Citation Codes

Equivalent Citations

citation codes

Docket Number

08-cv-2078 (ADS)(AKT)

Attorney(S)

APPEARANCES: Vincent R. Fontana, Esq. Attorney for the Plaintiffs Goldberg Segalla LLP Attorney for Defendants the Town of Oyster Bay and the Town of Oyster Bay Department of Planning and Development By: Christopher Kendric, Esq., Of Counsel Sinnreich & Kosakoff LLP Attorney for Defendants Tim Zikes, Mike Rathie, Joe Spano, Lynn Berge, Jack Libert, Jim Laren, and Stephen Mori By: Timothy F. Hill, Esq., Of Counsel

Judges

Arthur Donald Spatt

Acts

The Public Health And Welfare — Civil Rights — Generally — Civil Action For Deprivation Of Rights

See more information ...

Smart Summary

Case Summary: Lamothe v. Town of Oyster Bay, No. 08-cv-2078 (ADS)(AKT) — E.D.N.Y., Dec. 27, 2012

Factual and Procedural Background

This action arises from the April 14, 2005 purchase of a two-family home and detached garage at 59 Larabee Avenue, Oyster Bay, New York (the "Property") by plaintiffs Julie and Justin Lamothe from Vincent and Diane Aquilino. After purchase the plaintiffs discovered structural deficiencies and numerous Town building-code violations, including unpermitted structural changes to the garage (a second-floor bathroom and a permanent staircase) and unpermitted sump pumps in the basement. The Aquilinos had received building permits in 2000 that expired in 2001 and a Certificate of Occupancy ("CO") in March 2005.

Following post-purchase flooding in October 2005, plaintiff Julie Lamothe reviewed Town Department files and learned of the unpermitted work. Town inspections in 2006–2007 resulted in summonses and criminal charges against Lamothe for certain code violations relating to the garage and basement installations. Lamothe had threatened legal action against Town officials after these inspections.

Procedurally, the plaintiffs originally sued the Aquilinos and various Town entities and officials asserting state-law fraud claims against the Aquilinos and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against municipal defendants. In 2009 the Court dismissed the Aquilinos' fraud claim (and related claims). Subsequent counsel substitutions occurred; plaintiffs proceeded pro se for a time and an attempt to amend was denied in 2011. The present motion for summary judgment (filed March 21, 2012) was brought by the Town, the Town Department, and several individual defendants. Three individual defendants (Lynn Berge, Jim Laren, and Stephen Mori) had not appeared and the Court dismissed claims against them for lack of service. The only claims remaining at the summary judgment stage were Section 1983 claims for equal protection and substantive due process and a cause of action for aiding and abetting those federal claims. The defendants moved for summary judgment, and the Court granted the motion in full, dismissing the complaint in its entirety and directing the Clerk to close the case.

Legal Issues Presented

Whether the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' 42 U.S.C. § 1983 equal protection claims (both selective enforcement and "class of one" theories).
Whether the defendants are entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs' 42 U.S.C. § 1983 substantive due process claim alleging deprivation of property (relating to permits and Certificates of Occupancy).
Whether municipal liability (Monell) or individual liability under § 1983 can be sustained given the Court's rulings on the underlying constitutional claims.
Whether plaintiffs' tort claim for negligent issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy is barred for failure to file the General Municipal Law § 50-e notice of claim.
Whether the plaintiffs' aiding-and-abetting cause of action (derivative of the federal claims) survives if the underlying constitutional claims fail.

Arguments of the Parties

Plaintiffs' Arguments

Plaintiffs contend the Town failed to enforce building-code violations against the Aquilinos but later selectively enforced code violations against plaintiffs in retaliation for plaintiff Lamothe's threats of litigation, supporting both a selective enforcement equal protection claim and a class-of-one claim.
Plaintiffs assert the issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy was improper and that the Town's conduct harmed them by allowing purchase of a defective home.
Plaintiffs argued that the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy is not discretionary (as an argument against the application of Engquist to bar a class-of-one claim).

