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Docket Number

No. 1-96-2680

Attorney(S)

Murphy Boyle, Chartered, of Chicago (Robert D. Boyle and Mark R. Valley, of counsel), for appellant. Richard J. Nogal and Joelle T. Marasco, both of Lillig Thorsness, Ltd., of Oak Brook, for appellees.

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Smart Summary

Summary of Opinion: Sadie Mary Senese, as Ex'x of the Estate of Dominic J. Senese v. Climatemp, Inc., et al.

Factual and Procedural Background

Plaintiff (originally Dominic J. Senese, later substituted by Sadie Mary Senese as executrix) alleged that he owned stock in Broadway Sheet Metal Works (later Climatemp, Inc.) and that an intended sale of his stock to Expressway Terminals was never consummated. The complaint asserted causes of action including breach of contract, violations of the Uniform Commercial Code — Investment Securities Act, the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, and requested equitable relief (constructive trust, mandamus, accounting).

Defendants maintained that Senese had transferred his shares to Expressway on January 4, 1960, and produced documentary exhibits and affidavits they argued established that transfer. The trial court originally dismissed plaintiff's amended complaint; the appellate court reversed in part and remanded for limited discovery, concluding the exhibits were not dispositive and that limited discovery should be allowed. After remand and discovery, the trial court barred certain broad discovery, permitted limited discovery related to the 1960 transaction, and eventually granted defendants' motions to dismiss plaintiff's second amended complaint under sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure, dismissing the complaint with prejudice. The trial court also granted defendants' motion for sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 137 and awarded attorney fees and costs. Plaintiff appealed; defendants cross-appealed several procedural rulings.

Legal Issues Presented

Whether the trial court erred by denying plaintiff's broader discovery requests concerning the bona fides of the alleged 1960 stock transaction.
Whether the trial court erred in granting defendants' motion to dismiss under section 2-619 based upon standing, laches, statute of limitations, and the Uniform Stock Transfer Act.
Whether the trial court erred in dismissing the second amended complaint pursuant to section 2-615 for failure to state claims.
Whether the trial court abused its discretion in awarding sanctions against plaintiff under Supreme Court Rule 137.
On cross-appeal: Whether the court abused its discretion in (a) allowing substitution of the executrix despite delay, (b) denying defendants' motion to strike plaintiff's interrogatory answers and dismiss the complaint as a sanction, and (c) reducing the amount of attorney fees awarded to defendants.

Arguments of the Parties

Plaintiff's Arguments

The trial court's denial of discovery into the bona fides of the alleged stock sale (including post-1960 events relevant to installment payments) was reversible error and prejudiced the plaintiff.
The trial court erred in granting the 2-619 dismissal based on laches, statute of limitations, standing, and the Uniform Stock Transfer Act because plaintiff's complaint contained sufficient allegations and excuses for delay (including that Senese did not learn he was not a shareholder until the late 1980s).
The dismissal under section 2-615 was improper because the second amended complaint contained well-pled facts supporting the remedies sought.
The trial court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 137 and awarding attorney fees because the second amended complaint could have been filed in good faith with a belief that subsequent information might support the claims.

Defendants' Arguments (including on cross-appeal)

