JOHN A. DIXON, Jr., Judge Pro Tem.
On October 10, 1991, defendant, Melvin Green, along with Darrell Claiborne and George McClow, was indicted by a grand jury for the first degree murder of Pamela Beth Block on August 19, 1991. Defendant pleaded not guilty, and, on July 21-23, 1992, he was tried by a twelve-member jury which found him guilty as charged. The jury was unable to reach a decision during the penalty phase. He was sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence. Defendant appeals his conviction.
The trial court granted defendant's motion to sever his trial from that of Claiborne and McClow, as to whom the State later amended the bill of indictment to charge them with second degree murder. Claiborne was tried and found guilty of manslaughter; and, his conviction was affirmed by this court. State v. Claiborne, 624 So.2d 17 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1993). The State entered a nolle prosequi as to McClow.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
On August 29, 1991, at approximately 9:00 p.m., Pamela Beth Block and her husband walked to her car, parked in front of their home in the 4800 block of Carondelet Street. Three black males, riding bicycles, approached them. One of the three men pulled a gun from his waistband and demanded that the Blocks "give it up." Mrs. Block panicked and jumped into her car through the driver's side door. The man with the gun shot through the passenger side window, and the bullet struck Mrs. Block in the neck. The three men rode away. Mrs. Block died of the wound forty-five minutes later.
The police obtained a general description of the suspects from Mr. Block. Pursuant to the description that was broadcast, the police arrested three juveniles, with a fourth juvenile later arrested. The three juveniles were brought to a location on St. Charles Avenue to allow Mr. Block to identify them. Mr. Block did not identify them as the perpetrators, but he did note that one of them had a hairstyle similar to that of the one who shot his wife. One of the juveniles gave a statement to the police in which he named another one of the juveniles as the person who shot Mrs. Block. He later recanted the statement and testified that he gave the statement out of fear.
The next day, an unidentified informant called "Crimestoppers" to tell the police that defendant, Darrell Claiborne, and someone he knew as "Duck" (later identified as George McClow) were the ones who murdered Mrs. Block. Using this information, the police obtained search and arrest warrants. At defendant's home, the police seized, among other things, four photographs in which the defendant was depicted holding a .357 magnum. Defendant was arrested on the evening of August 29 at the home of his girlfriend's mother. At that time, he was advised of his Miranda rights.
At police headquarters, defendant signed a waiver of rights form and was verbally informed of his rights. He gave a tape-recorded statement in which he admitted being at the scene of the crime but said that Claiborne had shot Mrs. Block. After the taping of this statement was completed, the police showed defendant the photographs showing him holding a gun. Defendant admitted that the gun was his, and he led the police to a vacant lot at Iberville and North Robertson where he had disposed of the gun. The gun, a .357 magnum, was found. Upon returning to the homicide office, defendant gave a second tape-recorded statement in which he admitted shooting Mrs. Block. Prior to giving this statement, defendant was again advised of his rights.
On September 5, Mr. Block was shown three separate photographic lineups which included each of the suspects. Prior to viewing the lineups, Mr. Block stated that he had seen the pictures of defendant and Claiborne in the newspaper. He said that he looked at the pictures briefly and immediately recognized them. He stated he became physically ill when he saw the pictures and did not read the article. He further stated that seeing the pictures in the newspaper did not influence his identification. Mr. Block selected defendant's photograph out of one lineup and Claiborne's photograph out of another. He was unable to select McClow's photograph out of a third lineup, but he did narrow it down to three pictures, including McClow's.
Ballistics testing of the .357 magnum matched a test bullet fired by the gun to that of a bullet recovered from Mrs. Block's body.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
A review of the record reveals one error patent. The trial court sentenced defendant without observing the twenty-four hour delay period after denying defendant's pro se motion for new trial. C.Cr.P. art. 873. Because there is no indication in the record that defendant waived this delay, it is an error patent on the face of the record. In State v. Augustine, 555 So.2d 1331 (La. 1990), the Supreme Court held that the trial court's failure to observe the twenty-four hour delay was not harmless error if the defendant challenged his sentence on appeal. In the present case, defendant does not challenge his sentence, and he does not assign as error the trial court's failure to observe the delay. Therefore, the failure to observe the delay is harmless. State v. Collins, 584 So.2d 356 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1991).
