CAVANAGH, J.
The parties are owners of real property located in a subdivision on the south shore of Gun Lake in Barry County. The plat of the subdivision, originally recorded in 1907, indicates a twelve-foot-wide "walk" that runs immediately along the lakeshore. The first twenty lots in the subdivision abut this walk. A second row of twenty lots lies to the south of the first row. These rows are separated by a sixteen-foot wide "driveway." Another driveway separates the second row from a third row of forty-three smaller lots. Twelve-foot wide "alleys" are located after every fourth lot in the first and second rows. These alleys link the driveways and walk and were designed to provide all subdivision owners with access to the lake. A notation on the plat maps states "that the Driveways, Walks and Alleys shown on said plat are hereby dedicated to the joint use of all the owners of the plat."
In 1977, plaintiffs Lee and Kathleen Thies purchased lots 16 and 17 located in the first row. Defendants Jeffrey and Linda Howland purchased lot 25 and a portion of lot 24 in 1978. In the same year, defendants Curtis and Nancy Vrieland purchased lot 23 and portions of lots 22 and 24. Defendants' lots are located in the second row.
An alley was originally located between lots 16 and 17. However, a prior owner of these lots built a cottage which encroached upon the alley. In a 1975 consent judgment entered into by the parties' predecessors in title, an eight-foot wide easement was created across the west side of lot 16.
In 1978, plaintiffs constructed a seasonal dock extending from the shore into the lake to accommodate their boat. The dock was located in front of the western portion of plaintiffs' property. Defendant Howlands anchored their boat approximately 100 to 150 feet from the shoreline in front of the easement. In April 1979, the Howlands and Vrielands jointly constructed a fifty to sixty-foot seasonal dock at the end of the easement to accommodate their boats. The distance between plaintiffs' and defendants' docks was approximately twelve to sixteen feet.
In June 1979, plaintiffs filed suit, seeking to enjoin defendants from maintaining the dock and anchoring their boats in the lake. Defendants counterclaimed, requesting that plaintiffs be enjoined from interfering with defendants' use of the easement or, in the alternative, that defendants be permitted to use the alley between lots 16 and 17. Following a bench trial, the trial court concluded that defendants could use the lake for such recreational activities as boating, fishing and sunbathing, and could anchor their boats as long as they did not interfere with plaintiffs' reasonable use and enjoyment of their property. However, defendants were enjoined from erecting a dock. The Court of Appeals affirmed, but modified the injunction to prevent defendants from anchoring their boats off the terminus of the easement.
Unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals decided September 15, 1983 (Docket No. 53638).
We granted defendants' delayed application for leave to appeal and directed the parties to include among the issues to be briefed "whether the Court of Appeals erred in determining that the plat dedication did not convey to defendant landowners riparian rights which are exclusive to riparian owners." 419 Mich. 934 (1984).
I
Land which includes or is bounded by a natural watercourse is defined as riparian. Persons who own an estate or have a possessory interest in riparian land enjoy certain exclusive rights. Thompson v Enz, 379 Mich. 667, 677-679; 154 N.W.2d 473 (1967) (opinion of KAVANAGH, J.). These include the right to erect and maintain docks along the owner's shore, Hilt v Weber, 252 Mich. 198, 226; 233 N.W. 159 (1930); Thompson, Real Property (1980 Replacement), §§ 274, 280, pp 453-454, 506-507; 3 American Law of Property, § 15.35, pp 874-875, and the right to anchor boats permanently off the owner's shore. Hall v Wantz, 336 Mich. 112, 117; 57 N.W.2d 462 (1953). Nonriparian owners and members of the public who gain access to a navigable waterbody have a right to use the surface of the water in a reasonable manner for such activities as boating, fishing and swimming. An incident of the public's right of navigation is the right to anchor boats temporarily. Delaney v Pond, 350 Mich. 685, 688; 86 N.W.2d 816 (1957); Hall, 336 Mich. 116 -117.
Strictly speaking, land which includes or abuts a river is defined as riparian, while land which includes or abuts a lake is defined as littoral. McCardel v Smolen, 404 Mich. 89, 93, n 3; 273 N.W.2d 3 (1978). However, the term "riparian" is often used to describe both types of land and will be so used in this opinion.
The owner of land bounded by a natural inland watercourse also owns the bed of the lake or stream to the middle. Hall v Wantz, 336 Mich. 112, 116; 57 N.W.2d 462 (1953); Bauman v Barendregt, 251 Mich. 67, 70-71; 231 N.W. 70 (1930); Richardson v Prentiss, 48 Mich. 88, 90-91; 11 N.W. 819 (1882).
