ORDER
PER CURIAM.
The mandate in this cause issued by this Court on November 19, 2010, is hereby withdrawn. It is ordered December 3, 2010.
e amount he claimed was in the form of outstanding credit card tips. (Vuckovic Test., August 24, 2010.) Vuckovic confirmed this. (
Id.) The spreadsheets tracking outstanding credit card tips show that defendants owed several plaintiffs thousands of dollars. (
See Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C.) Additionally, while plaintiffs still worked for defendants, defendants gave them print-outs showing how much defendants owed them. (
See, e.g., Ventura Aff. ¶ 12; Ippolito Test., August 24, 2010.) Defendants' pay practices were widespread and indiscriminate. It is reasonable to presume the validity of the amounts plaintiffs claim, absent conflicting evidence in the record. In addition to
providing estimates of plaintiffs' damages that the Court cannot validate, defendants have challenged plaintiffs' claims by making an unsubstantiated assertion that they had fully paid their employees at the time they shut down operations at Galileo and opened Bebo. But nearly every plaintiff claims unpaid wages for the time he or she worked at Bebo. Thus, defendants' assertion that their employees were paid in full when Bebo opened is irrelevant.
The paychecks plaintiffs submitted represent unpaid wages because they were not signed by defendants and could not be cashed. ( See Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C.) There is nothing in the record that indicates that defendants reissued checks or otherwise remedied the paychecks' deficiencies. Some plaintiffs have both claimed unpaid wages in their affidavits and submitted paychecks that they could not cash. In these cases, unless otherwise noted in this Court's discussion of individual plaintiff's damages, because the Court cannot determine the composition of the "wages" plaintiffs claim in their affidavits, the Court will only award the amount claimed in the affidavit. The Court thereby does not risk awarding the same unpaid wages twice. Where the Court can award the unpaid wages represented in paychecks that could not be cashed, the Court will award plaintiffs the hourly rate defendants paid them for each hour they estimated working during the respective pay period.
D. Liquidated Damages
Both the FLSA and DCWPCL have liquidated damages provisions that apply here. The FLSA provides that an employer who violates the FLSA's minimum wage, equal pay, or overtime provisions "shall be liable to the employee or employees affected in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation, as the case may be, and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages." 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Liquidated damages are not, however, mandatory in all FLSA cases:
[I]f the employer shows to the satisfaction of the court that the act or omission giving rise to such action was in good faith and that he had reasonable grounds for believing that his act or omission was not a violation of the [FLSA] . . . the court may, in its sound discretion, award no liquidated damages or award any amount thereof not to
exceed the amount specified in section 216 of this title.
29 U.S.C. § 260 (2006).
This Circuit has consistently emphasized that 29 U.S.C. § 260 requires more than a showing of good faith. In Thomas v. Howard Univ. Hosp., 39 F.3d 370, 373 (D.C. Cir. 1994), the Court of Appeals distinguished good faith from the "reasonableness" discussed in § 260, noting that "liability for liquidated damages follows, unless the employer has a certain kind of excuse — a reasonable belief that its acts or omissions did not violate the law." The Court went on to emphasize that "[i]n most instances an employer will be able to satisfy § 260's `reasonable grounds' requirement only if it has relied on a reasonable, albeit erroneous, interpretation of the [FLSA] or the regulations issued thereunder." Id.
In the instant case, defendants have offered no explanation as to why this Court should not award liquidated damages. They have not suggested that they believed they were in compliance with the FLSA, let alone given any reason for their noncompliance. Because defendants have not met their burden, the Court will award plaintiffs full liquidated damages under the FLSA.
The DCWPCL's liquidated damages clause only applies when employers fail to pay former employees the amounts owed to them. D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). In addition to amounts owed, employers must also pay "10 per centum of the unpaid wages for each working day during which such failure shall continue after the day upon which payment is hereunder required, or an amount equal to the unpaid wages, whichever is smaller." Id. In the instant case, the later calculation represents the smaller liquidated damages award. Finally, unlike the FLSA, the DCWPCL contains no good faith exception. Thus, the plaintiffs to whom defendants owe outstanding wages are entitled to twice those wages under the DCWPCL's liquidated damages provision.
E. Consequential Damages and Prejudgment Interest
Plaintiffs also seek consequential damages and prejudgment interest, but neither is available under the FLSA or DCWPCL. As discussed above, the FLSA provides that for violations of its minimum wage and maximum hour provisions, plaintiffs may recover "the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their overtime compensation . . ., and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages." 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). The statute also provides that a court shall "allow a reasonable attorney's fee to be paid by the defendant, and costs of the action." Id.
Although Congress did not expressly state that § 216(b)'s remedies are exclusive, most courts have interpreted them as being so. See, e.g., Carter v. Marshall, 457 F. Supp. 38, 40-41 (D.D.C. 1978) (finding that "[b]ecause the [FLSA] specifically outlines the type of relief available and also provides for liquidated damages, it appears that Congress intended the relief provided to be exclusive"); Lerwill v. Inflight Motion Pictures, Inc., 343 F. Supp. 1027, 1028-29 (N.D. Cal. 1972) ("It should not require resort to Latin maxims of construction to show that the provision of one detailed remedy, which necessarily works to define the substantive right to be enforced, would exclude the possibility of alternative remedies in the absence of a clear showing that Congress intended such alternatives to be provided by judicial construction").