In his first assignment of error, defendant complains that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the confession on two bases. First, he argues that his two statements were not freely and voluntarily given because they were induced by threats. Second, defendant argues that because of his mental retardation and brain dysfunction he could not understand his constitutional rights and therefore knowingly and intelligently waive them.
Because we hold that the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress the confession based on the second argument, we pretermit discussion of the first basis asserted as to trial court error in denying the motion to suppress the confession, as well as defendant's other assignments of error except one.
Diminished mental or intellectual capacity does not in and of itself vitiate ability to knowingly and intelligently waive constitutional rights and make a free and voluntary confession. State v. Brooks, 541 So.2d 801 (La. 1989); State v. Jackson, 600 So.2d 739 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1992). Mental retardation is a factor to consider in deciding whether a person had the capacity to understand the rights explained. State v. Brown, 414 So.2d 689 (La. 1982). Much weight should be given to the trial court's findings when the issue is whether the defendant was precluded by his diminished mental condition from understanding his rights and the consequences of waiving those rights. State v. Woods, 553 So.2d 985 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1989), writ denied, 575 So.2d 385 (La. 1991). Opinions of experts on the question of the waiver of constitutional rights may be helpful but are not binding on the trial court. There is no controlling psychiatric principle. State v. Lefevre, 419 So.2d 862 (La. 1982).
The State has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that a confession was knowingly and intelligently waived. State v. Glover, 343 So.2d 118 (La. 1977), on rehearing. The critical factor is whether the defendant was able to understand the rights being explained to him. State v. Anderson, 379 So.2d 735, 736 (La. 1980).
In support of his claim that he did not knowingly and intelligently waive his rights, at the motion to re-open the suppression hearing defendant presented the testimony of Dr. Mark Zimmerman, qualified as an expert in forensic psychology. He testified that he spent about nine hours testing and interviewing defendant. Dr. Zimmerman administered the following tests on defendant: 1) Benton Visual Retention Test, a test of perceptual motor abilities; 2) screening test for, and the Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, a test for brain dysfunction; 3) Weschler Adult Intelligent Scale, an intelligence test; 4) Wide Range Achievement Test, a test of academic abilities; 5) Personality Assessment Inventory, an objective personality test; 6) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, an objective personality test; 7) Rorschach, a projective personality test; 8) Mouse-Tree-Person Technique, a projective personality test.
Dr. Zimmerman found that defendant had an I.Q. of 65, which put him in the mildly mentally retarded range, or the educable range of retardation. Defendant's mental age is approximately ten years. Although defendant completed the ninth grade and was in the tenth grade when he dropped out of school, his functioning in reading and spelling is below the third grade level and in arithmetic is at the fifth grade level. Dr. Zimmerman also found brain dysfunction considering defendant's education level, with the parts of his brain affected being those associated with academic abilities and his ability to process information — his intellectual abilities.
Dr. Zimmerman reviewed the waiver of rights form signed by defendant and went over it with defendant, and concluded that defendant found the form difficult to read and could not adequately explain many of the words on the form such as "privilege" and "waive". Reading the form to defendant at approximately the speed he heard on the taped confession, Dr. Zimmerman found that defendant could not keep up; he could not understand the form. Dr. Zimmerman stated that he thought defendant could be made to understand his Miranda rights, but it would be very difficult for him to understand using the wording on that particular waiver form. Dr. Zimmerman testified:
I don't believe he understood the rights as they were read to him or as I read them to him or as he read them, no.
Dr. Zimmerman's impression was that instead of his rights being something that he had and could keep, defendant believed that signing the waiver form was something that was done pro forma because he was arrested, that is, something he was supposed to do.
During cross-examination, Dr. Zimmerman stated that he could not see how any of his colleagues could find defendant not mentally retarded since he fit the criteria for retardation established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association.