Defendants' Arguments

Defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims, arguing plaintiffs cannot show they were treated differently than similarly situated individuals and therefore cannot establish an equal protection violation.
Defendants argued that the alleged differential enforcement was discretionary conduct (issuance of summonses/tickets), thus precluding a class-of-one claim under Engquist.
Defendants asserted plaintiffs' substantive due process claim fails because issuance of a CO (even if improper) does not amount to a conscience-shocking constitutional deprivation and merely violating state law does not automatically create a federal claim.
Defendants further argued municipal and individual liability under § 1983 cannot stand absent an underlying constitutional violation; aiding-and-abetting claims are derivative and must fail if the federal claims fail; negligent issuance of a CO is barred for failure to file a § 50-e notice of claim.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent	Rule or Principle Cited For	Application by the Court
G-I Holdings, Inc. v. Baron & Budd (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2002)	Interpreting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) as permitting deferral of summary judgment when a party reasonably states it needs discovery to defend.	Cited when discussing whether the Court should consider testimony from a deponent the defendants say they were unable to depose; Court concluded outcome would not change even if testimony were considered.
Connecticut Indemnity Co. v. 21st Century Transport Co., 186 F. Supp. 2d 264 (E.D.N.Y. 2002)	Addressed a party's claim it could not succeed on summary judgment because it had not had opportunity to depose affiants.	Compared to plaintiffs' inability claim; cited for the proposition that lack of opportunity to depose does not automatically preclude summary judgment if the party had opportunity and did not act.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242 (1986)	Defines standard for materiality and genuine issue in summary judgment context.	Used to state that summary judgment is proper if no genuine issue of material fact exists and to define "material" and "genuine" in this case's Rule 56 analysis.
Cronin v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 46 F.3d 196 (2d Cir. 1995)	Requires inferences to be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.	Cited to explain standards for drawing inferences from affidavits and depositions on summary judgment.
United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654 (1962)	Cited for the rule about viewing inferences in favor of the nonmovant.	Used as part of authority supporting Cronin's standard for inferences at summary judgment.
Ramseur v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 865 F.2d 460 (2d Cir. 1989)	Cited regarding inference-drawing obligations at summary judgment.	Included among authorities explaining how courts must view evidence at summary judgment.
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574 (1986)	Nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing genuine issue; cannot rely on metaphysical doubt.	Cited to describe the nonmoving party's burden at summary judgment.
Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., 22 F.3d 1219 (2d Cir. 1994)	Summary judgment appropriate when little or no evidence supports nonmovant's case.	Quoted to explain when summary judgment is warranted.
Major League Baseball Props., Inc. v. Salvino, Inc., 542 F.3d 290 (2d Cir. 2008)	Nonmovant cannot avoid summary judgment by relying on conclusory or speculative assertions.	Cited to reinforce that plaintiffs' conclusory assertions are insufficient to defeat summary judgment.
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., Inc., 473 U.S. 432 (1985)	Equal Protection Clause requires similarly situated persons be treated alike.	Used to frame the equal protection standard as applied to plaintiffs' claims.
Casciani v. Nesbitt, 392 Fed. App'x 887 (2d Cir. 2011)	Described elements: differential treatment and either lack of rational basis (class-of-one) or impermissible intent (selective enforcement).	Cited for the proposition that plaintiffs must show both differential treatment and improper motivation or irrationality.
Cobb v. Pozzi, 363 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2004)	Describes elements of a "class of one" equal protection claim.	Referenced to explain class-of-one requirements.
Zahra v. Town of Southold, 48 F.3d 674 (2d Cir. 1995)	Discusses elements of selective enforcement and due process property-interest analysis.	Cited both in the equal protection and due process contexts to explain necessary showings for plaintiffs.
Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill. of Mineola, 273 F.3d 494 (2d Cir. 2001)	Notes that whether parties are similarly situated is fact-intensive.	Cited to acknowledge that similarity is fact-dependent but summary judgment can be granted when no reasonable jury could find similarity.
Clubside, Inc. v. Valentin, 468 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2006)	Court may grant summary judgment for lack of similarity where no reasonable jury could find comparators similarly situated.	Applied to justify granting summary judgment where plaintiffs failed to show similarly situated comparators.
Vassallo (citation in text)	Used in support of principle that similarity requirement may justify summary judgment.	Referenced alongside Clubside for the same proposition.
Sebold v. City of Middletown, No. 05 Civ. 1205 (D. Conn. Sept. 21, 2007)	At summary judgment plaintiffs must present evidence comparing themselves to similarly situated individuals in all material respects.	Cited to emphasize the comparator-evidence requirement.
Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34 (2d Cir. 2000)	Quoted for comparator-similarity requirement.	Used in tandem with Sebold to define the evidentiary showing required.
Bonenfant v. Kewer, No. 05 Civ. 01508 (D. Conn. Aug. 30, 2007)	Describes courts treating selective enforcement and class-of-one theories as distinct.	Relied upon to justify addressing selective enforcement and class-of-one separately.
Diesel v. Town of Lewisboro, 232 F.3d 92 (2d Cir. 2000)	Describes selective enforcement as a "murky corner" of equal protection law.	Cited to contextualize difficulties in selective enforcement claims.
LeClair v. Saunders, 627 F.2d 606 (2d Cir. 1980)	Referenced in quotation describing the murkiness of selective enforcement cases.	Used as background authority for selective enforcement doctrine.
Freedom Holdings, Inc. v. Spitzer, 357 F.3d 205 (2d Cir. 2004)	Selective enforcement requires differential treatment motivated by impermissible considerations (race, religion, intent to punish exercise of rights, malicious intent).	Applied to frame the second element of a selective enforcement claim.
Doninger v. Niehoff, 642 F.3d 335 (2d Cir. 2011)	Cited on the elements and motivation inquiry for selective enforcement.	Used to support the principle that intent to discriminate is required for selective enforcement.
Church of Am. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan v. Kerik, 356 F.3d 197 (2d Cir. 2004)	Holds differential treatment is a prerequisite to a selective enforcement claim.	Invoked by defendants to stress the necessity of proving differential treatment.
Goldfarb v. Town of W. Hartford, 474 F. Supp. 2d 356 (D. Conn. 2007)	Demonstrating differential treatment is the sine qua non of a LeClair selective enforcement violation.	Quoted to reinforce that showing differential treatment is essential.
Bletter v. Inc. Village of Westhampton Beach, 88 F. Supp. 2d 1 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) (Spatt, J.)	Plaintiff must allege personal differential treatment by municipality to state a selective enforcement claim.	Referenced for the proposition that failure to allege differential treatment defeats a selective enforcement claim.
LaTrieste Rest. v. Vill. of Port Chester, 188 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. 1999)	In land-use selective enforcement context, a plaintiff must show municipal knowledge of other, unenforced violations to demonstrate selective treatment (absent proof of a "see-no-evil" policy).	Central to the Court's decision: plaintiffs lacked evidence the Town knew of Aquilino violations while he was owner; thus selective enforcement claim failed.
Zavatsky v. Anderson, No. 00 Civ. 844 (D. Conn. Mar. 8, 2004)	Denial of summary judgment where material facts remain about municipality's knowledge of comparators.	Used to illustrate when selective enforcement claims may survive summary judgment if knowledge is in dispute.
Abel v. Morabito, No. 04 Civ. 7284 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 10, 2009)	Requires evidence of knowledge by defendants to show selective enforcement.	Quoted to underscore need for defendant knowledge; plaintiffs offered none here.
Prestopnik v. Whelan, 249 Fed. App'x 210 (2d Cir. 2007)	Explains distinction between class-of-one claims and historic equal protection claims.	Used to clarify function and evidentiary inference in class-of-one equal protection claims.
Neilson v. D'Angelis, 409 F.3d 100 (2d Cir. 2005)	Provides formulation used in class-of-one analyses.	Quoted via Analytical Diagnostic Labs to state class-of-one elements.
Analytical Diagnostic Labs, Inc. v. Kusel, 626 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2010)	Articulates two-prong test for class-of-one claims (no rational person could regard circumstances as different; exclude mistake).	Cited for the precise articulation of class-of-one elements applied by the Court.
Giordano v. City of New York, 274 F.3d 740 (2d Cir. 2001)	Class-of-one plaintiffs must show intentional disparate treatment (defendants knew they were treating plaintiff differently).	Invoked to emphasize the intentionality requirement for class-of-one claims.
Engquist v. Oregon Dep't of Agriculture, 553 U.S. 591 (2008)	Class-of-one claims cannot be based on discretionary decisionmaking that involves subjective, individualized assessments.	Applied to hold issuance of building-code enforcement (summonses/tickets) is discretionary and therefore class-of-one theory cannot proceed here.
DePietro v. City of N.Y., 2010 WL 449096 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2010)	When officials act within discretion, class-of-one challenges are precluded under Engquist.	Cited to support that code-enforcement discretion defeats plaintiffs' class-of-one claim.
Occhionero v. City of Fresno, 2008 WL 2690431 (E.D. Cal. July 3, 2008)	Refuses to treat code enforcement as basis for class-of-one equal protection claim under the guise of First Amendment retaliation.	Used to support the Court's refusal to allow second-guessing of discretionary code-enforcement measures.
Seabrook v. City of N.Y., 509 F. Supp. 2d 393 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)	Discusses alleged property interest in enforcement and issuance of Certificates of Occupancy.	Quoted to frame plaintiffs' asserted property interest (permits and COs) and the court's skepticism about a protected property interest in enforcement processes.
Kelly Kare, Ltd. v. O'Rourke, 930 F.2d 170 (2d Cir. 1991)	Discretion over conferral of government benefit is fatal to a claim of entitlement to that benefit.	Cited in due process discussion to show discretionary permitting practices do not create protected property interests.
Brady v. Town of Colchester, 863 F.2d 205 (2d Cir. 1988)	Discusses requirement to establish a property interest to claim due process violation.	Cited to support the proposition that a protected property interest is a prerequisite for a substantive due process claim.
West Farms Assoc. v. State Traffic Com., 951 F.2d 469 (2d Cir. 1991)	Affirms that a plaintiff may not claim deprivation of property without identifying a protected property interest.	Used to reinforce the requirement of a protected property interest for due process claims.
Assoko v. City of New York, 539 F. Supp. 2d 728 (S.D.N.Y. 2008)	Holding that a due process claim can succeed where a certificate was wrongfully withheld if plaintiff shows clear entitlement; but wrongful issuance does not give rise to federal claim.	Applied to conclude wrongful issuance of a CO does not constitute a due process violation because issuance benefits recipient and does not deny plaintiffs a government benefit.
O'Mara v. Town of Wappinger, 485 F.3d 693 (2d Cir. 2007)	Recognizes that a plaintiff must show clear entitlement under state law to claim due process deprivation.	Cited as authority that substantive due process claims based on certificates require a clear entitlement which plaintiffs did not show.
Zahra v. Town of Southold, 48 F.3d 674 (2d Cir. 1995)	Also cited earlier; here used to state that mere violation of state law does not create federal constitutional violation.	Applied to hold that a code violation or wrongful CO issuance does not automatically amount to a constitutional due process violation.
Lowrance v. C.O. S. Achtyl, 20 F.3d 529 (2d Cir. 1994)	Defines "conscience-shocking" threshold for substantive due process.	Used to conclude plaintiffs failed to show conduct rising to conscience-shocking level required for substantive due process claim.
Conde v. Town of Sharon, 421 Fed App'x 26 (2d Cir. 2011)	Demonstrates that absent facts establishing arbitrary or conscience-shocking conduct, due process claim fails.	Relied on for the point that plaintiffs did not show arbitrary or conscience-shocking behavior.
Rosa R. v. Connelly, 889 F.2d 435 (2d Cir. 1989)	Section 1983 enforces constitutional rights; it creates no independent rights.	Cited to explain that without an underlying constitutional violation, § 1983 claims and derivative municipal liability cannot stand.
Khan v. Ryan, 145 F. Supp. 2d 280 (E.D.N.Y. 2001)	If no underlying constitutional violation exists by municipal official, municipality is not liable.	Applied to explain why Monell municipal-liability analysis need not be reached once no constitutional violation is found.
Segal v. City of New York, 459 F.3d 207 (2d Cir. 2006)	Affirms that if no underlying constitutional violation, municipal liability need not be addressed.	Used to support dismissal of municipal-liability claims once substantive claims were dismissed.
Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978)	Framework for municipal liability under § 1983.	Cited to note that the Court need not analyze Monell claims after dismissing underlying constitutional claims.
Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. 2004)	To establish individual liability under § 1983, plaintiff must show the defendant caused deprivation of a federal right.	Invoked to explain why claims against individual defendants fail when no constitutional violation is shown.
Dunk v. Brower, 2009 WL 650352 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 12, 2009)	Supreme Court precedent indicates no liability where there is no constitutional violation.	Used to note the Court need not reach qualified immunity or individual involvement where no constitutional violation occurred.
Tarantino (cited)	Used to support proposition that enforcement actions involving discretion defeat class-of-one claims.	Referenced in confirming discretionary enforcement defeats class-of-one challenge.
Occhionero v. City of Fresno, 2008 WL 2690431 (E.D. Cal. July 3, 2008)	Discusses limits on class-of-one claims in regulatory enforcement contexts.	Quoted to support refusal to permit class-of-one claim to second-guess discretionary code enforcement.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Court first summarized Rule 56 summary-judgment standards, stating the usual burdens of movant and nonmovant and noting that inferences must be reasonable and nonconclusory. The Court observed that even if it considered disputed deposition testimony the defendants argued they had not had the opportunity to depose, the disputed evidence would not change the outcome.