Defendants contended that discovery had produced conclusive evidence that Senese had transferred his shares and that plaintiff had no shareholder status; therefore plaintiff lacked standing to pursue certain claims and discovery should be limited to the 1960 transaction.
Defendants argued that plaintiff's claims were barred by laches and the statutes of limitations and that plaintiff failed to plead a reasonable excuse for the decades-long delay.
Defendants sought dismissal under section 2-615 by pointing to legal deficiencies in each claim and to evidentiary material indicating the transfer occurred.
Defendants sought sanctions under Rule 137 asserting the second amended complaint and related motions were frivolous, lacked factual support, and caused unnecessary delay and expense.
On cross-appeal, defendants argued the trial court abused its discretion by allowing substitution of the executrix after the statutory 90-day period had passed; they sought dismissal or sanctions for plaintiff's alleged discovery failures (unverified answers, dilatory conduct) and challenged the reduction of attorney fees awarded to them for Rule 137 sanctions.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent	Rule or Principle Cited For	Application by the Court in this Case
Senese v. Climatemp, Inc., 222 Ill. App.3d 302, 582 N.E.2d 1180 (1991)	Prior appellate decision in same litigation: exhibits were not dispositive and plaintiff should be allowed limited discovery; plaintiff did not allege sufficient facts for constructive trust but could amend after limited discovery.	The court applied the prior opinion as the basis for the limited discovery ordered on remand and as the factual/procedural backdrop for subsequent rulings; the opinion referenced Senese in concluding what discovery was appropriate and what issues had been left open.
People ex rel. Casey v. Health Hospitals Governing Comm'n, 69 Ill.2d 108, 370 N.E.2d 499 (1977)	Where unreasonable delay appears on the face of a complaint, plaintiff has an affirmative duty to set forth a valid excuse for the delay.	The court relied on Casey (through its citation in the earlier Senese decision) to hold that the plaintiff had an obligation to plead a reasonable excuse for the delay and found plaintiff's excuse inadequate for purposes of laches.
Nancys Home Of the Stuffed Pizza, Inc. v. Cirrincione, 144 Ill. App.3d 934, 494 N.E.2d 795 (1986)	Definition and explanation of laches as an equitable defense (bars action where delay misleads or prejudices the opposing party).	Used to set out the legal standard for laches which the court then applied to the facts to determine prejudice and delay.
Patrick Media Group, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 255 Ill. App.3d 1, 626 N.E.2d 1066 (1993)	Laches requires a showing of prejudice or hardship, not mere lapse of time; party asserting laches must plead prior knowledge of the facts giving rise to the claim.	Quoted as part of the laches standard the court applied when evaluating whether defendants were prejudiced by plaintiff's delay and whether plaintiff had knowledge warranting inquiry earlier.
Zegers v. Zegers, Inc., 38 Ill. App.3d 546, 348 N.E.2d 210 (1976)	Illustrative laches case where a multi-decade delay in asserting shareholder rights barred relief; a reasonable person would have inquired earlier; defendants would be prejudiced by delay.	The court found Zegers factually instructive and analogous, using it to support the conclusion that plaintiff's long delay and lack of due diligence warranted dismissal on laches grounds.
Hull v. Illinois State Bank, 129 Ill. App.2d 203, 262 N.E.2d 603 (1970) (abstract)	Supports the proposition that defendants may be prejudiced where records have been destroyed or witnesses have died due to delay.	Cited to support the court's finding that prejudice to defendants existed because records were destroyed and key witnesses were deceased, impairing the defense.
Elmore v. Blume, 31 Ill. App.3d 643, 334 N.E.2d 431 (1975)	Trial court has broad discretion over pretrial discovery (Supreme Court Rule 214).	Used to support the court's review of the trial court's discovery rulings and to conclude plaintiff was not prejudiced by the limitation on discovery because substantial information was produced.
Fremarek v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., 272 Ill. App.3d 1067, 651 N.E.2d 601 (1995)	Purpose of Supreme Court Rule 137: to prevent abuse of judicial process by penalizing vexatious or harassing actions based on unsupported allegations.	Cited in discussing the purpose and appropriate application of Rule 137 in evaluating defendants' sanctions motion and the standard for imposing sanctions.
Fischer v. Brombolich, 246 Ill. App.3d 660, 616 N.E.2d 743 (1993)	Rule 137 is not intended to punish lack of success but to curb frivolous or false pleadings.	Referenced in discussing the aim and limits of Rule 137 when assessing whether sanctions were appropriate here.
Bennet Kahnweiler, Inc. v. American National Bank Trust Co., 256 Ill. App.3d 1002, 628 N.E.2d 426 (1993)	Determination to impose Rule 137 sanctions rests within the trial court's sound discretion.	Cited to explain the deferential standard of review applied to the trial court's sanctions decision (though the appellate court ultimately reversed sanctions as an abuse of discretion).
Board of Library Trustees v. Cinco Construction, Inc., 276 Ill. App.3d 417, 658 N.E.2d 473 (1995)	Trial court does not exceed discretion unless no reasonable person would agree with its view; appellate court will not reverse if reasonable minds could differ.	Used to frame the standard for reviewing the trial court's imposition of sanctions and whether an abuse of discretion occurred.
Lewy v. Koeckritz International, Inc., 211 Ill. App.3d 330, 570 N.E.2d 361 (1991)	Similar principle on appellate deference to trial court sanctions decisions.	Cited along with Board of Library Trustees to explain review standards for sanctions rulings.
McGill v. Lazzaro, 62 Ill. App.3d 151, 279 N.E.2d 16 (1972)	Section 2-1008(b) substitution after death uses permissive "may" — court has discretion whether to dismiss for failure to timely substitute.	Applied to conclude the trial court properly exercised discretion in allowing substitution of the executrix despite delay because no prejudice was shown.
Sickler v. National Diary Products Corp., 67 Ill.2d 229, 367 N.E.2d 674 (1977)	When evaluating untimely substitution motions, appellate focus is whether substantial justice was done and whether opposing party was prejudiced.	Invoked to guide the appellate review of the substitution decision; court found no prejudice and affirmed substitution.
Baltz v. McCormack, 66 Ill. App.3d 76, 383 N.E.2d 643 (1978)	Reiterates that the question on review is whether the trial court properly exercised discretion to serve justice.	Cited to support the proposition that the substitution decision would be upheld if it served substantial justice.
Donner v. Deere Co., 255 Ill. App.3d 837, 628 N.E.2d 1171 (1994)	Sanctions for discovery noncompliance are within trial court discretion; dismissal is drastic and a last resort.	Applied to evaluate defendants' request to dismiss the complaint as a sanction for discovery failures; court held dismissal was too drastic here and affirmed denial of striking answers/dismissal.
Gallo v. Henke, 107 Ill. App.3d 21, 436 N.E.2d 1068 (1982)	Dismissal with prejudice is too drastic in some discovery contexts (example where failure to appear once did not warrant dismissal).	Used to reinforce that dismissal is a last-resort sanction and inapplicable given the court's lesser enforcement measures ordered here.
Cruz v. Columbus-Cuneo-Cabrini Medical Center, 264 Ill. App.3d 633, 636 N.E.2d 908 (1994)	Dismissal with prejudice may be appropriate where a party demonstrates a pattern of contumacious discovery noncompliance.	Cited by defendants as supportive authority for dismissal as a sanction; the appellate court distinguished Cruz as inapplicable given the circumstances and remedial orders the trial court had issued here.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court structured its analysis in discrete parts addressing discovery, laches (dispositive), statutory and pleading challenges, sanctions, and the defendants' cross-appeal. The court emphasized fidelity to the record and to precedent in each step.

1. Discovery

The appellate court recognized that trial judges have wide discretion over pretrial discovery under Supreme Court Rule 214 and reviewed the record for prejudice. Although the trial court denied plaintiff's motion to compel broad discovery beyond matters related to the January 4, 1960 transaction, the appellate court found that substantial discovery had nevertheless occurred (including extended depositions of key witnesses covering events through the mid-1980s). Accordingly, the court concluded plaintiff was not prejudiced by the limitation and affirmed the trial court's denial of the motion to compel.