In his opinion, Dr. Zimmerman believed that defendant's personality would cause him to want to function at the level of his peers so he would attempt to portray himself as understanding things that he did not understand. Dr. Zimmerman felt that defendant's desire to perform as a "normal" person was stronger than any propensity he would have to fake answers to the test in hopes of getting his confession excluded as evidence. Dr. Zimmerman was unaware that defendant had been previously "Boykinized."
The State presented no expert testimony to dispute Dr. Zimmerman's findings. At the motion to suppress hearing, and at trial, Detective Norman McCord testified that he was satisfied that defendant understood his rights, but he personally did not determine whether defendant could read or write. At trial, Detective Marco Demma testified that he verbally advised defendant of his rights. The trial court concluded that defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his rights and also noted that defendant had been "Boykinized" twice before.
Given the uncontradicted testimony of Dr. Zimmerman establishing defendant's mental retardation and his brain dysfunction, we cannot find that defendant made a knowing and intelligent waiver of his constitutional rights. With Dr. Zimmerman's testimony that defendant simply did not have the intellectual capacity to understand those rights and, in fact, did not understand his rights, the trial court clearly erred in refusing to suppress defendant's confession due to his diminished mental capacity. Considering all of the evidence presented, the State failed to prove that defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his constitutional rights prior to confessing to the murder of Pamela Block
In his fifth and final assignment of error, defendant complains that the State impermissibly exercised six of its twelve peremptory challenges to exclude prospective jurors based on their race. He argues that the State failed to provide racially neutral reasons to justify the excusing of the jurors, thus entitling him to a new trial under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986).
Following an order by this Court, the trial judge issued a per curiam identifying the racial composition of the jury in the present case as eight white persons and four black persons. A prosecutor's discriminatory use of peremptory challenges to exclude members of a defendant's race from a jury violates the equal protection rights of the defendant. Batson, supra, Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965). It is also prohibited under Louisiana law. C.Cr.P. art. 795 C. Additionally, it is a violation of the potential juror's constitutional rights to exclude a juror because of his or her race even when that juror is not of the same race as the defendant. Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991).
Batson set forth a three-part test to be used in determining whether a prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges in a discriminatory fashion. First, the defendant must demonstrate a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-97, 106 S.Ct. at 1722. He must establish that he is a member of a cognizable racial group, that the prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges to remove other members of that race from the jury, and that these facts and other relevant circumstances raise an inference that the prosecutor used those challenges to exclude venire persons from the jury because of their race. State v. Collier, 553 So.2d 815 (La. 1989).
Under Powers v. Ohio, supra it may no longer be necessary for the defendant to show that he is a member of a cognizable racial group. See State v. Knighten, 609 So.2d 950 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1992); State v. Granier, 592 So.2d 883 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1991), writ denied 600 So.2d 1334 (La. 1992).
Second, once the defendant establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, the burden shifts to the prosecution to give race-neutral reasons for the peremptory challenges. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97-98, 106 S.Ct. at 1723. Those reasons need not rise to the level of a challenge for cause, but they must be more than the prosecutor's assertion of good faith or an explanation amounting to nothing more than a pretext for discrimination. State v. Knighten, 609 So.2d 950 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1992). The neutral explanation must be one which is clear, reasonably specific, legitimate, and related to the particular case being tried. Collier, supra.
Last, after the prosecutor has presented his reasons, the issue of fact is joined, and the trial court must assess the weight and credibility of the explanation in order to determine whether there was purposeful discrimination in the use of the peremptory challenges. Collier, supra. The trial court should not give "rubber stamp" approval of any non-racial explanation. Id. The ultimate burden of persuasion is on the defendant. Knighten, supra.
Unless the record indicates that a reasonable trial court must reach the conclusion that the prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of the potential juror's race alone, the reviewing court should defer to the trial court, which has had the benefit of seeing and hearing the voir dire questions of the prosecutor and listening to the answers of the venire persons. State v. McNeil, 613 So.2d 752 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1993), writ granted in part, vacated in part 623 So.2d 1320 (La. 1993). The trial court can best judge the courtroom atmosphere and the demeanor of the attorneys and prospective jurors. Id.
