GIBBONS and O'CONNOR, JJ., concur.
Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County, dated February 29, 1984, dismissed. That order was superseded by an order of the same court, dated April 9, 1984, made on reargument.
Order of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County, dated April 9, 1984, reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law and as an exercise of discretion, complaint reinstated and matter remitted to the Supreme Court, Suffolk County, for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion herein, including determination of the plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction and priority of taking the depositions of the defendants. In the interim, the injunctive provisions contained in the order of this court dated April 16, 1984 shall remain in full force and effect.
Plaintiffs are awarded one bill of costs.