2. Laches (dispositive issue)

The court explained the equitable doctrine of laches: it bars relief where delay misleads or prejudices the opposing party and requires more than mere passage of time — the defendant must show prejudice or hardship and that the plaintiff had prior knowledge of facts giving rise to the claim but failed to act. The court reviewed the prior appellate disposition (which allowed amendment for an explanation of delay) and evaluated the second amended complaint's asserted excuse — that Senese did not learn of lack of shareholder status until the late 1980s.

Relying principally on Zegers (a case involving a decades-long delay), the court found the circumstances analogous: plaintiff exercised no due diligence for many years, offered no reasonable excuse for the delay, and the delay produced prejudice to defendants. Evidence of prejudice included destruction of corporate files, the death of key witnesses (including Senese himself, the presumed transferee's president, and corporate counsel), and the inability of the plaintiff's estate to locate records. Given these facts, the court concluded laches barred plaintiff's claims and affirmed dismissal on that ground.

3. Section 2-615/2-619 Dismissal and Sufficiency of Evidence

Separate from laches, the court reviewed the sufficiency of plaintiff's allegations and the effect of evidence produced in discovery. The court found that deposition testimony and documentary evidence compiled by defendants indicated a transfer of Senese's stock to Expressway and that plaintiff had not produced sufficient contrary evidence to sustain the claims. Thus, plaintiff's pleading failures and lack of supporting evidence justified dismissal under sections 2-615 (failure to state a cause) and 2-619 (affirmative matter barring suit), as applied by the trial court. The appellate court agreed with the trial court's assessment on these points.

4. Sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 137

The trial court imposed sanctions and attorney fees finding the second amended complaint frivolous and unsupported, noting absence of explanation for delay, discovery evidence indicating the 1960 transfer, failure to join Expressway as an indispensable party, and lack of factual support for fraud allegations. The appellate court reviewed the purposes and standards for Rule 137 (which penalizes pleadings not grounded in fact or law but is not intended to punish mere lack of success). Although the appellate court agreed that plaintiff failed to provide an adequate excuse for delay, it held that the filing of the second amended complaint could have been based on a good-faith belief that additional information might support the claims. Accordingly, the court found the imposition of sanctions an abuse of discretion and reversed the sanctions and the fee award.

5. Cross-Appeal Issues (Substitution, Discovery Sanctions, Fee Reduction)

- Substitution of the executrix: Under section 2-1008(b) the court has discretion to permit substitution following a party's death; the statutory 90-day filing period is permissive ("may" dismiss). Applying Sickler and related authority, the appellate court found no record showing prejudice to defendants from the delayed substitution and affirmed the trial court's allowance of substitution.

- Denial of defendants' motion to strike interrogatory answers and dismiss as sanction: The court emphasized that dismissal is a drastic remedy reserved for deliberate and contumacious discovery misconduct. Because the trial court had issued remedial orders (ordering plaintiff to answer within 21 days) and the record did not show a pattern of deliberate refusal, the appellate court concluded dismissal was unwarranted and affirmed the trial court's denial of the motion to strike and dismiss.

- Reduction of attorney fees: Because the appellate court reversed the underlying Rule 137 sanctions, it also reversed the award of attorney fees and costs that had been predicated on those sanctions.

Holding and Implications

AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.

The court's specific rulings and their immediate consequences for the parties are:

The trial court's orders limiting discovery beyond the January 4, 1960 transaction were affirmed because plaintiff was not prejudiced by those limitations given the discovery that occurred.
The dismissal of plaintiff's second amended complaint was affirmed on laches grounds (the court found plaintiff's long delay, absence of a reasonable excuse, and resultant prejudice to defendants barred the claim). The court also agreed that plaintiff lacked sufficient evidence to sustain the claims under sections 2-615 and 2-619.
The trial court's imposition of sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 137 and its award of attorney fees and costs to defendants were reversed; the appellate court held the sanctions constituted an abuse of discretion in the circumstances.
The trial court's allowance of substitution of the executrix was affirmed; the court found no prejudice from the untimely substitution and that substantial justice was served.
The trial court's denial of defendants' motion to strike plaintiff's interrogatory answers and to dismiss as a discovery sanction was affirmed; dismissal was deemed a disproportionate remedy here.

Implications: The decision resolves the parties' dispute primarily by applying equitable laches to bar the plaintiff's long-delayed shareholder claim while protecting litigants from the imposition of Rule 137 sanctions where a pleading may have been filed in good faith despite its ultimate failure. The opinion does not purport to establish new legal precedent beyond applying established standards for laches, discovery discretion, pleading sufficiency, substitution after death, and Rule 137 sanctions.

Disposition: Affirmed in part; reversed in part.

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SADIE MARY SENESE, as Ex'x of the Estate of Dominic J. Senese, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CLIMATEMP, INC., et al., Defendants-Appellees.

PRESIDING JUSTICE COUSINS delivered the opinion of the court:

Plaintiff, Dominic J. Senese, brought suit against defendants Climatemp, Inc. (Climatemp), John W. Comforte, Thomas E. Comforte and Victor Comforte. Plaintiff alleged that he owned stock in Broadway Sheet Metal Works, which later became Climatemp, and agreed to sell his stock in the company but never consummated that agreement. Specifically, plaintiff alleged breach of contract and violations under the Uniform Commercial Code — Investment Securities Act ( 810 ILCS 5/8-101 et seq. (West 1992)) and the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act ( 815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 1992)). In addition, plaintiff sought a constructive trust, mandamus and an accounting.