Furthermore, in Brooklyn Sav. Bank v. O'Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 715 (1945), the Supreme Court held that plaintiffs cannot not recover prejudgment interest under § 216(b) because the award of liquidated damages already serves to compensate them for damages arising from delayed payment. Although the Portal-to-Portal Act, Pub.L. No. 80-49, 61 Stat. 84 (codified at 29 U.S.C. § 260 (2006)), signed into law after O'Neil, made liquidated damages discretionary, it has been the practice of courts in this Circuit to deny prejudgment interest under § 216(b) when a court awards a plaintiff the maximum amount of liquidated damages. See Lopez v. Rodriguez, 688 F.2d 1376, 1381 n. 10 (D.C. Cir. 1981); Harrison v. District of Columbia, 674 F. Supp. 34, 36 (D.D.C. 1987).
The DCWPCL uses similarly restrictive language when disclosing its remedies. Aggrieved employees may bring an action under the DCWPCL "to recover unpaid wages and liquidated damages." D.C. Code § 32-1308(a). The DCWPCL later provides, however, that "in addition to any judgment awarded to the plaintiff" a court shall "allow costs of the action, including costs or fees of any nature, and reasonable attorney's fees, to be paid by the defendant." Id. § 32-1308(b). The Court has found no legislative history or case law that contradicts what is apparent on the face of the DCWPCL — that the remedies provided therein are exclusive.
Because the remedies provided in the FLSA and DCWPCL are exclusive, plaintiffs' claims for prejudgment interest and consequential damages will be denied.
F. Damages for Individual plaintiffs
i. Igor Vuckovic
Vuckovic worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for ninety-seven weeks between January 2007 and November 2008. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 1.) He worked an average of forty-eight hours per week and earned $2.13 per hour. ( Id.; Vuckovic Aff. ¶ 4.) Over Vuckovic's ninety-seven weeks of employment, there were three different federal minimum wage rates. From January 2007 to July 23, 2007 — approximately twenty-nine weeks — the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour; from July 24, 2007, until July 23, 2008 — approximately fifty-two weeks — the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour; from July 24, 2008, until November 2008 — approximately sixteen weeks — the federal minimum wage was $6.55 per hour. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(a). For the first forty hours that Vuckovic worked each week ("regular hours"), because defendants improperly took a tip credit against Vuckovic's wages, Vuckovic is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid him. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 1-1 lays out Vuckovic's minimum wage damages.
Table 1-1: Vuckovic Minimum Wage Damages January 2007 — July 23, 2007 (($5.15 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 29 weeks) $3,503.20 July 24, 2007 — July 23, 2008 (($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 52 weeks) $7,737.60 July 24, 2008 — November 2008 (($6.55 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 16 weeks) $2,828.80 Total Unpaid Minimum Wage $14,069.60 Defendants failed to pay Vuckovic overtime wages for the overtime hours he worked. (Vuckovic Aff. ¶ 4.) Because defendants could not claim a tip credit and were thus required to pay Vuckovic the minimum wage, Vuckovic is entitled to the overtime rate for minimum wage earners, less the $2.13 rate defendants paid him, for each overtime hour that he worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). For the three different minimum wage time periods that he worked, the overtime rate for minimum wage earners was $7.73, $8.78, and $9.83 per hour, respectively. See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 206(a), 207(a)(1). Table 1-2 below lays out his overtime damages. Table 1-2: Vuckovic Overtime Damages January 2007 — July 23, 2007 (($7.73 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 29 weeks) $1,299.20 July 24, 2007 — July 23, 2008 (($8.78 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 52 weeks) $2,766.40 July 24, 2008 — November 2008 (($9.83 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 16 weeks) $985.60 Total Unpaid Overtime $5,051.20 Vuckovic stated in his affidavit that defendants owed him $12,000 in wages. (Vuckovic Aff. ¶ 13.) As noted, Vuckovic later confirmed that this amount was in the form of unpaid credit card tips. (Vuckovic Test., August 4, 2010.) Vuckovic is entitled to this amount under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. Vuckovic has also submitted copies of two paychecks that he was unable to cash because they were not signed. ( See Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C.) Each paycheck covered a two-week pay period. ( See Comp. Ex. D.) Because he worked for forty-eight hours per week, the two checks represent 192 hours. At the rate of $2.13 per hour, Vuckovic is entitled to the $408.96 he should have received for the pay periods represented by the two paychecks he could not cash. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. Because Vuckovic claims only outstanding credit card tips in his affidavit, there is no danger that the Court is awarding him the same unpaid wages by awarding him damages for both the amount claimed in his affidavit and the amount represented by the two paychecks he submitted.
48 hours × 4 weeks
$2.13 × 192 hours
Vuckovic is entitled to liquidated damages in an amount equal to his damages under both the FLSA and DCWPCL. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). Table 1-3 lays out Vuckovic's total damages. Table 1-3: Vuckovic Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $14,069.60 Unpaid Overtime $5,051.20 Unpaid Credit Card Tips (DCWPCL) $12,000.00 Other Unpaid Wages (DCWPCL) $408.96 Subtotal $31,529.76 Liquidated Damages $31,529.76 Total $63,059.52 ii. Arturo Ramos
Ramos worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for forty-four weeks from September 1, 2007, to July 11, 2008. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 2.) He worked an average of forty-eight hours per week and earned $2.13 per hour. ( Id.; Ramos Aff. ¶ 7.) Over the course of his employment with defendants, the minimum wage was $5.85 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $8.78 per hour). See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 206(a), 207(a)(1). Because defendants improperly took a tip credit against Ramos's wages, Ramos is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid him. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Because he worked forty regular hours over forty-four weeks, defendants owe Ramos $6,547.20 for unpaid minimum wage damages. Additionally, defendants never paid Ramos at the overtime rate for minimum wage earners for the eight overtime hours he worked per week. (Ramos Aff. ¶ 8.) He is therefore entitled to $6.65 per hour for each overtime hour he worked, totaling $2,340.80 in unpaid overtime damages. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b).
($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 44 weeks.