Therefore, the first issue is whether defendant established a prima facie case of discriminatory use of peremptory challenges by the State. The voir dire transcript shows that after defense counsel made the Batson objection, the trial judge ordered the prosecutor to give his reasons for peremptorily challenging eleven of twelve African-American venire persons without first making an express ruling on whether defendant had established a prima facie case of discrimination. As noted in Collier, there would have been no need for the prosecutor to explain his challenges if the trial judge had not found a prima facie case of discrimination. Additionally, as noted in Knighten, the trial judge may have asked for the reasons to be given in the event the appellate court found that a prima facie case had been established.
It should be noted in Hernandez v. New York 500 U.S. 352, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991), the United States Supreme Court stated that once the prosecutor gives race-neutral reasons for the challenges, the issue of whether a prima facie case was proven is moot. But in State v. Knighten, supra, this court decided to follow the Batson burden of proof analysis even if the issue were moot.
Considering these circumstances, we find that defendant established a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination in the State's exercise of its peremptory challenges. As stated before, eleven of the State's twelve peremptory challenges were used to strike African-Americans. The jury was composed of eight whites and four blacks. The defendant was African-American. The victim, Pamela Beth Block, was white. The mere fact that four blacks sat on the jury does not defeat either defendant's Batson claim or an inference of discrimination. Collier, supra. Hence, it was incumbent on the State to give race-neutral reasons for the exercise of its peremptory challenges.
Although a total of eleven African-Americans were peremptorily challenged, defendant complains about the striking of only six of them. As to three of the prospective jurors, the State gave as its reason for striking them that they were weak or vacillated about the imposition of the death penalty. Another was challenged, according to the State, because her husband's uncle treated juveniles at the Juvenile Detention Center, and she thought the death penalty was severe. A fifth potential juror was struck because the State asserted that she was non responsive, very young, and might identify with defendant's family. The sixth prospective juror was struck, according to the State, because he worked for HANO, which related to the fact that there would be evidence about the Magnolia Housing Project, and that he had sat on a jury which voted a lesser verdict in a case involving the police.
After the State gave its reasons, the trial judge stated:
All right. I'm satisfied with the State's reasons for their peremptory challenges. I don't think that they were racially motivated, including there is a white challenge in there. I think he used all 12, 11 of which were on black persons acknowledged, and there was one on a white lady, a white female. I don't think that there has been shown any pattern of racial discrimination here in the exercise of the peremptory challenges.
To determine whether the trial judge's decision was correct, we will review the voir dire of the six challenged jurors.
Nicole Summers (Juror No. 330) was one of the jurors challenged because the State asserted that she vacillated on imposition of the death penalty. Defendant argues that there is no basis for the State's assertion. When questioned by the State, Ms. Summers stated that she could consider the death penalty depending on the facts. When questioned by defense counsel about the death penalty, she stated:
Well, like I said earlier, I'm undecided with that. I'm not really — I can I guess. But, like I say, it depends on the situation.
Considering Ms. Summers' equivocal position on the death penalty, it does not appear that the State's use of a peremptory challenge to excuse her was racially motivated.
Zina Ghoram (Juror No. 145) was peremptorily challenged because the State asserted that she was nonresponsive, very young, and might identify with defendant's family. It is not unconstitutional to exclude a juror for not being attentive or interested enough in the proceedings. Knighten, supra. Moreover, the trial judge is in the best position, by virtue of his observing the venire during voir dire, to know if this reason had merit. Id. We therefore defer to the trial court's determination that this reason was legitimate and not discriminatory.
Barbara Scarbrough (Juror No. 307) was challenged by the State on the grounds that she vacillated on the issue of the death penalty and that her responses were very weak on that issue. A review of her voir dire shows that she answered in the affirmative when asked by the State if she could consider imposing the death penalty. When questioned by defense counsel about how she felt about the death penalty, Ms. Scarbrough began to reply that she thought it was fair, but she was cut off by defense counsel. She was later asked a lengthy hypothetical question by defense counsel about mitigating factors as to sentencing such as a mental impairment or retardation and whether she agreed if a person suffering from mental retardation was capable of understanding the things that a normal person could. She answered in the affirmative. She was then asked if she agreed whether such a disability justified a life sentence and not execution. Ms. Scarbrough again answered in the affirmative.