The exercise of riparian rights must be reasonable and cannot interfere with the rights of other riparian owners or the public. Hall, 336 Mich. 116-117.
The word "dock" is often used as a synonym for "wharf" and is so used in this opinion. However, the terms technically refer to distinctly different structures. A wharf is a structure erected on a shore to aid navigation and the loading and unloading of vessels. A dock is an artificial basin in connection with a harbor used for receiving vessels. 79 Am Jur 2d, Wharves, § 1, pp 173-174; 94 CJS, Wharves, § 1, pp 566-569.
Since defendants' lots do not touch the shore of Gun Lake, their land is not riparian. Defendants argue, however, that the plat's dedication of the walk and alleys to "the joint use of all the owners of the plat" gave them title to these lands in common with the other subdivision owners. Since the walk and alleys in the first row are in contact with the water, defendants allege they and the other owners are riparian proprietors entitled to erect docks. Defendants believe that plaintiffs' lots are not riparian land because they merely abut the walk. Plaintiffs are riparian owners only because they are co-owners of the walk. Defendants conclude that plaintiffs cannot interfere with the reasonable exercise of their riparian rights.
Even if we conclude that defendants merely have an easement interest in the walk and alleys, they may still prevail. Plaintiffs cannot prevent defendants from erecting a dock or permanently anchoring their boats if these activities are within the scope of the plat's dedication, McCardel v Smolen, 404 Mich. 89, 97, 103; 273 N.W.2d 3 (1978), and do not unreasonably interfere with plaintiff's use and enjoyment of their property. The ownership of the walk and alleys and the scope of the dedication of these lands are interrelated, but distinct inquiries.
An easement gives no title to the land on which it is imposed and is not an estate in land, although it is an interest in land. 25 Am Jur 2d, Easements Licenses, § 2, pp 417-418. An easement along the water's edge does not cut off a riparian owner's rights. See Croucher v Wooster, 271 Mich. 337; 260 N.W. 739 (1935); Richardson, 48 Mich. 91.
II A
We first examine defendants' claim that they are riparian owners because they are tenants in common of the twelve-foot-wide lakeshore walk. The trial court concluded that plaintiffs' property was not separated from the water and that the walk was merely an easement. The Court of Appeals relied primarily upon Croucher v Wooster, 271 Mich. 337; 260 N.W. 739 (1935), to reach the same conclusion. Defendants acknowledge that Croucher held that a lot separated from the water by a highway that is contiguous to the water is riparian land. However, defendants believe that Croucher should be applied only where the way has been dedicated to the public. Since the walk here is to be used only by the subdivision owners, defendants believe that the general rule requiring actual contact with the water applies and that plaintiffs' lots are not riparian land.
The cases which have applied Croucher only involved ways dedicated to public use. Nevertheless, we believe that Croucher is equally applicable to ways dedicated to the private use of a finite number of persons. The relevant inquiry is not who may use the way, but whether the abutting landowner owns the fee in the way which separates his property from the water:
Cass Co Park Trustees v Wendt, 361 Mich. 247; 105 N.W.2d 138 (1960) (concurring opinion of BLACK, J.); Williamson v Crawford, 108 Mich. App. 460; 310 N.W.2d 419 (1981); McCardel v Smolen, 71 Mich. App. 560; 250 N.W.2d 496 (1976), rev'd in part 404 Mich. 89; 273 N.W.2d 3 (1978); Kempf v Ellixson, 69 Mich. App. 339; 244 N.W.2d 476 (1976); Sheridan Drive Ass'n v Woodlawn Backproperty Owners Ass'n, 29 Mich. App. 64; 185 N.W.2d 107 (1970); Michigan Central Park Ass'n v Roscommon Co Rd Comm, 2 Mich. App. 192; 139 N.W.2d 333 (1966).
While there is some authority to the contrary, the majority of the courts have followed the rule that land which is separated from water by a highway or street the fee of which is in the public is not riparian land; but where the fee in the land covered by the highway or street is in the owner of the land, riparian rights remain in such owner. [78 Am Jur 2d, Waters, § 273, p 716.]
See also 79 Am Jur 2d, Wharves, § 5, p 179; 1 Farnham, Water Water Rights, § 144, pp 666-667; Plager Maloney, Multiple interests in riparian land, subdivision platting, and the allocation of riparian rights, 46 U Det J Urb L 41, 50 (1968).