$8.78 — $2.13
($8.78 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 44 weeks
Finally, Ramos testified that defendants owed him $9,000 in unpaid credit card tips, an amount that defendants did not challenge during cross-examination. (Ramos Test., August 4, 2010.) Ramos is entitled to these damages under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. Ramos may also recover liquidated damages in an amount equal to his damages under both the FLSA and DCWPCL. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). Table 2-1 lays out his total damages. Table 2-1: Ramos Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $6,547.20 Unpaid Overtime $2,340.80 Other Unpaid Wages (DCWPCL) $9,000.00 Subtotal $17,888.00 Liquidated Damages $17,888.00 Total $35,776.00 iii. Bisera Romic
Romic worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for eighteen weeks from July 2008 to October 27, 2008. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 2). During that time, he worked an average of forty-eight hours per week. ( Id.) Although Romic does not provide his hourly rate, the Court may reasonably infer that defendants paid him the same $2.13 hourly rate as other servers at Bebo. ( See Defs.' Hr'g Ex. 1, August 24, 2010.) During the course of Romic's employment with defendants, there were two federal minimum wage rates. From July 1, 2008, to July 23, 2008 — approximately three weeks — the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $8.78 per hour); from July 24, 2008, to October 27, 2008 — approximately fifteen weeks — the federal minimum wage was $6.55 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $9.83 per hour). See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 206(a), 207(a)(1). Because defendants improperly took a tip credit against Romic's wages, Romic is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid him. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 3-1 lays out his minimum wage damages. Table 3-1: Romic Minimum Wage Damages July 1, 2008 — July 23, 2008 (($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 3 weeks) $446.40 July 24, 2008 — October 27, 2008 (($6.55 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 15 weeks) $2,652.00 Total Unpaid Minimum Wage $3,098.40 Because defendants failed to pay Romic overtime wages (Romic Aff. ¶ 8), he is entitled to the overtime rate for federal minimum wage earners, less the $2.13 rate defendants paid him, for each overtime hour that he worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 3-2 lays out his overtime damages. Table 3-2: Romic Overtime Damages July 1, 2008 — July 23, 2008 (($8.78 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 3 weeks) $159.60 July 24, 2008 — October 27, 2008 (($9.83 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 15 weeks) $924.00 Total Unpaid Overtime $1,083.60 Although Romic stated in his affidavit that he did not receive any credit card tips, he did not state how much defendants owe him. ( See Romic Aff. ¶ 6.) Additionally, he is not listed on the credit card tip reports that plaintiffs submitted. ( See Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C.) Because the Court has no way to assess the amount of credit card tips defendants owe Romic, and because Romic has made no other claim for outstanding wages, the Court will not award him damages under the DCWPCL.
Romic is entitled to liquidated damages in an amount equal to his damages under the minimum wage and overtime provisions of the FLSA. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 3-3 lays out his total damages. Table 3-3: Romic Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $3,098.40 Unpaid Overtime $1,083.60 Subtotal $4,182.00 Liquidated Damages $4,182.00 Total $8,364.00 iv. Tulga Dorjgotov
Dorjgotov worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for thirty-two weeks, from April 2008 to November 5, 2008. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 1.) Over that time, he worked forty-eight hours per week. ( Id.) Although he does not provide his hourly rate, the Court can reasonably infer that defendants paid him the same $2.13 rate they paid other servers at Bebo. ( See Defs.' Hr'g Ex. 1, August 24, 2010.) While Dorjgotov worked for defendants, there were two federal minimum wage rates. From April 1, 2008, until July 23, 2008 — approximately sixteen weeks — the minimum wage was $5.85 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $8.78 per hour); from July 24, 2008, to November 5, 2008 — approximately sixteen weeks — the minimum wage was $6.55 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $9.83 per hour). See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 206(a), 207(a)(1). Because defendants improperly took a tip credit against Dorjgotov's wages, Dorjgotov is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid him. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 4-1 lays out his minimum wage damages. Table 4-1: Dorjgotov Minimum Wage Damages April 1, 2008 — July 23, 2008 (($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 16 weeks) $2,380.80 July 24, 2008 — November 5, 2008 (($6.55 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 16 weeks) $2,828.80 Total Unpaid Minimum Wage $5,209.60 Unlike the other plaintiffs, Dorjgotov has not asserted that defendants failed to pay him overtime wages. Because he has effectively made no claim for unpaid overtime wages, the Court will not award him overtime damages for the eight overtime hours per week that he worked.