Plaintiff appeals from the trial courts decision granting defendants motion to dismiss based on sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure ( 735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 1992)), and from earlier orders in which the trial court denied plaintiff's motion to compel production of documents and to require defendants to answer deposition questions. Plaintiff also appeals from the trial court's award of sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 137 (134 Ill.2d R. 137).

On appeal, plaintiff contends that: (1) the trial court's denial of plaintiff's discovery requests concerning the "bona fides" of the alleged stock transaction was reversible error; (2) the trial court erred in granting defendants' motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure ( 735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 1992)) based upon standing, laches, statute of limitations and the Uniform Stock Transfer Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1959, ch. 32, par. 416 et seq.); (3) the trial court's dismissal of the second amended complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure ( 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 1992)) was reversible error; and (4) the trial court abused its discretion in granting defendants' motion for sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 137 (134 Ill.2d R. 137).

Defendants cross-appeal and contend that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by granting plaintiff's motion to substitute the executrix and failing to dismiss the action for plaintiff's failure to comply with statutory time limits; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by denying the defendants' motion to strike plaintiff's answer to defendants' first set of interrogatories and dismiss plaintiff's complaint with prejudice as a sanction; and (3) the trial court abused its discretion by reducing the amount of attorney fees awarded to defendants.

BACKGROUND

On September 20, 1989, plaintiff, claiming shareholder status, filed a complaint for mandamus to compel production of the corporate minute books and shareholder records of Climatemp and for other relief. Plaintiff alleged that he was a stockholder of Climatemp.

Climatemp, an Illinois corporation engaged in the heating and ventilating business, was originally known as Broadway Sheet Metal Works, Inc. (Broadway), and was incorporated as an Illinois corporation on May 1, 1958. The name of the corporation was changed to Climatemp, Inc., on February 2, 1960. The original incorporators and shareholders of the company were L. Anton Moody, Victor Comforte and Dominic Senese.

In his first amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that, in 1960, Victor Comforte and Dominic Senese contemplated transferring their respective shares in the corporation to Expressway Terminals (Expressway) in order to obtain borrowing ability and business credibility. Anthony Sicilia, the president of Expressway, was a good friend of both Victor and Dominic. Plaintiff alleged that he, Victor and Anthony signed a letter of intent to proceed with the sale. The letter of intent provided that Expressway would pay an initial payment and then 10 equal installments, with the purchase to be completed in 10 years. The letter of intent also provided that a formal complaint relating to the purchase, with arrangements for holding the shares of stock in escrow, would be drawn up and executed no later than May 1, 1960. Plaintiff alleged that he still owned his stock in Climatemp because no formal contract or escrow agreement was ever created and that he was never paid for his stock.

Defendants maintained that plaintiff was an original shareholder of the company but sold his shares in the company to Expressway. Defendants argued that plaintiff was not a shareholder of record and, therefore, had no right to inspect the corporation's books and records. Along with motions to dismiss, defendants filed an affidavit by corporate treasurer Thomas E. Comforte denying plaintiff's stock ownership. With subsequent motions, defendants presented several exhibits that purported to establish that Dominic Senese had sold his stock to Expressway on January 4, 1960. Defendants' exhibits included: the letter of intent signed by Victor Comforte, Dominic Senese and Anthony Sicilia; Dominic Senese's unsigned stock certificate number 3 for stock in Broadway that was issued to Senese on May 3, 1958, and had the word "cancelled" handwritten on its face; a corporate ledger memorializing a transfer of 50 shares from Dominic Senese to Expressway that contained three names that were crossed out; and an undated but signed assignment separate from the certificate assigning Dominic Senese's shares in Broadway to Expressway. The trial court dismissed plaintiff's amended complaint and plaintiff appealed.

In Senese v. Climatemp, Inc., 222 Ill. App.3d 302, 582 N.E.2d 1180 (1991), the appellate court reached several conclusions. The appellate court concluded, inter alia, that no exhibit established whether the parties actually completed the sale of Dominic Senese's shares in Climatemp as no exhibit demonstrated that the conditions precedent set forth in the letter of intent ( i.e., to pay an initial payment of $1,000 and the balance over 10 years; to draw up a formal contract by May 1, 1960; and to have the stock held in escrow until the sale was complete) were satisfied. 222 Ill. App.3d at 312. The appellate court therefore held that the trial court erred by relying on the exhibits in plaintiff's complaint and finding them dispositive of the issue of plaintiff's shareholder status. 222 Ill. App.3d at 312.

The appellate court also concluded that the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff's claim for a constructive trust but remanded the case so plaintiff could be allowed to amend following what the appellate court referred to as "limited discovery." 222 Ill. App.3d at 315. The court stated in pertinent part:

"Plaintiff has alleged a fraud occurred in which defendants participated, and has alleged that the corporate officers and directors breached their fiduciary duty and participated in a fraud perpetrated on plaintiff. * * *

* * * [P]laintiff has not alleged he notified the corporation directors and officers at any time to put them on notice that Expressway Terminals, Inc., was improperly claiming shareholder rights nor has he alleged any facts to support his allegation that corporate officers and directors somehow participated in his lack of stockholder status. * * *

* * * Plaintiff alleged merely that he owned stock and Victor Comforte now contends he does not. Fraud must be proven; it cannot be presumed. [Citation.] Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts in support of a fraud which would merit imposition of a constructive trust but should be permitted discovery and the opportunity then to amend his complaint to correct its deficiencies." 222 Ill. App.3d at 315-16.