On equal protection, the Court treated plaintiffs' claims as both selective enforcement and class-of-one theories. For selective enforcement, the Court explained plaintiffs must show differential treatment of similarly situated persons and that the treatment was based on impermissible considerations (e.g., intent to punish exercise of constitutional rights). The plaintiffs' proposed comparator was the Aquilinos (the prior owners). The Court concluded plaintiffs failed to produce evidence that the Town had knowledge of Aquilino violations while the Aquilinos were owners. Citing LaTrieste and related authority, the Court held that absent proof the municipality knew of other violations but declined to prosecute them, plaintiffs cannot establish selective enforcement. The Court also noted plaintiffs offered no alternative showing (for example a "see-no-evil" policy) to demonstrate selective treatment by the Town.

For the class-of-one claim, the Court applied the two-pronged Analytical Diagnostic/Neilson formulation and Engquist's limitation on class-of-one claims where government action involves discretionary, individualized decisionmaking. The Court found issuance of summonses/tickets and enforcement of building-code violations are discretionary acts comparable to ticket issuance, and allowing class-of-one claims in that context would undermine necessary discretion. Because plaintiffs failed to show similarly situated comparators and because the decisions at issue were discretionary, the class-of-one claim failed as a matter of law.

On substantive due process, the Court required a showing of a protected property interest and conduct that is "arbitrary, conscience shocking, or oppressive" to a constitutional degree. The plaintiffs' asserted property interest was the granting or denial of permits and COs. The Court noted precedent that enforcement duties and discretionary conferral of benefits typically do not create a constitutionally protected property interest. Even assuming plaintiffs had such an interest and that the CO was wrongly issued, the Court relied on Assoko and related authority to hold that wrongful issuance (as opposed to wrongful withholding) of a certificate confers a benefit on the recipient and does not give rise to a constitutional injury attributable to the government. The Court concluded the Town's alleged wrongful issuance of a CO did not rise to the conscience-shocking threshold, and mere violation of state law is not automatically a federal constitutional violation.

Because the Court found no underlying constitutional violations, it held that municipal liability (Monell) and individual liability under § 1983 necessarily fail; the Court therefore did not reach detailed Monell analysis or questions of individual involvement or qualified immunity. The Court also granted summary judgment on the state-law negligent-issuance claim because plaintiffs failed to show they filed the General Municipal Law § 50-e notice of claim, a statutory prerequisite the plaintiffs did not contest in opposition. Finally, the derivative aiding-and-abetting cause of action failed because it rests on the constitutional claims, which were dismissed.

Holding and Implications

Holding: The Court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment and dismissed the complaint in its entirety. The core ruling is summarized as:

THE DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS GRANTED; THE COMPLAINT IS DISMISSED IN ITS ENTIRETY.