Dorjgotov has also failed to stipulate as to other unpaid wages defendants still owe him, and he has not provided copies of paychecks that he was unable to cash. Thus, he is not entitled to additional damages under the DCWPCL. His damages are therefore limited to unpaid minimum wage damages under the FLSA and an equal amount in liquidated damages. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 4-2 lays out Dorjgotov's total damages. Table 4-2: Dorjgotov Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $5,209.60 Liquidated Damages $5,209.60 Total $10,419.20 v. Mohamed Douah
Douah worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for seventy-four weeks, from October 2006 to February 24, 2008. (Pls. Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 3.) Over that time, he worked forty-eight hours per week and earned $2.13 per hour. ( Id.; see Compl. Ex. D.) While Douah worked for defendants, there were two federal minimum wage rates. From October 2006 until July 23, 2007 — approximately forty-two weeks — the minimum wage was $5.15 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $7.73 per hour); from July 24, 2007, to February 24, 2008 — approximately thirty-two weeks — the minimum wage was $5.85 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $8.78 per hour). See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 206(a), 207(a)(1). Because defendants improperly took a tip credit against Douah's wages, Douah is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid him. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 5-1 lays out his minimum wage damages. Table 5-1: Douah Minimum Wage Damages October 2006 — July 23, 2007 (($5.15 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 42 weeks) $5,073.60 July 24, 2007 — February 24, 2008 (($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 32 weeks) $4,761.60 Total Unpaid Minimum Wage $9,835.20 Because defendants failed to pay Douah overtime wages (Douah Aff. ¶ 6), Douah is entitled to the overtime rate for federal minimum wage earners, less the $2.13 rate defendants paid him, for each overtime hour that he worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 5-2 lays out his overtime damages. Table 5-2: Douah Overtime Damages October 2006 — July 23, 2007 (($7.73 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 42 weeks) $1,881.60 July 24, 2007 — February 24, 2008 (($8.78 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 32 weeks) $1,702.40 Total Unpaid Overtime $3,584.00 Douah has also claimed that defendants owe him $16,965.24 in unpaid wages. (Douah Aff. ¶ 11.) But this amount, aside from being markedly greater than the amounts claimed by other plaintiffs, appears inconsistent with the record. Defendants' credit card tip report, dated March 7, 2008, and covering the final time period during which defendants employed Douah, shows that defendants only owed Douah $7,852.65 in unpaid credit card tips. ( See Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C.) The record in no way accounts for the additional $9,112.59 that Douah claims defendants still owe him. If defendants never paid Douah wages, they would owe him an additional $7,565.76. Not only does this amount not fully account for the difference between the credit card tips and the amount Douah claims defendants owe him, but Douah has not claimed that defendants failed to pay him any wages. ( See generally Douah Aff.) Because Douah's claim for outstanding wages is not reasonably related to the claims of his co-plaintiffs, and because it is not independently substantiated by just and reasonable inference from the
$2.13 × 48 hours × 74 weeks
record, the Court will only award him $7,852.65 in unpaid credit card tips under the DCWPCL, as substantiated by defendants' credit card tip reports. See D.C. Code § 32-1303.
Because the Court is awarding the $7,852.65 in unpaid credit card tips based on defendants' credit card tip reports, as opposed to the vague claim for "wages" in Douah's affidavit, the Court can also award Douah damages under the DCWPCL for the three paychecks he submitted that he was unable to cash. ( See Compl. Ex. D.) The biweekly paychecks account for six total weeks. Douah claimed to have worked for forty-eight hours per week and defendants paid him $2.13 per hour. Thus, he may recover $613.44 for the three paychecks he was unable to cash. See D.C. Code § 32-1303.
48 hours × 6 weeks × $2.13
Finally, Douah claims that he had to pay $2,800 in Social Security tax that defendants failed to pay on his behalf. (Douah Aff. ¶ 11.) Douah is not the only plaintiff who claimed that defendants failed to pay taxes on his or her behalf. Scott also testified that defendants, despite withholding income to allegedly pay taxes, also failed to pay those taxes on her behalf. ( See Scott Test., August 4, 2010.) During cross-examination, defendants did not challenge her claim. ( Id.) Under Anderson, this Court is entitled to infer that Scott's testimony sufficiently substantiates Douah's claim that defendants did not pay $2,800 in Social Security taxes on his behalf. Because defendants have made no effort to counter Douah's claim, the Court finds that defendants did not pay $2,800 in Social Security taxes that they withheld. Accordingly, Douah may recover the wrongfully withheld wages under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303.
Douah is entitled to liquidated damages for his damages under both the FLSA and DCWPCL. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). Table 5-3 lays out his total damages. Table 5-3: Douah Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $9,835.20 Unpaid Overtime $3,584.00 Other Unpaid Wages (DCWPCL) ($7,852.65 + $613.44 + $2,800.00) $11,266.09 Subtotal $24,685.29 Liquidated Damages $24,685.29 Total $49,370.58 vi. Carlos Sosaya
Sosaya worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for fifty-two weeks from October 2007 to October 2008. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 3.) Although Sosaya stated in his affidavit that he worked approximately forty-eight hours per week (Sosaya Aff. ¶ 3), plaintiffs later estimated that he only worked forty hours per week (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 3). In this situation, the Court finds highly relevant the timing of Sosaya's affidavit. Sosaya signed and dated his affidavit on April 27, 2010. Plaintiffs appended Sosaya's affidavit to their Motion for Summary Judgment, which they submitted to the Court on May 17, 2010. From May 17, 2010, to July 20, 2010 — the date on which plaintiffs submitted their estimate of damages — neither party in this action submitted any evidence relating to the hours Sosaya worked. In light of these circumstances, the Court will give deference to Sosaya's affidavit and award FLSA damages based on Sosaya's statement that he worked forty-eight hours per week.