In State v. Comeaux, 514 So.2d 84 (La. 1987), the Supreme Court ruled that the trial court correctly granted a challenge for cause as to two prospective jurors who stated in voir dire that they would not impose the death penalty against someone who was mildly mentally retarded even though they had initially no unalterable opposition to the death penalty. The court held that an unalterable opposition to the imposition of the death penalty on borderline retardates gave rise to valid challenge for cause. Since Ms. Scarbrough stated that she would not impose the death penalty on someone who was mentally retarded, which could have given rise to a challenge for cause, the State's exercise of a peremptory challenge to strike her is not an act of purposeful racial discrimination.
The State dismissed a third juror, Patricia Coston (Juror No. 90), on the grounds of vacillation on the death penalty. She answered in the affirmative when asked by the State if she could consider the death penalty. Ms. Coston was asked by defense counsel whether she was strongly in favor, moderately in favor, or had not thought about the death penalty. She replied that she was moderately in favor of it. Ms. Coston answered "No" when asked if a finding of guilty would be enough to impose the death penalty. She answered `Yes" when asked whether she would be interested in the defendant's background and family history and whether life imprisonment was a severe penalty. Considering the responses given by Ms. Coston, it is a very close question of whether the State's claim that she vacillated on the death penalty has any basis in the record. Her answers are consistent in favoring the death penalty, and there is nothing to show that she would oppose it under certain circumstances, like Ms. Scarbrough. We therefore defer to the trial court's finding that Ms. Coston was not excused for racially discriminatory reasons.
Lisa Devezin (Juror No. 110) was peremptorily challenged because her husband's uncle treated juveniles at Juvenile Detention and she thought or commented that the death penalty was too severe. When questioned by the prosecutor, Ms. Devezin said that she could consider the death penalty. When asked by defense counsel, she admitted to being related to Dr. Armond Devezin, her husband's uncle. She was then asked if Dr. Devezin had ever discussed with her his involvement with juveniles in Juvenile Court, and she said "No." Defense counsel later asked Ms. Devezin how she felt about the death penalty. She replied that she thought it was severe but that she did not have any big problems with it. When asked about life imprisonment, she answered that she thought it was severe also but that she did not have any problems with it either. Upon further questioning by defense counsel, she answered that she thought it was possible to rehabilitate someone who had committed a serious crime. She answered "No" when asked if a finding of guilty would be enough for her to impose the death penalty. She stated that she would have to hear everything and know about the defendant's background and family history.
Ms. Devezin's voir dire answers do not support the State's reasons for peremptorily challenging her. With regard to her husband's uncle's work with juveniles, there is nothing in her answers to show that this would in any way affect her as a juror. As to the death penalty, her answers do not indicate weakness. The State did not rebut defendant's prima facie case of purposeful discrimination as to the striking of Ms. Devezin.
The final juror struck by the State was Alfred Price (Juror No. 273). He was peremptorily challenged because he worked for HANO and the case involved some evidence about the Magnolia Housing Project and because he had sat on a jury which returned a lesser verdict in a case involving the police. Mr. Price, a facility maintenance manager, was asked by the prosecutor whether he had occasion to work in the Magnolia Project, and he replied that he had not in the last twenty years. He then denied being acquainted with defendant or anybody who might be called as a witness. There is nothing in Mr. Price's voir dire about prior jury service.
Considering Mr. Price's voir dire responses, there is nothing to support the State's reason for peremptorily challenging him. The evidence in the case about the Magnolia Housing Project involved Joseph Davis, not defendant; and Davis's relationship to the case was fairly tangential. Moreover, Mr. Price had not been in that particular project for twenty years. Additionally, the statement about prior jury service is contradicted by the record. Hence, the State failed to rebut defendant's prima facie case of purposeful discrimination.
Because two of defendant's six Batson claims are meritorious, his conviction and sentence are reversed, and the case is remanded for a new trial. Additionally, because we find that the trial judge erred in denying defendant's motion to suppress his confession, the confession cannot be used at a new trial.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
BYRNES, J., dissents with reasons.