Implications and direct effects:

All Section 1983 claims (equal protection—both selective enforcement and class-of-one theories—and substantive due process) were dismissed against the Town, the Town Department, and the individual defendants who appeared.
Claims against three individual defendants who had not appeared (Lynn Berge, Jim Laren, and Stephen Mori) were dismissed for lack of service; plaintiffs made no attempt to seek default judgment against them.
The Court dismissed the state-law negligent issuance of a CO claim for failure to comply with General Municipal Law § 50-e (plaintiffs offered no evidence of a required notice of claim).
The derivative aiding-and-abetting cause of action was dismissed because the underlying constitutional claims failed.
The Court directed the Clerk to mark the case closed.

The opinion did not announce any new legal rule; rather, it applied existing precedent (as summarized above) to the particular facts and concluded plaintiffs had not produced the proof necessary to survive summary judgment.

Dated: December 27, 2012 — Memorandum of Decision and Order by District Judge Arthur D. Spatt.

Show full summary ...

JULIE LAMOTHE and JUSTIN LAMOTHE, Plaintiffs, v. THE TOWN OF OYSTER BAY, THE TOWN OF OYSTER BAY DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT, VINCENT AQUILINO, Indi

ARTHUR D. SPATT

MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND ORDER
APPEARANCES:

Vincent R. Fontana, Esq.
Attorney for the Plaintiffs

Goldberg Segalla LLP
Attorney for Defendants the Town of Oyster Bay and

the Town of Oyster Bay Department of Planning and Development

By: Christopher Kendric, Esq., Of Counsel
Sinnreich & Kosakoff LLP
Attorney for Defendants Tim Zikes, Mike Rathie, Joe Spano,

Lynn Berge, Jack Libert, Jim Laren, and Stephen Mori

By: Timothy F. Hill, Esq., Of Counsel

SPATT, District Judge.

This case stems from the purchase of a home in the Town of Oyster Bay that unbeknown to the buyer had several structural deficiencies, which resulted in numerous building code violations and the subsequent loss of the value of the purchase price of the home. While the Defendants characterize this as a mere case of "buyer's remorse", the Plaintiffs claim this case "is about greed, avarice, a builder's incompetence and the deliberate conduct of a Town that enabled it all to happen." This Court has issued several decisions in this matter, including the partial granting of a motion to dismiss in 2009 and the denial of a motion to amend in 2011. The only claims that remain at this stage are 28 U.S.C. § 1983 causes of action against the Town of Oyster Bay (the "Town"), the Town of Oyster Bay Department of Planning and Development (the "Town Department"), and several individual Town employees. Presently before the Court is the Defendants' motion for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 ("Fed. R. Civ. P. 56" or "Rule 56") dismissing the complaint. For the reasons set forth below, the motion is granted.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

The following facts are drawn from the evidence in this case, including the residential contract of sale, the communications between the parties, the Rule 56.1 statements, and the deposition transcripts. The Defendants oppose the Plaintiffs' use of one particular deposition transcript in support of their opposition to the Defendants' summary judgment motion—that of prior defendant Vincent Aquilino—because they claim that they were unable to depose Vincent Aquilino themselves. Certainly, if the non-movant had not had the opportunity to conduct certain discovery, that party could seek an order pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f), which has been interpreted "to provide that when a party facing an adversary's motion for summary judgment reasonably advises the court that it needs discovery to be able to present facts needed to defend the motion, the court should defer decision of the motion until the party has had the opportunity to take discovery and rebut the motion." G-I Holdings, Inc. v. Baron & Budd, No. 01 Civ. 0216, 2002 WL 31251702, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2002). However, here it is the movant—the Defendants—that are claiming that they were denied an opportunity to conduct certain discovery, namely deposing Vincent Aquilino. Cf. Connecticut Indemnity Co. v. 21st Century Transport Co., 186 F. Supp. 2d 264 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (denying plaintiff's argument that as a matter of law the defendant could not succeed on a motion for summary judgment where the plaintiff had not had the opportunity to depose affiants on whose affidavits a summary judgment motion was based because the plaintiff had opportunity to depose affiants and did not). In any event, the Court need not determine whether it is appropriate to consider the testimony of Vincent Aquilino when reviewing the facts that underlie the instant motion. This is because even if the Court considers this particular evidence, it would not change the outcome of the motion for summary judgment.

Vincent and Diane Aquilino purchased 59 Larabee Avenue, Oyster Bay, New York (the "Property") in November 1999. The Property consists of a two-family dwelling and a detached garage. After they purchased the property, the Aquilinos obtained two building permits—one for the house and one for the garage—dated February 22, 2000. The building permits expired in 2001, and it appears that much of the construction on the Property by the Aquilinos occurred after the last final inspection was performed by the Town on February 14, 2001. In this regard, some time after the Town had conducted its last official inspection of the garage, Vincent Aquilino made several structural improvements to the garage without informing the Town. (Def. Ex. O.) Specifically, Aquilino admitted that he installed a bathroom on the second floor of the garage as well as a permanent set of steps after the Town's final inspection. One of the individual defendants, Tim Zikes, confirmed in his deposition that Aquilino never applied for a permit to legalize the garage bathroom.

The Plaintiffs Julie Lamothe and her son Justin Lamothe are the current joint owners of the Property. The Plaintiffs purchased this property on April 14, 2005 from the Aquilinos pursuant to a Residential Contract of Sale signed by all the parties to the transaction. (Def. Ex. C.) Prior to the sale, in March 2005, Vincent Aquilino was issued a Certification of Occupancy ("CO") by the Town. (Pl. Ex. 6 & 22.)

During the real estate transaction, the Plaintiffs were represented by an attorney. The Contract of Sale stated that the Plaintiffs were fully aware of the physical condition of the state of the repair of the house and the garage, based on their own inspection and investigation. In this regard, the Contract of Sale stated:

12. Condition of Property
Purchaser acknowledges and represents that Purchaser is fully aware of the physical condition and state of repair of the Premises and of all other property included in this sale, based on Purchaser's own inspection and investigation thereof, and that Purchaser is entering into this contract based solely upon such inspection and investigation and not upon any information, data, statements or representations, written or oral, as to the physical condition, state of repair, use, cost of operation, or any other matter related to the Premises or the other property included in the sale, given or made by Seller or its representatives, and shall accept the same "as is" in their present condition and current state of repair, subject to reasonable use, wear, tear and natural deterioration between the date hereof and the date of Closing . . .

(Def. Ex. C., Article 12.) The Plaintiffs also did not receive a written disclosure statement that is ordinarily required under New York State law to be given by the sellers of real property to purchasers, instead choosing to receive a $500 credit from the purchase price. (Def. Ex. C., Rider at Article 47.)