The appellate court also responded to defendants' argument that laches barred plaintiff's complaint. Citing People ex rel. Casey v. Health Hospitals Governing Comm'n, 69 Ill.2d 108, 370 N.E.2d 499 (1977), the court concluded that plaintiff should be given an opportunity to amend his complaint to set forth a valid excuse to explain the obvious delay in pursuing his claim. The appellate court also held that the trial court erroneously barred plaintiff from engaging in discovery as to the documents presented by defendants. The appellate court stated in pertinent part:

"We find the trial judge committed such an error here. Plaintiff alleged he was a stockholder and defendants denied the stock ownership. Exhibits attached to both plaintiff's amended complaint and defendants' answer included altered stock certificates, changed corporate records, strike marks over several official documents and other inconsistencies which beg for a clearer explanation. The purpose of discovery is to enable counsel to better prepare and evaluate their case. [Citation.] We believe limited discovery will cast light on unclear portions of the complaint and on the circumstances surrounding the creation of the challenged exhibits." 222 Ill. App.3d at 320.

Dominic Senese died on January 29, 1992. On March 9, 1993, the trial court granted Sadie Mary Senese's motion for substitution as plaintiff. Thereafter, following the appellate court's directive in Senese, the parties commenced discovery. A number of documents were produced. Several parties were deposed, including: Victor Comforte, defendant and chairman of Climatemp; John Comforte, defendant and president of Climatemp; Thomas Comforte, defendant and corporate secretary of Climatemp; Harold Tsukuno, Dominic Senese's personal accountant; and Thomas Roche, former corporate counsel to Climatemp and Dominic Senese's estate planning counsel. In addition, several of Dominic Senese's personal friends and his personal attorney were deposed. Of particular relevance to the issues presented were the depositions of Victor Comforte and Thomas Roche.

Victor Comforte is the only surviving witness to the meetings in 1960 that allegedly resulted in the transfer of Dominic Senese's stock. In his deposition, Victor testified that, in 1959, the corporation lost business as the result of negative publicity surrounding an investigation of the corporation by the United States Department of Defense. Victor and Dominic transferred their shares of Climatemp to Expressway in order to raise an infusion of capital for the corporation. Victor also testified that, initially, he and Dominic considered selling their shares to L. Anton Moody, the president of Broadway at the time, C.R. James, an employee at Broadway at the time, and R. Konicheck, the corporation's bookkeeper at the time. However, the proposed sale was halted as it was determined that the sale of the shares to these three would not remedy the corporation's financial crisis. Thus, Victor and Dominic turned to their mutual friend, Anthony Sicilia, who, at that time, was the president of Expressway. Victor testified that both he and Dominic sold their shares in Broadway to Expressway and were paid in full in 2 1/2 years with corporate checks from Expressway. Victor had no further affiliation with Climatemp until he returned to the corporation as an employee in 1963.

Thomas Roche was an associate attorney with the law firm of Halfpenny Hahn in the 1960s, and he worked under Harold Halfpenny as corporate counsel for Climatemp through 1975. Thereafter, Roche no longer represented Climatemp but was Dominic Senese's estate planning counsel. Roche testified in his deposition that he destroyed all of Halfpenny Hahn's files regarding Climatemp sometime in the 1980s even though he knew at the time that Dominic Senese claimed an ownership interest in Climatemp. Roche also testified that, in the 1960s, he followed a typical procedure to cancel and transfer ownership of a stock. He would cancel the certificate, keep track of the stock's history sheet and issue a new certificate when requested. He would also write "cancelled" across the face of the certificate. Regarding Dominic Senese's share of stock in Climatemp, Roche identified his handwriting of the word "cancelled" across the face of Dominic Senese's stock certificate number 3 and testified that he would not have cancelled the shares if he had believed the transfer was invalid. Roche also testified that he was not aware of any fraud connected to the transfer of Senese's stock.

In addition to the depositions, defendants also produced: an assignment separate from certificate that transferred Victor Comforte's shares to Expressway; resignations of Victor Comforte and Dominic Senese from the board of directors of Broadway; corporate ledgers indicating the transfer of Dominic Senese's stock to Expressway; and various board meeting minutes and annual reports that indicated that Dominic Senese was never an officer or director of Climatemp after 1960.

During discovery, plaintiff filed various motions to compel production of documents and defendants filed various motions attacking plaintiff's discovery responses. As a result, the trial court barred discovery of information unrelated to the January 4, 1960, transaction or Dominic Senese's alleged ownership in Climatemp.

Plaintiff filed her second amended complaint on January 13 1995. Defendants filed motions to dismiss the complaint pursuant to sections 2-619 and 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure ( 735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 1992)). In their section 2-619 motion to dismiss, defendants argued that the evidence elicited in discovery conclusively showed that Dominic Senese was no longer a shareholder of Climatemp and that the claims asserted in the second amended complaint were barred by laches and the applicable statutes of limitations. Defendants' section 2-615 motion to dismiss pointed out the legal deficiencies in each of the plaintiff's claims. The trial court granted defendants' motions to dismiss on all grounds and dismissed plaintiff's second amended complaint with prejudice. Thereafter, defendants moved for sanctions against plaintiff under Supreme Court Rule 137. 134 Ill.2d R. 137. The trial court granted defendants' request for sanctions and directed defendants to file their petition for fees. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court awarded attorney fees to defendants in the amount of $30,000 and costs of $1,421.50.

We affirm in part and reverse in part.