Over the course of Sosaya's employment with defendants, there were two minimum wage rates. From October 2007 to July 23, 2008 — approximately forty weeks — the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $8.78 per hour); from July 24, 2008, until Sosaya ceased working for defendants in October 2008 — approximately twelve weeks — the federal minimum wage was $6.55 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $9.83 per hour). See 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(a), 207(a)(1). Because defendants improperly took a tip credit against Sosaya's wages, Sosaya is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid him. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 6-1 lays out his minimum wage damages. Table 6-1: Sosaya Minimum Wage Damages October 2007 — July 23, 2008 (($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 40 weeks) $ 5,952.00 July 24, 2008 — October 2008 (($6.55 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 12 weeks) $ 2,121.60 Total Unpaid Minimum Wage $ 8,073.60 Because defendants failed to pay Sosaya overtime wages (Sosaya Aff. ¶ 7), he may recover the overtime rate for minimum wage earners, less the $2.13 rate defendants paid him, for each overtime hour he worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 6-2 lays out her overtime damages. Table 6-2: Sosaya Overtime Damages October 2007 — July 23, 2008 (($8.78 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 40 weeks) $2,128.00 July 24, 2008 — October 2008 (($9.83 — $2.13) × 8 hours × 12 weeks) $739.20 Total Unpaid Overtime $2,867.20 Sosaya states in his affidavit that defendants owe him $6,000 in unpaid wages. (Sosaya Aff. ¶ 14.) He can recover this amount under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. He is also entitled to liquidated damages in an amount equal to both his DCWPCL and FLSA damages. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). Table 6-3 lays out his total damages. Table 6-3: Sosaya Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $8,073.60 Unpaid Overtime $2,867.20 Other Unpaid Wages (DCWPCL) $6,000.00 Subtotal $16,940.80 Liquidated Damages $16,940.80 Total $33,881.60
vii. Marijana Bosnjak
Bosnjak worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for twenty-seven weeks from July 2008 to December 2008. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 4.) Over that time, she worked sixty hours per week. ( Id.) Although Bosnjak has not provided her hourly rate, the Court can infer that defendants paid Bosnjak the same $2.13 rate they paid other servers at Bebo. ( See Defs.' Hr'g Ex. 1, August 24, 2010.) While Bosnjak worked for defendants, there were two federal minimum wage rates. From July 1, 2008, to July 23, 2008 — approximately three weeks — the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $8.78 per hour); from July 24, 2008, to December 31, 2008 — approximately twenty-four weeks — the federal minimum wage was $6.55 (overtime for minimum wage earners: $9.83 per hour). See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 206(a), 207(a)(1). Because defendants improperly took a $2.13 tip credit against Bosnjak's wages, Bosnjak is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid her for each regular hour worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 7-1 lays out her minimum wage damages. Table 7-1: Bosnjak Minimum Wage Damages July 1, 2008 — July 23, 2008 (($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 3 weeks) $446.40 July 24, 2008 — December 31, 2008 (($6.55 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 24 weeks) $4,243.20 Total Unpaid Minimum Wage $4,689.60 Because defendants also failed to pay Bosnjak overtime wages (Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C, Bosnjak Aff. ¶ 5), Bosnjak may recover the overtime rate for minimum wage earners, less the $2.13 rate defendants paid her, for each overtime hour she worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 7-2 lays out her overtime damages. Table 7-2: Bosnjak Overtime Damages July 1, 2008 — July 23, 2008 (($8.78 — $2.13) × 20 hours × 3 weeks) $399.00 July 24, 2008 — December 31, 2008 (($9.83 — $2.13) × 20 hours × 24 weeks) $3,696.00 Total Unpaid Overtime $4,095.00 Bosnjak also stated that defendants failed to pay her $5,500 in wages. (Bosnjak Aff. ¶ 11.) She can recover this amount under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. Bosnjak is also entitled to recover liquidated damages in an amount equal to the damages awarded under both the FLSA and DCWPCL. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). Table 7-3 lays out her total damages. Table 7-3: Bosnjak Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $4,689.60 Unpaid Overtime $4,095.00 Unpaid Other Wages (DCWPCL) $5,500.00 Subtotal $14,284.60 Liquidated Damages $14,284.60 Total $28,569.20 viii. Dorde Milojevic
Milojevic worked for defendants as a server at Bebo for twenty-two weeks from June 12, 2008, to November 2008. (Pls. Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 4.) He worked sixty hours per week. ( Id.) Although Milojevic has not provided his hourly rate, the Court can infer that defendants paid Milojevic the same $2.13 rate they paid other servers at Bebo. ( See Defs.' Hr'g Ex. 1, August 24, 2010.) While he worked for defendants, there were two federal minimum wage rates. From June 12, 2008, until July 23, 2008 — approximately five weeks — the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour (overtime for minimum wage earners: $8.78 per hour); from July 24, 2008, until November 2008 — approximately seventeen weeks — the federal minimum wage was $6.55 (overtime for minimum wage earners: $9.83 per hour). See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 206(a), 207(a)(1). Because defendants improperly took a $2.13 tip credit against Milojevic's wages, Milojevic is entitled to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $2.13 rate defendants paid him for each regular hour that he worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 8-1 lays out his minimum wage damages. Table 8-1: Milojevic Minimum Wage Damages June 12, 2008 — July 23, 2008 (($5.85 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 5 weeks) $744.00 July 24, 2008 — November 2008 (($6.55 — $2.13) × 40 hours × 17 weeks) $3,005.60 Total Unpaid Minimum Wage $3,749.60 Because defendants failed to pay Milojevic overtime wages (Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C, Milojevic Aff. ¶ 7), he may collect the overtime rate for federal minimum wage earners, less the $2.13 rate defendants paid him, for each overtime hour that he worked. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). Table 8-2 lays out his overtime damages. Table 8-2: Milojevic Overtime Damages June 12, 2008 — July 23, 2008 (($8.78 — $2.13) × 20 hours × 5 weeks) $665.00 July 24, 2008 — November 2008 (($9.83 — $2.13) × 20 hours × 17 weeks) $2,618.00 Total Unpaid Overtime $3,283.00 Milojevic also stated in his affidavit that defendants owed him $6,500 in unpaid wages. (Milojevic Aff. ¶ 14.) He can recover this amount under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. He is also entitled to recover liquidated damages in an amount equal to his damages under both the FLSA and DCWPCL. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). Table 8-3 lays out his total damages. Table 8-3: Milojevic Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $3,749.60 Unpaid Overtime $3,283.00 Unpaid Credit Card Tips (DCWPCL) $6,500.00 Subtotal $13,532.60 Liquidated Damages $13,532.60 Total $27,065.20 ix. Jesus Ventura
As a threshold matter, the Court must determine when Ventura stopped working for defendants. In his affidavit, Ventura states that he ceased working for defendants in December 2006. (Ventura Aff. ¶ 2.) Plaintiffs relied on his statement when estimating Ventura's damages. ( See Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 5.) In their amended complaint, however, plaintiffs state that Ventura worked for defendants until November 2007. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 25-26.) They have also provided a copy of Ventura's time card, dated November 11, 2007, and three paychecks that Ventura was unable to cash, two of which were dated December 2007. (Compl. Exs. A, D.) The evidence in the record clearly establishes that Ventura was employed by defendants in December 2007. For the purposes of estimating the duration of Ventura's employment with defendants, the Court finds that he terminated his employment with them in December 2007.