In March 2005, Ms. Lamothe hired a private home inspection company, Safe Harbor Inspections, to inspect the property for her. (Def. Ex. F.) In her deposition, Ms. Lamothe stated that she did not actually read this Home Inspection Report. Instead, she "just went over the items with the Home Inspector." (Transcript of Julie Lamothe ("JL Tr.") at 294.) She also testified that she did not rely on the Home Inspection Report when deciding to purchase the property. There is no dispute that the Report did include the observation that there were three sump pumps that had been placed into small wells in the concrete floor in the basement. In addition, Ms. Lamothe also stated in her deposition that she did not go to the Town Department to review any records on file for the property or speak to anyone at the Department before going ahead with the $700,000 purchase. (JL Tr. at 285-86.) The Plaintiffs closed on the property on April 14, 2005. (Def. Ex. G.)

Subsequent to the purchase of the home, in October 2005, it rained heavily for seven continuous days and the Property had substantial flooding in the basement of the house. (JL Tr. at 395-99.) As a result of this flooding, Ms. Lamothe visited the Town's offices and began researching and reviewing the contents of the file for the Property that was maintained by the Town Department. It was the result of this post-purchase investigation that Ms. Lamothe became aware that certain structural changes were made to the home by the sellers of the Property without obtaining the proper permits from the Town and without the Town's knowledge or consent.

In November 2006, the Nassau County Department of Assessment received a telephone complaint from a Lamothes' neighbor regarding the Plaintiffs' alleged "illegal apartment" above the garage. (Def. Ex. I.) On December 11, 2006, the Chairman of the Nassau County Board of Assessors made a formal request for the Town to investigate this complaint and determine if there was an illegal apartment. (Def. Ex. K.) In response to this request, on December 27, 2006, the Town Supervisor's Office sent an inter-departmental memorandum to the Defendant Jack Libert, Commissioner of the Town Department, asking him to investigate possible illegal accessory apartments in a number of different towns, including at the Property. (Def. Ex. L.)

On an unspecified date, the Town Zoning Inspector Eileen Cannizzaro contacted Ms. Lamothe to make an appointment to inspect the garage. (Cannizzaro Dep., at 13-17.) On February 9, 2007, Cannizzaro entered the garage with Ms. Lamothe and observed evidence that the second floor had been converted to a habitable space, including a permanent staircase leading from the first floor to the second floor. (Id. at 18-19.) The garage was not an "illegal apartment" as defined by the Town Code, because there was no full kitchen, but Ms. Lamothe was nevertheless given a summons for having general living space on the second floor of the garage without an appropriate CO. (Def. Ex. J.) It appears undisputed that both the permanent staircase and bath in the garage were installed by Vincent Aquilino, the former owner.

On April 9, 2007, Michael Bathie, a Plumbing Inspector for the Town, inspected the premises and found that the three sump pumps that had been installed in the basement by Vincent Aquilino violated the Town's Building Code because there had been no permits obtained to install them. On that same date, Joe Spano also inspected the premises and found that there were several other Town Code violations, including: (1) the garage bathroom lacked the requisite ceiling height; (2) there was no vent for the garage bathroom visible through the roof; and (3) the hanging gas unit and electric hot water heater in the garage required a permit. (Pl. Ex. 12.) According to the Plaintiffs, if an appropriate inspection of the premises had occurred before the CO was issued in March 2005, then these violations would have been discovered and no CO would have been issued.

Julie Lamothe contacted Jack Libert, the Commissioner of the Town Department, on several occasions sometime between 2005-2007 to make him aware of the flooding problems she experienced at the Property. (Lipert Dep. at 8-9.) At some unspecified time, Ms. Lamothe began to threaten Town officials with legal action. The earliest evidence to support these threats is an email from Lamothe to Stephen Mori, an individual Defendant who is a Construction Manager for the Town, dated May 25, 2007, in which she writes that she "offered an opportunity to resolve this matter without attorneys and the court system and . . . [that she was] instructing [her] attorney to proceed." (Pl. Ex. 17.) In addition, a copy of a telephone message slip left for Libert on August 21, 2007 states that Ms. Lamothe had retained an attorney and was considering suing for civil racketeering. (Def. Ex. Q.) Thus, it appears that Lamothe began to threaten legal action against the Town after the Town had inspected her garage and uncovered the Code violations.

The Plaintiffs claim that the criminal charges issued by Inspector Cannizzaro to Lamothe for building without a permit should have been issued to Aquilino as the builder and prior homeowner at the time of the installation. Instead, Lamothe was forced to appear in court 27 times, and three arrest warrants were issued to her for failing to appear for court dates. In addition, as Ms. Lamothe rented out the premises, she had to appear in Court due to complaints filed by her tenants because of the constant flooding. The Plaintiffs claim that the actions taken by the Town with regard to pursuing the Code violations were in retaliation for her threatening legal action and that she was subject to selective enforcement in violation of the equal protection clause. B. Procedural Background

On May 21, 2008, the Plaintiffs commenced this action against the Town, the Town Department, and several Town officials, both in their official and individual capacities (the "municipal defendants"). In addition, at the initial stage of this case, the Plaintiffs also brought claims against the Aquilinos, the sellers of the home. The Plaintiffs asserted three state law claims against the Aquilinos for common law fraud, aiding and abetting fraud, and conspiracy to commit fraud. The Plaintiffs also alleged two 42 U.S.C. § 1983 federal causes of action against the municipal defendants.

On July 10, 2009, the Court granted the Aquilinos' motion to dismiss the cause of action for fraud, finding that the allegations lacked the requisite particularity under Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 and that the specific disclaimer in the Residential Contract of Sale between the parties bolstered the application of New York's rule of caveat emptor. The dismissal of the fraud cause of action necessarily led the Court to also dismiss the causes of action for aiding and abetting fraud and for civil conspiracy to commit fraud asserted against all of the Defendants, because those counts could not stand alone after the main fraud claim against the direct actors was dismissed. Therefore, the only claims that currently remain against the municipal defendants are: (1) Section 1983 causes of action for the deprivation of the Plaintiffs' constitutional rights to equal protection of the laws and substantive due process, and (2) aiding and abetting such violations.

On January 8, 2010, after the Court rendered its decision on the motion to dismiss, the Plaintiffs' counsel Steven Morelli, Esq. moved the Court to substitute Andrew Crabtree, Esq. as the attorney of record for the Plaintiffs, which the Court granted the following day. Mr. Morelli did not state any explanation for the substitution. However, the Plaintiffs have notified the Court that they have a legal malpractice suit pending against Mr. Morelli stemming from Mr. Morelli's representation in this case.

Subsequently, on August 31, 2010, Andrew Crabtree also moved the Court for leave to withdraw as counsel of record. Mr. Crabtree stated in his Declaration in Support of Application for Leave to Withdraw as Counsel of Record that the reasons for his withdrawal were his "inability to effectively communicate with [his] clients, and their disregard of [his] advice, including Plaintiffs' numerous unauthorized ex parte communications with this Court." (Docket Entry No. 86-2.) Following Mr. Crabtree's withdrawal, over the next eleven months, the Plaintiffs attempted to procure new counsel. In a final letter to the Court dated July 1, 2011, Ms. Lamothe noted that they were "speaking to other attorneys" but were having trouble finding "suitable legal counsel." (Docket Entry No. 100.) She also wrote that "there will be a document on your desk by Monday, July 25th, if I have to write it myself." (Docket Entry No. 100.)