The exact boundaries of plaintiffs' property are not described in any documents relating to the past or present ownership of the land. These documents merely refer to lots 16 and 17 of the recorded plat. When a conveyance refers to a plat which represents lots as bounded by a street and describes the lots by numbers, the reference is equivalent to express language in the deed giving the street as a boundary. Loud v Brooks, 241 Mich. 452, 454; 217 N.W. 34 (1928). Unless a contrary intent appears, owners of land abutting a street are presumed to own the fee in the street to the center, subject to the easement. Id.; Smeberg v Cunningham, 96 Mich. 378, 385; 56 N.W. 73 (1893). However, this rule is not so easily applied where the street is contiguous to the water since there are abutting lots only on one side. Plager Maloney, 46 U Det J Urb L 51. The crucial question is who owns the other half of the way which is clearly riparian property — the plattors, the "front lot" owners, or the persons to whom the way is dedicated?
Although there is conflicting authority in other jurisdictions, the issue was settled in this state by Croucher. There, the dedication of the plat described the plattors' land as lying south of a public highway that paralleled the lakeshore. The two lots at issue abutted the highway which, at those points, was in direct contact with the water. All of the deeds described the lots only by the lot numbers noted on the plat. The plattors conveyed each lot at issue twice. The question presented was whether the plattors had parted with all of their interest in each lot, including their riparian rights, under the first conveyance. This Court concluded that a fee interest in each lot, which included the adjoining portion of the highway and the appurtenant riparian rights, passed to the first grantees, subject to the public's use of the highway:
Since lot 26 fronted upon the highway at a place where there was no land intervening between the lake and the opposite side of the highway, the conveyance of the lot on the south side carried with it, subject to express limitations appearing therein, the same riparian rights on the opposite side of the highway as it would had the lot itself been contiguous to the shore line.
"Where a highway is laid off entirely on the owner's land, running along the margin of his tract, and he afterward conveys the land, the fee in the whole of the soil of the highway vests in his grantee. Likewise, where a street is laid out wholly on the owner's land and on the margin of his tract, so that he owns nothing beyond, the whole of the street opposite a lot bounded on the street passes to the grantee of the lot." 9 CJ p 203. See note citing numerous cases, including Johnson v Grenell, 188 N.Y. 407 ( 81 N.E. 161, 13 LRA [NS] 551) [1907].
As bearing upon the acquisition of riparian rights on the opposite side of the highway, we quote from the syllabus of the Grenell Case:
"Where the owner of an island in a navigable river, which had been laid out into lots, with boulevards, streets and roads, according to a map upon which the lots were designated by numbers, sold a lot abutting upon a boulevard running along and extending to the waters of the river, the lot being conveyed as `Lot numbered 34 as laid out on the map,' . . . and the deed contains no language from which it can be inferred that the grantor intended to reserve any interest in the fee of the boulevard itself or in the appurtenant riparian rights, the legal title to the whole of the boulevard in front of the lot in question, together with the riparian rights, passed to the grantee of the lot, subject only to the public easement or right of passage over the boulevard," Johnson v Grenell, supra. [ Croucher, 271 Mich. 342-343.]
Although Croucher and Johnson v Grenell discussed only land abutting public ways, the holding of these cases can be stated more broadly: Unless a contrary intention appears, owners of land abutting any right of way which is contiguous to the water are presumed to own the fee in the entire way, subject to the easement. Since the owner's property is deemed to run to the water, it is riparian property. Id., p 345. See also Meridian Twp v Palmer, 279 Mich. 586; 273 N.W. 277 (1937); Plager Maloney, 46 U Det J Urb L 59-61. Thus, plaintiffs are presumed to own the fee in the walk running along the front of their lots unless the plattors intended otherwise.
The question is whether the plat's dedication of the walk "to the joint use of all the owners of the plat" was intended to convey a fee in the walk to all subdivision owners or merely granted them an easement along the lakeshore. The intent of the plattors must be determined from the language they used and the surrounding circumstances. Bang v Forman, 244 Mich. 571, 576; 222 N.W. 96 (1928). 4 Tiffany, Real Property (3d ed), § 977, p 89. The trial court found that the walk was merely an easement and that plaintiffs owned the fee in that portion of the walk that ran in front of their lots. This finding is not clearly erroneous. The phrase "joint use" standing alone does not ordinarily denote the passing of a fee interest in land. Defendants have pointed to no evidence in the record which requires a different conclusion. Therefore, defendants are not riparian proprietors.