Ventura began work as a busser at Galileo in February 1992, transferred to Bebo when Galileo closed in 2006, and continued to work as a busser at Bebo until December 2007. ( See Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 5; Compl. Ex. D.) The statute of limitations under both the DCWPCL and FLSA, however, is only three years. See 29 U.S.C. § 255(a) (2006); D.C. Code § 32-1013. Because plaintiffs filed their complaint on April 11, 2008, Ventura may only recover for FLSA and DCWPCL violations that occurred on or after April 11, 2005, up through the end of his employment with defendants in December 2007, a span of 142 weeks.
Ventura's case differs from the other plaintiffs in this case because defendants paid him $8.00 per hour (s ee Compl. Ex. A), a rate much higher than the federal and District of Columbia minimum wage rates in effect between April 11, 2005, and December 2007. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(a); D.C. Code § 32-1003(a). Although Ventura's rate of pay precludes him from recovering minimum wage damages under the FLSA, it raises his overtime rate beyond that of his fellow plaintiffs. The overtime rate is one-and-one-half times an employee's regular rate of pay. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 207(a)(1). Because Ventura's regular rate of pay was $8.00 per hour, defendants were required to pay him $12.00 per hour for each overtime hour he worked. Because defendants failed to pay Ventura overtime wages for his overtime hours (Ventura Aff. ¶ 5), he may collect the difference between the overtime rate to which he was entitled and the $8.00 rate defendants paid him. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b). He worked sixty-five hours per week over 142 weeks for defendants, and he is thus entitled to $14,200 in unpaid overtime wages. He is also entitled to an equal amount in liquidated damages. See id.
The District of Columbia minimum wage provisions apply only to employees who "regularly spend[] more than 50% of their working time in the District of Columbia." D.C. Code § 32-1003(b)(1) (2010). Ventura is the only plaintiff who fits this definition of employee because he is the only plaintiff who spent enough time working within the District of Columbia to qualify. The other employees limit their claims to the time they worked at Bebo, located in Virginia.
$4.00 × 25 hours × 142 weeks
Ventura has also submitted paychecks that he was unable to cash. ( See Comp. Ex. D.) Ventura stated in his affidavit, however, that defendants owe him $40,767 in unpaid wages. (Ventura Aff. ¶ 12.) The Court notes that in his affidavit, Ventura was discussing the entire sixteen years he worked for defendants. Unlike plaintiffs' Motion for Judgment, in which plaintiffs' counsel specified that they were calculating Ventura's damages based on the ninety weeks of employment within the statute of limitations, Ventura makes no such distinction in his affidavit. ( Compare Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 5 with Ventura Aff.) Thus, the Court does not find it appropriate to award Ventura the full $40,767 under the DCWPCL.
Ventura, however, worked for defendants for fifteen years and ten months (15.83 years). Assuming that defendants accumulated their debt to Ventura evenly over the course of his employment, which would be reasonable given that greater or lesser amounts in a given year would average out over time, defendants would have accumulated $2,575.30 in debt to Ventura each year. The Court finds this to be a reasonable estimate. Defendants consistently failed to pay plaintiffs both wages and credit card tips. The credit card tip report listing Ventura shows that he earned $738.96 over a ten-day span. ( See Compl. Ex. C.) If defendants failed to pay those tips, or only partially paid them, they could easily have failed to pay Ventura $2,575.30 over the course of a year. To boil the estimate down further, defendants would have failed to pay Ventura $49.53 per week. Thus, over the 142 weeks that Ventura worked for defendants within the statute of limitations, defendants would have owed Ventura $7,033.26 in unpaid wages. Ventura is entitled to these wages under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303.
$40,767.00 ÷ 15.83 years
$2,575.30 ÷ 52 weeks
$49.53 × 142 weeks
Defendants have asserted, however, that they had paid all employees at Galileo, including Ventura, in full by the time it closed in 2006. If this assertion is true, the Court would have to reduce Ventura's DCWPCL award to exclude the time he worked at Galileo. To support their assertion, defendants presented the testimony of Philip Proulx, a part-time bookkeeper at both Galileo and Bebo, and the affidavit of Mario Mellusi, the manager at Galileo at the time it closed. Both the testimony and the affidavit suffer from the same flaw — neither finds enough support in the record to overcome the cumulative weight of plaintiffs' evidence demonstrating the prevalent nature of defendants' pay practices.
Both Prolux and Mellusi made plain, simple statements that defendants paid Galileo employees, including Ventura, in full by the time the restaurant closed. ( See Prolux Test., Aug. 24, 2010; Defs.' Hr'g Ex. 3, Mellusi Aff., Aug. 24, 2010.) Plaintiffs, however, have submitted ample evidence showing that defendants deliberately disregarded their legal obligations to pay their employees. Defendants engaged in pay practices that were widespread and not motivated by any particular factor. Although plaintiffs' evidence primarily focuses on defendants' pay practices at Bebo, it establishes by just and reasonable inference that defendants' pay practices at Galileo were equally suspect. Neither Prolux's nor Mellusi's statement, without more, dispels this inference. Because defendants have not submitted additional records corroborating their claim that they had paid Ventura in full by the time he transitioned from Galileo to Bebo, defendants have not met their burden to overcome the Court's finding that Ventura is entitled to $7,033.26 in unpaid wages under the DCWPCL. The Court will therefore award that amount. Ventura may also recover an equal amount in liquidated damages. See D.C. Code § 32-1303(4).