On July 27, 2011, the Plaintiffs proceeding pro se moved this Court to file an amended complaint. On October 19, 2011, this Court denied the motion to amend. On November 3, 2011, the Plaintiffs obtained a new attorney, Vincent R. Fontana, Esq.

On March 21, 2012, the instant motion for summary judgment was filed by all the defendants who have made an appearance in this case: namely, the Town, the Town Department, Tim Zikes, Mike Rathie, Joe Spano, and Jack Libert. Three individual defendants--Lynn Berge, Jim Laren, and Stephen Mori—have not appeared in this action. The Plaintiffs have made no attempt to move for a default judgment against these three individuals and, in any event, there is no indication on the docket that these three individuals have been properly served with a summons and complaint. Therefore, the Court now dismisses the complaint against these three individual defendants, namely Lynn Berge, Jim Laren, and Stephanie Mori. The Court will now proceed to assess the merits of the motion for summary judgment with regard to the defendants who have appeared.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard on a Motion for Summary Judgment

It is well-settled that summary judgment under the provisions of Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) is proper only "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is "material" within the meaning of Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 when its resolution "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). An issue is "genuine" when "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id.

In determining whether an issue is genuine, "[t]he inferences to be drawn from the underlying affidavits, exhibits, interrogatory answers, and depositions must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion." Cronin v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 46 F.3d 196, 202 (2d Cir. 1995) (citing United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S. Ct. 993, 8 L. Ed. 2d 176 (1962) (per curiam), and Ramseur v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 865 F.2d 460, 465 (2d Cir. 1989)). Once the moving party has met its burden, "the nonmoving party must come forward with 'specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)). However, the nonmoving party cannot survive summary judgment by casting mere "metaphysical doubt" upon the evidence produced by the moving party. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538. Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party can show that "little or no evidence may be found in support of the nonmoving party's case." Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., 22 F.3d 1219, 1223-24 (2d Cir. 1994) (citations omitted).

Of importance in this case, a court is not required to draw all inferences in the nonmovant's favor, but only all reasonable inferences. A party may not avoid summary judgment with "assertions that are conclusory or based on speculation." Major League Baseball Props., Inc. v. Salvino, Inc., 542 F.3d 290, 310 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal citations omitted). B. Section 1983 Equal Protection

The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is "essentially a direction that all persons similarly situated be treated alike." City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., Inc., 473 U.S. 432, 439, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313 (1985). The basis of the Plaintiffs' equal protection claim is that as a result of, and in retaliation for, Ms. Lamothe's threats to bring a federal lawsuit to expose the alleged lack of diligence the Town demonstrated with regard to Mr. Aquilino's construction of the house, the Town began selectively enforcing the Town Code against them. (JL Tr. at 115, 158, 377.) This claim may be categorized as either an equal protection selective enforcement claim or "class of one" claim.

"To establish either claim, [the Plaintiffs] must show both that [they were] treated differently than other persons who were similarly situated and that such differential treatment was either without rational basis (a "class of one" claim) or was motivated by an intent to discriminate on an impermissible basis (a selective enforcement claim)." Casciani v. Nesbitt, 392 Fed App'x 887, 888 (2d Cir. 2011); see Cobb v. Pozzi, 363 F.3d 89, 110 (2d Cir. 2004) (describing elements of "class of one" claim); Zahra v. Town of Southold, 48 F.3d 674, 683 (2d Cir. 1995) (describing elements of selective enforcement claim). Thus, both of these theories require a plaintiff to show differential treatment from other "similarly situated" individuals.

Although determining whether parties are similarly situated is typically "a fact-intensive inquiry," Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill. of Mineola, 273 F.3d 494, 499 n.2 (2d Cir. 2001), "[a] court may grant summary judgment in a defendant's favor on the basis of lack of similarity of situation . . . where no reasonable jury could find that the persons to whom the plaintiff[s] compare[] [themselves] are similarly situated," Clubside, Inc. v. Valentin, 468 F.3d 144, 159 (2d Cir. 2006); accord Vassallo, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 184. At the summary judgment stage, "plaintiff[s] must present evidence comparing [themselves] to individuals that are 'similarly situated in all material respects.'" Sebold v. City of Middletown, No. 05 Civ. 1205, 2007 WL 2782527, at *26, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70081, at *81 (D. Conn. Sept. 21, 2007) (quoting Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 39 (2d Cir. 2000)).

The Plaintiffs appear to be asserting both a selective enforcement claim and a class of one claim. "While the Second Circuit has not resolved the question of whether there truly is a distinction between selective enforcement and class of one equal protection theories, courts in this circuit have repeatedly treated them as distinct theories with distinct elements of proof and have accordingly evaluated them as separate claims." Bonenfant v. Kewer, No. 05 Civ. 01508, 2007 WL 2492030, at *8, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64104, at *24 (D. Conn. Aug. 30, 2007) (collecting cases). Therefore, the Court will address each claim separately

1. Selective Enforcement

The Second Circuit has "described selective enforcement as a 'murky corner of equal protection law in which there are surprisingly few cases.'" Diesel v. Town of Lewisboro, 232 F.3d 92, 103 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting LeClair v. Saunders, 627 F.2d 606, 608 (2d Cir. 1980)). Yet, it is well-settled that to state a valid selective enforcement claim under the Equal Protection Clause, a plaintiff must plausibly allege: (1) she was treated differently than others similarly situated; and (2) the selective treatment was "based on impermissible considerations such as race, religion, intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional rights, or malicious or bad faith intent to injure a person." Freedom Holdings, Inc. v. Spitzer, 357 F.3d 205, 234 (2d Cir. 2004); see also Doninger v. Niehoff, 642 F.3d 335, 357 (2d Cir. 2011).

Here, the Defendants contend that the Plaintiffs have failed to show that they were treated differently than others similarly situated. See Church of Am. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan v. Kerik, 356 F.3d 197, 210-11 (2d Cir. 2004) (holding that differential treatment is a "prerequisite" to selective enforcement claim); see also Goldfarb v. Town of W. Hartford, 474 F. Supp. 2d 356, 368 (D. Conn. 2007) ("demonstrating that a plaintiff has been treated differently is the sine qua non of a LeClair 'selective enforcement' violation."). Due to the fact that arguably the Plaintiffs have failed to produce evidence of anyone similarly situated to them in order to prevail on their equal protection claim, the Defendants argue that this glaring defect is fatal and requires dismissal of the claim. See Bletter v. Inc. Village of Westhampton Beach, 88 F. Supp. 2d 1, 26 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) (Spatt, J.) ("Nothing in Bletter's complaint can be read to allege that she personally was treated differently from other homeowners by the Village.").