ANALYSIS I

Plaintiff first contends that the trial court erroneously denied plaintiff's discovery requests. On December 29, 1993, plaintiff filed a motion to compel production of documents. The motion asserted that defendants willfully failed to provide conclusive documentation of Dominic Senese's sale of stock. Plaintiff sought evidence such as payment records or directions to an escrow agent regarding the delivery of stock to Expressway. In an agreed order, defendants agreed to produce all documents and answer all deposition questions relating to Victor Comforte's transfer of shares in Climatemp. However, in two separate orders, the trial court denied plaintiff's motion in all other respects and ruled that the parties could not engage in discovery or ask deposition questions about information unrelated to the January 4, 1960, transaction or Dominic Senese's alleged ownership in Climatemp.

Without citation to authority, plaintiff now argues that the trial court erred in prohibiting discovery of events that occurred after January 4, 1960. Plaintiff argues that such information was relevant in that payouts to Dominic Senese for his stock were to have been executed in installment payments over a 10-year period and Victor Comforte testified that he received his payments over a 2 1/2-year period. Plaintiff contends that defendants refused to explain what happened with Victor Comforte's stock after January 4, 1960, and refused to state what happened after Dominic Senese's stock was purportedly transferred to Expressway.

Defendants respond that they produced all relevant and existing information concerning Expressway's purchase of stock from Dominic Senese and Victor Comforte in 1960. Defendants also contend that information such as purchasers of Climatemp's shares after 1960 are outside the scope of the "limited discovery" directed by the appellate court in Senese and that the trial court properly restricted discovery to matters related to the January 4, 1960, transaction.

Supreme Court Rule 214 confers wide discretion on the trial judge in control of pretrial discovery. 134 Ill.2d R. 214; Elmore v. Blume, 31 Ill. App.3d 643, 648, 334 N.E.2d 431 (1975). Our review of the record shows that, despite the court's order, plaintiff received a substantial amount of information about events that occurred years after 1960. In particular, both Victor Comforte and Thomas Roche were questioned extensively in their depositions about a variety of issues spanning from 1958 to the mid 1980s. Thus, we cannot see how plaintiff was prejudiced by the trial court's order denying her motion to compel. See Elmore, 31 Ill. App.3d at 648. We therefore affirm the orders of the trial court denying plaintiff's motion to compel.

We will next address the issue of laches as it is dispositive of plaintiff's appeal. Plaintiff contends that the trial court erroneously dismissed the second amended complaint based on laches. Laches is an equitable principle that bars an action where, because of delay in bringing suit, a party has been misled or prejudiced or has taken a course of action different from what the party otherwise would have taken. Nancys Home Of the Stuffed Pizza, Inc. v. Cirrincione, 144 Ill. App.3d 934, 940, 494 N.E.2d 795 (1986); Patrick Media Group, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 255 Ill. App.3d 1, 7, 626 N.E.2d 1066 (1993). A defendant must show prejudice or hardship, rather than mere passage of time, and must demonstrate that the delay induced the party to adversely change its position. Patrick, 255 Ill. App.3d at 7. Furthermore, to raise the defense of laches the party must plead that the opposing party had prior knowledge of the facts giving rise to the claim ( Patrick, 255 Ill. App.3d at 7; Zegers v. Zegers, Inc., 38 Ill. App.3d 546, 551, 348 N.E.2d 210 (1976)), yet failed to proceed in a timely manner. Senese, 222 Ill. App.3d at 318.

In Senese, defendants argued that plaintiff had failed to set forth a reasonable excuse in his complaint for the delay in bringing suit. 222 Ill. App.3d at 318. Citing People ex rel. Casey v. Health Hospitals Governing Comm'n, 69 Ill.2d 108, 370 N.E.2d 499 (1977), the appellate court held that, where an unreasonable delay appears on the face of a complaint, a plaintiff has an affirmative duty to set forth a valid excuse to explain the delay. Senese, 222 Ill. App.3d at 319. The appellate court concluded that plaintiff had failed to set forth such an excuse but held that plaintiff should be allowed to amend his complaint to allege facts that would explain the delay. 222 Ill. App.3d at 319. Plaintiff now asserts that well-pled facts in the second amended complaint allege that Dominic Senese was not aware that he was not a shareholder of Climatemp until Victor Comforte informed him so at a meeting in the late 1980s. Defendants respond that plaintiffs excuse is inadequate. We agree.

Defendants cite Zegers v. Zegers, Inc., 38 Ill. App.3d 546, 348 N.E.2d 210 (1976), which we believe is instructive. In Zegers, plaintiff was issued shares of stock in the defendant corporation in 1934. In 1938, plaintiff's shares were transferred to a third party on the books and records of the corporation and a new certificate was issued to the new shareholder. 38 Ill. App.3d at 549. More than 30 years later after his initial purchase of the stock in the corporation, the plaintiff brought suit against Zegers, Inc., to determine his shareholder rights and to recover dividends and other funds to which he was allegedly entitled.

The appellate court held that plaintiff's claim was barred by laches. The court rejected plaintiff's contention that he did not learn of the dispute over his shares until he confronted the corporation's president in 1971. 38 Ill. App.3d at 551. The appellate court noted that, even though plaintiff may not have known specific facts regarding his status as a shareholder, the circumstances were such that a reasonable person would be expected to make inquiry regarding the circumstances. 38 Ill. App.3d at 551. The court concluded that the plaintiff made no attempt to assert his right to shareholder status even though he was working for the corporation in a position of authority. The court stated in pertinent part:

"Though the plaintiff may have been justified in not inquiring concerning dividends prior to 1938, while the corporation was apparently struggling, his failure to inquire concerning the lack of dividends and the absence of other communications despite his firsthand observations of the phenomenal growth of the company and the changes in its officers and directors in the next 32 years is inconsistent with his claim that he was an owner." 38 Ill. App.3d at 552-53.