Finally, because the Court cannot determine the allocation of tips and wages within Ventura's claim in his affidavit, the Court will not award damages for the three paychecks that he could not cash. The Court thereby avoids the risk of compensating Ventura for the same unpaid wages twice. Table 9-1 lays out Ventura's total damages. Table 9-1: Ventura Total Damages Unpaid Overtime $14,200.00 Unpaid Wages (DCWPCL) $7,033.26 Subtotal $21,233.26 Liquidated Damages $21,233.26 Total $42,466.52
x. Rosa Rivas
Rosa Rivas worked for defendants as a busser at Bebo for fifty-nine weeks from October 2006 to November 2007. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 5.) Over that time she earned $3.35 per hour, and worked seventy hours per week. ( Id.; Rivas Aff. ¶ 4.) Defendants never paid her overtime wages. (Rivas Aff. ¶ 5.) Regardless of whether defendants did not permit her to retain enough tips to qualify as a "tipped employee" under the FLSA, or whether defendants were not permitted to take a tip credit, defendants were required to pay Rivas the federal minimum wage for the regular hours that she worked.
Because the Court has found that defendants violated the Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(d), it must calculate Rivas' damages for unpaid minimum wage and overtime wages differently from other tipped employees. Defendants paid Ventura $8.00 per hour while only paying Rivas $3.35 per hour, despite the fact that both did the same type and amount of work. Under the EPA, Rivas is entitled to the difference between the $8.00 per hour defendants paid Ventura and the $3.35 per hour they paid her, or $4.65. These damages, however, overlap with both her minimum wage and overtime damages. The EPA provides that "[f]or purposes of administration and enforcement, any amounts owing to any employee which have been withheld in violation of [the EPA] shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation under this chapter." 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(d)(3) (emphasis added). The $4.65 per hour to which Rivas is entitled under the EPA is greater than the rate she would otherwise be able to recover in unpaid minimum wages. Thus, her EPA damages subsume her minimum wage damages. Accordingly, for defendants' violations of both the minimum wage provisions and equal pay provisions of the FLSA, Rivas is entitled to $4.65 for each regular hour she worked. Because she worked forty hours per week over the course of fifty-nine weeks, the Court will award Rivas $10,974 in "minimum wage" damages.
As an example, when Rivas ceased working for defendants in November 2007, the federal minimum wage was only $5.85 per hour. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(a). Rivas would have normally been entitled only to the difference between the federal minimum wage rate and the $3.35 rate defendants paid her, or $2.50.
$4.65 × 40 hour × 59 weeks
The Court must also use the discrepancy between Ventura's and Rivas's pay to determine her unpaid overtime wages. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(d)(3). Because the EPA's purpose is to ensure that the pay between men and women doing the same work is equal, the Court calculates Rivas's overtime rate as the difference between the overtime rate Ventura should have been paid, to which Rivas was likewise entitled, and the rate Rivas was actually paid for her overtime hours. As discussed above, Ventura should have been paid $12.00 for each overtime hour. Therefore, for the thirty overtime hours Rivas worked per week, she is entitled to $8.65 per hour. Because she worked thirty overtime hours each week for fifty-nine weeks, the Court will award Rivas $15,310.50 in unpaid "overtime" wages.
$12.00 — $3.35
$8.65 × 30 hours × 59 weeks
Rivas also claims that defendants owe her $3,500 in unpaid wages. (Rivas Aff. ¶ 12.) Rivas is entitled to these wages under the DCWPCL. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. Because the Court is awarding these damages, however, it cannot grant her the amounts represented by the paychecks she submitted that could not be cashed. ( See Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. Ex. B.) The Court cannot determine the allocation of tips and wages in the claim in her affidavit. To avoid awarding the same unpaid wages twice, the Court will award Rivas the amount stated in her affidavit and disregard the paychecks she submitted.
Rivas is entitled to liquidated damages under the FLSA, EPA, and DCWPCL. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code § 32-1303(4). Table 10-1 lays out her total damages. Table 10-1: Rivas Total Damages Unpaid Minimum Wage $10,974.00 Unpaid Overtime $15,310.50 Unpaid Wages (DCWPCL) $3,500.00 Subtotal $29,784.50 Liquidated Damages $29,784.50 Total $59,569.00 xi. Hical El Hallou and Elizabeth Scott
El Hallou and Scott claim damages only for unpaid wages under the DCWPCL. ( See Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 1, at 6.) Both were salaried employees — El Hallou was a floor manager at Bebo and Scott was Donna's personal assistant. ( Id.) Defendants owe El Hallou $7,200 in unpaid wages, and defendants owe Scott $10,609.34 in unpaid wages. ( Id.) Both El Hallou and Scott are entitled to these wages under the DCWPCL and an equal amount in liquidated damages. See D.C. Code § 32-1303. Accordingly, the Court will award El Hallou $14,400, and Scott $21,218.68.
G. Attorneys' Fees
A plaintiff is entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees and costs under both the FLSA and DCWPCL. See 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(b); D.C. Code. § 32-1308(b). Well aware of this entitlement, plaintiffs in this case have submitted an estimate of the attorneys' fees and costs accrued in this action. A court will grant a plaintiff's attorneys' fees according to the plaintiff's estimates if it finds that the estimates are based on "a number of hours reasonably expended" and were calculated using a "reasonable hourly rate." Save Our Cumberland Mountains, Inc. v. Hodel, 857 F.2d 1516, 1517 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (en banc) (citing Blum v. Stevenson, 465 U.S. 886 (1984)).