In their opposition, the Plaintiffs contend that Vincent and Diane Aquilino—the former owners of the Property—are similarly situated to themselves. To put it simply, the Plaintiffs assert that these previous homeowners benefitted from the Town's alleged deliberate failure in processing the building applications and permits and did not bring any actions against the Aquilinos with regard to Building Code violations. On the other hand, the Plaintiffs—the present owners of the Property—have been subject to the Town issuing criminal charges against them for Building Code violations. This, the Plaintiffs claim, is the differential treatment towards the Lamothes, and hence a proper basis for their equal protection claim. (See Pls. Mem. at 16 ("Although no action was taken against Aquilino for these obvious code violations, numerous, frivolous violations were issued against the plaintiffs after they purchased the property.").)

There is no doubt that the previous occupants of the premises, the Aquilinos, violated certain building codes and that the Village did not enforce these restrictions against them. However, the Second Circuit has held that the municipality's knowledge of violations committed by those alleged to be similarly situated is crucial. In the context of selective enforcement of land use restrictions, the Second Circuit held that a plaintiff would be "hard pressed" to demonstrate selective treatment without also demonstrating the municipality's knowledge of the other, unenforced violations. See LaTrieste Rest. v. Vill. of Port Chester, 188 F.3d 65, 69 (2d Cir. 1999); see, e.g., Zavatsky v. Anderson, No. 00 Civ. 844, 2004 WL 936170, at *8-*10, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7440, at *23-*29 (D. Conn. Mar. 8, 2004) (denying summary judgment where material issues of fact remained as to defendant's knowledge of similarly situated individuals treated differently from plaintiff). Thus, the Plaintiffs "cannot establish an equal protection violation unless [they] show[] that the [Town] consciously applied a different standard of enforcement to similarly situated [homeowners]." LaTrieste, 188 F.3d at 70.

Here, there is no evidence to demonstrate that the Town was aware of the building code violations when the Aquilinos were the homeowners. Without this evidence of knowledge on the part of the Town, the Plaintiffs' claim of selective enforcement cannot succeed. Id. ("Absent a showing that the Village knew of other violations, but declined to prosecute them, LaTrieste would ordinarily be unable to show that it was treated selectively."); see also Abel v. Morabito, No. 04 Civ. 7284, 2009 WL 321007, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 10, 2009) ("Plaintiff has not offered any evidence that the individual defendants—except perhaps Defendant Morabito—had the requisite knowledge at the time they voted to sue him, and Defendants have offered affirmative evidence to the contrary.").

Of importance, the Second Circuit also stated in LaTrieste that:

We do not hold that knowledge will be required in every case. It is conceivable that selective treatment could be shown where, for example, proof was offered that a municipality did not know of prior violations because it adhered to a see-no-evil policy of not enforcing an ordinance, and then abandoned that policy with respect to a violator engaged in protected activity.

LaTrieste, 188 F.3d at 70 n.1. However, as in LaTrieste, the Plaintiffs have not explicitly called the Court's attention to proof supporting this, or any other such alternative theory of selective treatment. The Lamothes do point out that the Town did not require a final inspection before a CO was issued, and this permitted a CO to be issued without uncovering certain structural deficiencies and Code violations. But the existence of this situation does not prove that there was a "see-no-evil policy" of not enforcing building code violations. While it may an unwise policy and possibly a ground for a negligence cause of action, it does not evidence ostrich-like behavior.

Therefore, the Defendants' motion for summary judgment with regard to the Plaintiffs' Section 1983 equal protective claim premised on a selective enforcement theory is granted and that claim is dismissed.

2. Class of One

A class of one claim exists "where the plaintiff alleges that she has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment." Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564, 120 S. Ct. 1073, 145 L. Ed. 2d 1060 (2000). Thus, to succeed on a class of one claim, a plaintiff must establish that:

(i) no rational person could regard the circumstances of the plaintiff to differ from those of a comparator to a degree that would justify the differential treatment on the basis of a legitimate government policy; and (ii) the similarity in circumstances and difference in treatment are sufficient to exclude the possibility that the defendants acted on the basis of a mistake.

Analytical Diagnostic Labs, Inc. v. Kusel, 626 F.3d 135, 140 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Neilson v. D'Angelis, 409 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 2005), abrogated on other grounds, Appel v. Spiridon, 531 F.3d 138 (2d Cir. 2008)). In addition, "class of one" plaintiffs must show "intentional disparate treatment," in that defendants "knew that they were treating [plaintiffs] differently from anyone else." Giordano v. City of New York, 274 F.3d 740, 751 (2d Cir. 2001). Finally, and most importantly, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the governmental action was "irrational and wholly arbitrary" or motivated by animus toward that plaintiff.

In Prestopnik v. Whelan, 249 Fed. App'x 210 (2d Cir. 2007), the Second Circuit explained the difference between "class of one" equal protection claims and historic equal protection claims:

"The Equal Protection Clause requires that the government treat all similarly situated people alike." Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill. of Mineola, 273 F.3d 494, 499 (2d Cir. 2001). While this clause "is most commonly used to bring claims alleging discrimination based on membership in a protected class," it may also be used to bring a "class of one" equal protection claim. Neilson v. D'Angelis, 409 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 2005); see also Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564, 120 S. Ct. 1073, 145 L. Ed. 2d 1060 (2000). In a "class of one" case, the plaintiff uses "the existence of persons in similar circumstances who received more favorable treatment than the plaintiff . . . to provide an inference that the plaintiff was intentionally singled out for reasons that so lack any reasonable nexus with a legitimate governmental policy that an improper purpose—whether personal or otherwise—is all but certain." Neilson, 409 F.3d at 105.

Id. at 212-13.

As an initial matter, the Plaintiffs' class of one claim fails because, as with their selective enforcement claim, the Lamothes cannot show that they were treated differently than similarly situated individuals. If the Plaintiffs fail to satisfy the similarly situated element of a selective enforcement claim, they cannot satisfy it for a class of one claim. Everitt v. DeMarco, 704 F. Supp. 2d 122, 135 (D. Conn. 2010) ("The Court holds that the Plaintiffs' equal protection claim fails under either a selective enforcement or 'class of one' theory because they have neither alleged nor produced any evidence that they were treated differently from similarly situated individuals.").

Moreover, the third element of a class of one claim is the most problematic for the Plaintiffs to succeed in this particular case. Specifically, in Engquist v. Oregon Department of Agriculture, the Supreme Court held that plaintiffs asserting a class of one claim must show that the differential treatment received resulted from non-discretionary state action:

There are some forms of state action . . . which by their nature involve discretionary decisionmaking based on a vast array of subjective, individualized assessments. In such cases the rule that people should be 'treated alike, under like circumstances and conditions' is not violated when one person is treated differently from others, because treating like individuals differently is an accepted consequence of the discretion granted. In such situations, allowing a challenge based on the arbitrary singling out of a particular person would undermine the very discretion that such state officials are entrusted to exercise.