The appellate court also held that the defendants would be prejudiced by plaintiff's failure to assert his claim in that, during the time that had elapsed since plaintiff first purchased his stock, Zegers, Inc., had grown substantially. 38 Ill. App.3d at 555. The corporation had borrowed several million dollars to finance its expansion. The defendants labored, took risks and incurred obligations to insure the success of the company. 38 Ill. App.3d at 555. Furthermore, plaintiff's father and brother, who had been involved in the original issuance and subsequent transfer of the stock, were deceased. The court concluded that the plaintiff's 32-year delay in asserting his shareholder rights and obvious detriment to the defendant caused by the delay barred his claims on the ground of laches. 38 Ill. App.3d at 556.

The facts in Zegers are similar to the facts in the instant case. There is no evidence in the record that plaintiff exercised due diligence to assert his shareholder rights prior to the filing of this lawsuit in 1989. Plaintiff offers no reasonable excuse for not pursuing his claim earlier. Furthermore, we agree with defendants that they would be prejudiced if plaintiff was allowed to pursue his claim. Many records have been destroyed. Plaintiff's estate was unable to locate any documents relating to Climatemp. Roche testified that he destroyed Halfpenny Hahn's remaining records of Climatemp. More importantly, many of the witnesses who had firsthand knowledge of the transfer of Dominic Senese's stock are deceased. Dominic Senese, Anthony Sicilia, the president of Expressway Terminals and the transferee of Dominic's stock, and Harold Halfpenny, corporate counsel to Broadway Sheet Metal Works in 1960, are all deceased. Because of the death of these witnesses, we cannot say that defendants would not be prejudiced. See Zegers, 38 Ill. App.3d at 555; Hull v. Illinois State Bank, 129 Ill. App.2d 203, 262 N.E.2d 603 (1970) (abstract of op.). In addition, For these reasons, we hold that plaintiff's claim is barred by laches.

III

Plaintiff also contends that the trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff's complaint under sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure ( 735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 1992)). Plaintiff argues that her complaint provides well-pled allegations that support the various remedies sought in her complaint. We disagree. In our view, plaintiff has not set forth sufficient evidence to support her allegations. Rather, deposition testimony and the documents produced by defendants indicate that Dominic Senese transferred his stock to Expressway Terminals.

Plaintiff also argues that the trial court abused its discretion in granting defendants' motion for sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 137 (134 Ill.2d R. 137).

In their motion for sanctions against plaintiff, defendants asserted that plaintiff's second amended complaint and motion for summary judgment was frivolous and that plaintiff should have chosen not to proceed with the second amended complaint. The trial court granted defendants' motion. The court agreed with defendants and noted that there was no explanation in plaintiff's second amended complaint for the 30-year delay in plaintiff's initiation of litigation, that the evidence compiled during discovery indicated that Dominic Senese transferred his shares in 1960, and that any claims that Dominic did not learn about the transfer until the mid 1980s were proven false by discovery. The trial court also stated that plaintiff failed to join Expressway Terminals as an indispensable party, as requested by the appellate court, and failed to explain the absence of Expressway Terminals as a party to the suit. The trial court also stated that no facts supported any of the plaintiff's allegations of fraud and that identical fraud allegations had previously been dismissed. The court concluded that sanctions were appropriate under Supreme Court Rule 137 in that the filing of the second amended complaint caused unnecessary delays and increased the cost of litigation.

Supreme Court Rule 137 allows a court to impose sanctions against a party or counsel who files a pleading or motion that is not well grounded in fact, is not warranted by existing law or a good-faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, or is interposed for any improper purpose. 134 Ill.2d R. 137. The purpose of the rule is to prevent abuse of the judicial process by penalizing claimants who bring vexatious and harassing actions based upon unsupported allegations of fact or law. Fremarek v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., 272 Ill. App.3d 1067, 1074, 651 N.E.2d 601 (1995). The rule is not intended to penalize litigants for their lack of success; rather, its aim is to restrict litigants who plead frivolous or false matters without any basis in the law. Fremarek, 272 Ill. App.3d at 1074; Fischer v. Brombolich, 246 Ill. App.3d 660, 664, 616 N.E.2d 743 (1993). The determination of whether to impose sanctions rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and that decision is entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on review absent an abuse of discretion. Bennet Kahnweiler, Inc. v. American National Bank Trust Co., 256 Ill. App.3d 1002, 1007, 628 N.E.2d 426 (1993). A trial court is said to exceed its discretion regarding the imposition of sanctions under Rule 137 only where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by it; if reasonable people would differ as to the propriety of the court's action, a reviewing court cannot say that the trial court exceeded its discretion. Board of Library Trustees v. Cinco Construction, Inc., 276 Ill. App.3d 417, 426, 658 N.E.2d 473 (1995); Lewy v. Koeckritz International, Inc., 211 Ill. App.3d 330, 334, 570 N.E.2d 361 (1991).

In our view, the trial court abused its discretion in granting defendants' motion for sanctions against the plaintiff. We agree with the trial court that plaintiff did not provide an adequate excuse to defendants' defense of laches. However, we cannot say that plaintiff should not have filed her second amended complaint. It is possible that plaintiff filed the complaint pursuant to a good-faith belief that subsequent information would lead to a success on the merits. Plaintiff should not be sanctioned for such a belief. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's orders granting defendants' motion for sanctions.

Our final consideration for review is defendants' cross-appeal in which defendants argue that the trial court abused its discretion by: (1) granting plaintiff's motion to substitute the executrix; (2) denying the defendants' motion to strike plaintiff's answers to defendants' interrogatories and for failing to dismiss plaintiff's complaint accordingly; and (3) by reducing the amount of attorney fees awarded to defendants.