The key factor to determining whether an attorney's time was reasonably expended on a case is productivity. See Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 892 (D.C. Cir. 1980). Work that
is duplicative, excessive, or otherwise unnecessary is not productive. See id.; Martini v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n, 977 F. Supp. 482 (D.D.C. 1997). In that vein, time expended on claims or motions that ultimately fail is not productive and should not be included in an award of attorneys' fees. See Copeland, 641 F.2d at 892.
"[A]n attorney's usual billing rate is presumptively the reasonable rate, provided that the rate is in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation." Kattan by Thomas v. District of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 278 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at 895 n. 11) (internal quotations omitted). For attorneys in the District of Columbia, the Laffey Matrix sets forth the reasonable range of attorneys' rates based on the respective attorney's level of experience. Hodel, 857 F.2d at 1524-25. The United States Attorney for the District of Columbia maintains an updated version of the Laffey Matrix. See Laffey Matrix 2003-2010, U.S. ATTORNEY'S OFFICE FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, http://www.justice.gov/usao/dc/Divisions/Civil_Division/Laffey_Matrix_8.html (last visited October 14, 2010) [hereinafter Laffey Matrix].
Turning to the instant case, plaintiffs seek $127,765.25 in attorneys' fees for Denise M. Clark, Nicole Dafoe, and Michael D. Kirkwood, as well as $4,968.41 in costs. (Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. A, at 3.) Ms. Clark has been practicing law for twenty years and charges an hourly rate of $350; Ms. Dafoe has been practicing law since 2007 and charges an hourly rate of $215; and Mr. Kirkwood has been practicing law since 2005 and charges an hourly rate of $275. ( Id.) Ms. Clark and Ms. Dafoe charge rates that are lower than those listed in the Laffey Matrix for attorneys with their experience. See Laffey Matrix. Mr. Kirkwood charges $5 more per hour than is listed for attorneys with four to seven years of experience. Id. The Court finds this harmless, however, in light of the lower rates charged by Ms. Clark and Ms. Dafoe. The Court therefore finds that the attorneys' rates are reasonable.
The Court also finds that plaintiffs' counsel have expended a reasonable number of hours in this action. The Court has carefully reviewed a breakdown of plaintiffs' counsel's work. The tasks were not duplicative, all tasks arose from this action, and the time counsel expended on each task was not excessive. ( See Pls.' Mot. J. Ex. 2.) Thus, the Court finds plaintiffs' request for attorneys' fees reasonable and will award them $127,765.25, as well as the $4,968.41 that plaintiffs seek in costs.
IV. APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY
When it granted summary judgment, the Court found that "Donna is an `employer' under the FLSA and is personally liable for the corporate defendants' wage, overtime, and equal pay violations." (Mem. Op. Granting Pls.' Mot. Summ. J. 7.) With respect to apportioning damages, "if the facts establish that the employee is employed jointly by two or more employers, i.e., that employment by one employer is not completely disassociated from employment by the other employer(s), . . . all joint employers are responsible, both individually and jointly, for compliance with all the applicable provisions of the [FLSA]." 29 C.F.R. § 791.2(a) (2010); see Donovan v. Agnew, 712 F.2d 1509, 1511 (1st Cir. 1983) ("The overwhelming weight of authority is that a corporate officer with operational control of a corporation's covered enterprise is an employer along with the corporation, jointly and severally liable under the FLSA for unpaid wages").
Because the Court has found that Donna is a joint employer under the FLSA and, by extension, under the DCWPCL, he and the corporate defendants are jointly and severally liable for the damages set forth in this opinion. Accordingly, plaintiffs may recover from whichever defendant they choose, and defendants must negotiate amongst themselves how to apportion the damages.
Because the DCWPCL and FLSA contain nearly identical provisions with respect to employers' liability, the DCWPCL is construed consistently with the FLSA. See, e.g., Del Villar v. Flynn Architectural Finishes, 664 F. Supp. 2d 94, 96 (D.D.C. 2009).
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court will ORDER defendants to pay damages as follows:
1. To Igor Vuckovic, defendants must pay $31,529.76 in damages and $31,529.76 in liquidated damages.
2. To Arturo Ramos, defendants must pay $17,888.00 in damages and $17,888.00 in liquidated damages.
3. To Bisera Romic, defendants must pay $4,182.00 in damages and $4,182.00 in liquidated damages.
4. To Tulga Dorjgotov, defendants must pay $5,209.60 in damages and $5,209.60 in liquidated damages.
5. To Mohamed Douah, defendants must pay $24,685.29 in damages and $24,685.29 in liquidated damages.
6. To Carlos Sosaya, defendants must pay $16,940.80 in damages and $16,940.80 in liquidated damages.
7. To Marijana Bosnjak, defendants must pay $14,284.60 in damages and $14,284.60 in liquidated damages.
8. To Dorde Milojevic, defendants must pay $13,532.60 in damages and $13,532.60 in liquidated damages.
9. To Jesus Ventura, defendants must pay $21,233.26 in damages and $21,233.26 in liquidated damages.
10. To Rosa Rivas, defendants must pay $29,784.50 in damages and $29,784.50 in liquidated damages.
11. To Hical El Hallou, defendants must pay $7,200.00 in damages and $7,200.00 in liquidated damages.
12. To Elizabeth Scott, defendants must pay $10,609.34 in damages and $10,609.34 in liquidated damages.
13. To Denise M. Clark, Nicole Dafoe, and Michael D. Kirkwood, collectively, defendants must pay $127,765.25 in attorneys' fees, and $4,968.41 in costs.
The Court will DENY plaintiffs' request for prejudgment interest and consequential damages.
A separate order consistent with the memorandum opinion shall issue this date.
December 3, 2010.