The trial court's conclusion is supported by the fact that no definable "walk" actually exists along the shore and there is no evidence that such a walk ever existed. The abutting landowners have maintained and used that portion of the walk in front of their lots as though it were their property. There is evidence that at least one other "back lot" owner maintained a seasonal dock, but there is no indication where this dock was constructed. Finally, no evidence was presented as to the consideration paid for the properties at issue. If the original grantees of plaintiffs' lots paid substantially more for their property than was paid for comparably sized "back lots," this could indicate that the plattors intended to convey exclusive riparian rights to "front lot" owners. See Richardson, 48 Mich. 91 -92; Watson v Peters, 26 Mich. 508, 516 (1873) (riparian rights is an important element in determining the price of lots and inducing buyers to purchase).
B
We next determine whether the plat's dedication of the walk evidences an intent to permit all subdivision owners to construct docks along the walk. The trial court concluded that the walk "is for the purpose of walking and not for the purpose of use of a portable dock." Again, this finding is not clearly erroneous. The term "joint use" standing alone does not evidence an intent to grant a right to construct docks, a right which normally is reserved to riparian owners.
In Cabal v Kent Co Rd Comm, 72 Mich. App. 532, 536; 250 N.W.2d 121 (1976), the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's conclusion that the maintenance of docks was reasonably appurtenant to the easement of access granted to defendants. In contrast, the trial court here found that the maintenance of docks was not within the scope of the walk's dedication.
The trial court detailed the rights all subdivision owners possess:
It is apparent to this Court that the original plattors as well as the former owners intended that the "back-lot" owners would have the use of Gun Lake. The Court does not disturb these rights which the Court concludes means boating, fishing, sunbathing, and all other uses commensurate with the use of lakes such as Gun Lake. Since the Court has concluded that the defendants may use the lake as aforesaid, the defendants may, obviously, anchor their boats, however, such anchoring shall be in such a manner to allow the plaintiffs a reasonable use and enjoyment of their property rights.
In essence, the trial court concluded that all subdivision owners enjoy rights similar to those enjoyed by members of the public in navigable waters. As previously noted, an incident of the public's right of navigation is the right to anchor boats temporarily. The trial court incorrectly concluded that permanent anchorage was an incident of the lake's use.
We therefore conclude that defendants are not riparian owners because they only possess an easement interest in the walk. In addition, the construction of docks and permanent anchorage of boats is not within the scope of the plattors' dedication of the walk.
III
The other possible source of defendants' right to construct a dock are the alleys which run perpendicular to the lakeshore. Cases involving a way which terminates at the edge of a navigable body of water are treated differently from those involving a way which runs parallel to the shore. Meridian Twp, 279 Mich. 590 -591; Plager Maloney, 46 U Det J Urb L 50-51.
Public ways which terminate at the edge of navigable waters are generally deemed to provide public access to the water. McCardel, 404 Mich. 96; In re Vacation of Cara Ave, 350 Mich. 283, 291; 86 N.W.2d 319 (1957); Plager Maloney, supra. A city, on behalf of its citizens, is entitled to build wharves at the end of such streets to aid the public's access. Nicholls v Charlevoix Circuit Judge, 155 Mich. 455, 458; 120 N.W. 343 (1909); Kemp v Stradley, 134 Mich. 676, 678; 97 N.W. 41 (1903); Backus v Detroit, 49 Mich. 110, 115; 13 N.W. 380 (1882). See also MCL 97.1 et seq.; MSA 5.1776 et seq. The right to build a wharf or dock does not depend on whether the public owns the fee in the way. Backus, supra; Thom v Rasmussen, 136 Mich. App. 608, 612; 358 N.W.2d 569 (1984). Rather, it is based upon the presumption that the plattor intended to give access to the water and permit the building of structures to aid in that access. Backus, pp 119-120; Thom, supra. Any dock which is constructed at the end of a common way must be made available for the use of those to whom the way is dedicated. Backus, p 120; Thom, p 613. See also 1 Farnham, § 144a, pp 673-676. The fact that only subdivision owners can use the alleys and docks would not require a different result.
Defendants did not build their dock at the terminus of an alley, however. They constructed their dock at the terminus of the easement created across lot 16 by the 1975 consent judgment. The use of the easement was narrowly defined to include only limited vehicular traffic, the hand carrying or dragging of small boats to and from the lake, and walking. The trial court concluded that the easement agreement did not grant defendants the right to construct a dock. The Court of Appeals concluded that the permanent anchoring of boats was also not within the scope of the easement.