Regarding plaintiff's motion to substitute an executrix, defendants contend that Dominic Senese's death was suggested of record and incorporated by agreement in an order entered by the trial court on May 22, 1992, and that the motion for substitution, although due to be filed within 90 days by August 20, 1992, was not filed until December 8, 1992, which was 200 days after the suggestion of death on the record.

Under section 2-1008(b) of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure ( 735 ILCS 5/2-1008(b) (West 1992)), if a party to an action dies and the action is one that survives, the proper party or parties may be substituted by order of the court upon motion. If a motion to substitute is not filed within 90 days after the death is suggested of record, the statute provides that the action may be dismissed as to the deceased party. 735 ILCS 5/2-1008(b) (West 1992). The language of this section uses the permissive "may" rather than the mandatory "shall"; therefore, the court has discretion as to whether to dismiss the action. McGill v. Lazzaro, 62 Ill. App.3d 151, 152-53, 279 N.E.2d 16 (1978).

The Illinois Supreme Court has held that, when determining whether there was error in permitting a party substitution under section 2-1008(b), the overriding consideration on appeal is whether substantial justice is being done between the litigants and whether it was reasonable, under the circumstances, to compel the other party to proceed on the merits. Sickler v. National Diary Products Corp., 67 Ill.2d 229, 234, 367 N.E.2d 674 (1977). Thus, the ultimate question on review is whether the trial court properly exercised its discretion in an attempt to serve justice. Baltz v. McCormack, 66 Ill. App.3d 76, 77, 383 N.E.2d 643 (1978). In Sickler, the supreme court reversed an order of dismissal relative to an untimely filed substitution motion. The court analyzed whether "substantial justice" had been done and concluded that, even though the motion to substitute was not timely, the record showed no prejudice to the opposing party because of the delay. Sickler, 67 Ill.2d at 234.

Similarly, in the case sub judice, there is no indication in the record, nor did defendants argue, that they were prejudiced by plaintiff's delay in filing the motion to substitute. We cannot conclude that justice was not served by the trial court's decision or that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the substitution.

Relative to defendants' motion to strike plaintiff's answer to defendants' interrogatories, defendants argue that plaintiff ignored court orders and was allowed to be dilatory and uncooperative in conducting discovery, in violation of Supreme Court Rule 219(c), which allows a trial court to enter a just order where a party unreasonably refuses to comply with discovery or a discovery order (134 Ill.2d R. 219(c)). Defendants argue that the trial court abused its discretion in denying their request to dismiss plaintiff's complaint with prejudice for plaintiff's conduct during discovery. Specifically, defendants argue that plaintiff failed to comply with Supreme Court Rule 213(d) (134 Ill.2d R. 213(d)), which requires a party to serve a sworn answer or an objection to an interrogatory. Defendants point to plaintiff's filing of an unverified response to defendants' first request for production of documents and an unsigned answer to defendants' first set of interrogatories. The trial court characterized the plaintiff's answers as nonresponsive and ordered the plaintiff to answer interrogatories and complete discovery within 21 days. Thereafter, plaintiff filed a verified answer to the interrogatories that defendants contend was evasive and nonresponsive. Defendants moved to strike these answers and requested sanctions. Their motion was denied.

The imposition of sanctions for noncompliance with discovery is a matter generally left to the sound discretion of the trial court, and its decision will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Donner v. Deere Co., 255 Ill. App.3d 837, 841, 628 N.E.2d 1171 (1994). However, the dismissal of an action as a sanction is a drastic remedy that should only be used as a last resort when all other enforcement powers at the court's disposal have failed to advance the litigation. Donner, 255 Ill. App.3d at 841; see also Gallo v. Henke, 107 Ill. App.3d 21, 27, 436 N.E.2d 1068 (1982) (dismissal with prejudice was too drastic after the plaintiff failed to appear for her deposition only once).

Defendants cite Cruz v. Columbus-Cuneo-Cabrini Medical Center, 264 Ill. App.3d 633, 636 N.E.2d 908 (1994), to support their position that dismissal with prejudice would have been an appropriate sanction for plaintiffs' failure to comply with discovery orders. In Cruz, the plaintiffs failed to appear at two hearings, failed to comply with four discovery orders, failed to file a timely motion to vacate and then failed to pursue that motion within a reasonable time. The appellate court characterized plaintiffs' conduct as a pattern of neglect and disregard for the court's authority and upheld the trial court's dismissal of the plaintiffs' complaint as a sanction for the plaintiffs' noncompliance. The appellate court noted that, although dismissal with prejudice can be a drastic sanction in some cases, it will be appropriate when a party demonstrates unwarranted disregard for a court's authority or when a party exhibits "deliberate and contumacious disregard for discovery orders." 264 Ill. App.3d at 645.

Cruz is inapposite to the instant case. Here, we cannot say that plaintiff's alleged conduct demonstrated a deliberate disregard for the court. Moreover, the trial court had sufficient means at its disposal by which to advance the litigation as was evidenced by the court's order to plaintiff to answer defendants' interrogatories and complete discovery within 21 days. We cannot see how this order did not remedy the situation. Therefore, we affirm the trial court's order denying defendants' motion to strike plaintiff's answers to interrogatories and requesting sanctions.

Finally, we see no need to address defendants' contention that the trial court abused it discretion in its award to defendants of attorney fees for Supreme Court Rule 137 sanctions. We have reversed the trial court's order of sanctions against the plaintiff. Accordingly, we reverse that part of the trial court's order granting attorney fees to defendants in the amount of $31,421.59.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

GORDON and LEAVITT, JJ., concur.

SENESE v. CLIMATEMP, INC