The easement agreement, which was incorporated into the consent judgment, states in pertinent part:
"1. Grant of Easement. Grantors hereby grant and convey to Grantees an easement over and across that portion of Lot 16, Elms Plat, Gun Lake, hereinafter described, to be used for the purpose of providing access (as described and limited by this agreement) to Gun Lake from the premises now owned by Grantees so long as, and only so long as, all of the terms and conditions imposed upon Grantees under this agreement are fully complied with by Grantees.
* * *
"4. Use of Easement. It is hereby agreed that use of said easement by grantees shall be limited to the following:
"(a) The driving of a motor vehicle upon the property twice a year by Grantee Doyle Elliott only (or his successor in interest) for the purpose of moving his shore station. Further use for motor vehicle travel shall be only with the permission of the Grantors, or their successors in interest and such permission shall not be unreasonably withheld.
"(b) The hand carrying or dragging by hand of small boats to and from Gun Lake by Grantees or their respective successors in interest in their respective lots in the Elms Plat, Gun Lake, Michigan.
"(c) Walking to and from Gun Lake by Grantees and their respective successors in interest in their respective lots in the Elms Plat, Gun Lake, Michigan.
"5. Terms and conditions. As an expressed condition to the continued existence of said easement and continued rights hereunder created, Grantees shall:
"(a) refrain from storing vehicles or any other property on the easement;
* * *
"7. Binding Effect. Except as otherwise restricted as to use, this agreement and all rights and obligations hereunder created shall inure to and be binding on the parties hereto and their successors in interest, Forever."
Plaintiffs own the fee in the land over which the easement runs and the bed of the lake at and beyond the end of the easement. Defendants' use of plaintiffs' land is defined by the terms of the easement agreement and must be confined to the purposes for which the easement was created. A person entitled to the use of an easement cannot materially increase the burden upon the servient estate beyond what was originally contemplated. Delaney, 350 Mich. 687; Bang, 244 Mich. 574.
The lower courts did not err in concluding that the consent judgment did not grant defendants the right to construct a dock. In addition, the Court of Appeals correctly held that the right to anchor boats permanently off the terminus of the easement was not permitted.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
WILLIAMS, C.J., and RYAN, BRICKLEY, BOYLE, and RILEY, JJ., concurred with CAVANAGH, J.
LEVIN, J. (separate opinion).
The majority concludes that the circuit judge's findings concerning the meaning and scope of the dedication are not clearly erroneous except his finding that included in the scope of the dedication is the right to anchor boats permanently. The majority so concludes by characterizing the judge's findings as in "essence" findings that "all subdivision owners enjoy rights similar to those enjoyed by members of the public in navigable waters." Since the public has only the right to anchor boats temporarily in navigable waters, the judge "incorrectly concluded that permanent anchorage was an incident of the lake's use."
The majority's analysis recognizes that the scope of the dedication depends on the meaning to be ascribed to the words chosen by the plattor to express his intent assessed in light of the facts and circumstances. For the circuit judge to have simply concluded that the scope of the dedication was to confer on all subdivision owners the rights enjoyed by members of the public in navigable waters would not have appeared on review to be consistent with either the ambit of the inquiry or the plattor's apparent intent to confer on subdivision owners rights in addition to those they would have absent the dedication.
The majority has no adequate basis for declaring that in stating his conclusion that permanent anchorage of boats was within the scope of the dedication the judge was making a statement of law and not a finding of fact, while all his other statements were findings of fact not clearly erroneous. One would think that if the judge was stating findings of fact in the "boating, fishing, sunbathing, and all other uses" clause of his opinion he would be stating a finding of fact in the "anchor their boats" clause. The majority does not explain how they divine that the judge shifted from fact to law when he moved on from "boating, fishing, sunbathing, and all other uses" to "anchor their boats." Clearly the Court should at least remand to the judge for clarification, rather than deciding this aspect of the case by indulging in questionable assumptions and characterization of his opinion.
The circuit judge found that the plattor, in dedicating the twelve feet that run along the lakeshore to "the joint use of all the owners of the plat," intended to provide back lot owners with rights greater than "rights similar to those enjoyed by members of the public in navigable waters," and that among the rights so granted to back lot owners was the right to anchor boats permanently.
That finding being no less free of clear error than the other findings affirmed by the Court of Appeals and this Court, I would affirm that finding as well.
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