553 U.S. 591, 603, 128 S. Ct. 2146, 170 L. Ed. 2d 975 (2008); see also Siao-Pao v. Connolly, 564 F. Supp. 2d 232, 245 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) ("Additionally, the Supreme Court recently clarified the Olech holding by limiting class of one claims in contexts characterized by individualized and subjective determinations . . .").

The differential treatment at issue here between the Aquilinos and the Lamothes—the issuance of summonses for building code violations—is a discretionary act. See Engquist, 553 U.S. at 603-04, 128 S. Ct. 2146, 170 L. Ed. 2d 975 (confirming that the issuance of tickets by law enforcement officials is a discretionary act, because "allowing an equal protection claim on the ground that a ticket was given to one person and not others, even if for no discernible or articulable reason, would be incompatible with the discretion inherent in the challenged action"); DePietro v. City of N.Y., No. 09 Civ. 932, 2010 WL 449096, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2010) ("When officials act within their discretion, basing their decision on a variety of factors that could yield different results on a case by case basis, the rationale of Engquist precludes a class of one challenge.").

Because a class of one claim cannot be based on treatment that was the result of a discretionary or subjective decision, under the facts of this case, the Plaintiffs have not shown that the building code violations they faced is at all distinguishable from the discretionary act of issuing tickets. Accordingly, the Plaintiffs' class of one claim fails to survive summary judgment. See Casciani, 659 F. Supp. 2d at 457 ("Even after the ordinance was passed, any action taken by the Town to enforce the ordinance was necessarily discretionary."); Tarantino, 615 F. Supp. 2d at 117 & n. 11 ("[I]n a class-of-one case, the plaintiff must show that the difference in treatment resulted from non-discretionary governmental action. . . . Enforcement of the Code provisions at issue here clearly involved a degree of discretion on the part of the code enforcement officer, Aiken [and therefore] this claim must therefore be dismissed against all the defendants."); see also Occhionero v. City of Fresno, No. 05 Civ. 1184, 2008 WL 2690431, at *9 (E.D. Cal. July 3, 2008) ("This Court will not legislate a class-of-one equal protection claim under the guise of a First Amendment retaliation claim to permit second guessing of the City's code enforcement measures at issue here.").

The Plaintiffs contend in opposition "[w]hile the issuance of a Building Permit may be a discretionary act, the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy is not." (Pl. Opp. at 14.) However, this assertion suggests a misapprehension of the relevant discretionary act. The issuance of the CO to the Aquilinos, rightly or wrongly, does not form the basis of the alleged differential treatment here. The Lamothes did not apply for a CO and one was never granted to them. Rather, the equal protection claim asserted by the Plaintiffs is that the Town did not pursue building code violations against the Aquilinos but only against the Lamothes, allegedly in retaliation for Ms. Lamothe exposing issues with regard to the CO. Even the Plaintiffs appear to recognize this distinction in their memorandum. (See Pls. Opp. at 15 ("there can be no dispute that defendants intended to bring criminal charges against plaintiffs for the alleged violation of various provisions of the State's and Town's Building Codes. Furthermore, there can be no dispute that these same defendants decided not to bring these very same charges against the Aquilinos. Therefore, this disparate treatment is without justification . . .").

Therefore, the Court grants the Defendants' motion for summary judgment dismissing the Plaintiffs' Section 1983 equal protection claim premised on a class of one theory. As such, all the Plaintiffs' Section 1983 equal protection claims against all of the Defendants are dismissed. C. Section 1983 Substantive Due Process

Next, the Defendants assert that the Plaintiffs cannot prevail on their substantive due process claim.

"Substantive due process protects against government action that is arbitrary, conscience shocking, or oppressive in a constitutional sense, but not against a government action that is incorrect or ill advised." Kaluczky v. City of White Plains, 57 F.3d 202, 211 (2d Cir. 1995). Thus, to prevail on this claim, the Plaintiffs must demonstrate that the Defendants "so grossly abused their authority that they deprived him of a constitutionally protected property interest." Rackley, 186 F. Supp. 2d. at 479. Such abuse occurs only where the government action challenged is so outrageous and arbitrary that it "shocks the conscious" or suggests a "gross abuse of governmental authority." Kuck v. Danaher, 600 F.3d 159, 167 (2d Cir. 2010).

In order to state a substantive due process claim for deprivation of property, "a party must first establish that he had a valid 'property interest' in a benefit that was entitled to constitutional protection." Zahra v. Town of Southold, 48 F.3d 674, 680 (2d Cir. 1995) (quoting Brady v. Town of Colchester, 863 F.2d 205, 211-12 (2d Cir. 1988)); see also West Farms Assoc. v. State Traffic Com., 951 F.2d 469, 472 (2d Cir. 1991) ("[A] plaintiff may not successfully claim a deprivation of property without due process absent the identification of a protected property interest.").

The property interest asserted by the Plaintiffs is "the granting or denial of the permits and final certificates of occupancy." (Pl. Opp. at 20.) See Seabrook v. City of N.Y., 509 F. Supp. 2d 393, 403 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) ("While not clearly articulated, plaintiffs appear to argue that the New York City Charter creates a property interest in (1) proper enforcement of housing regulations and adequate home inspections, and (2) issuance of Certificates of Occupancy only upon compliance with applicable regulations."). Apparently, the Plaintiffs do not even attempt to argue that there is a property interest with regard to the enforcement of housing regulations, because it is clear that this "does not create a protected property interest." Id. at 404 ("Under plaintiffs' logic, each time an agency, whose duties are defined in the N.Y.C. Charter, fails to satisfy an obligation or improperly undertakes a responsibility, it constitutes a due process claim."); see Kelly Kare, Ltd. v. O'Rourke, 930 F.2d 170, 176 (2d Cir. 1991) ("discretion over the conferral of a governmental benefit . . . is fatal to a claim of entitlement to that benefit").

However, even if this Court were to find that the Plaintiffs have a constitutionally protected property interest in the granting or denying of a CO, and even assuming that the CO was wrongfully granted in this particular case in violation of the Town code, "the mere violation of a state law does not automatically give rise to a violation of federal constitutional rights." Zahra, 48 F.3d at 682. Certainly, as another district court in this Circuit noted, "[a] plaintiff can claim a due process violation where a Certificate was wrongfully withheld, at least where the plaintiff can show a clear entitlement to a Certificate under state law." Assoko v. City of New York, 539 F. Supp. 2d 728, 739 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); see O'Mara v. Town of Wappinger, 485 F.3d 693, 700 (2d Cir. 2007) (recognizing but denying substantive due process claim because plaintiff failed to show clear entitlement to issuance of certificate of occupancy). However, the Town is alleged to have wrongfully issued a CO, thus allowing the Plaintiffs to purchase a defective home.

This claim cannot sustain a substantive due process violation because the issuance of a Certificate, even if in violation of municipal code, does not cause an injury attributable to the government that rises to a constitutional level. Unlike the case where a Certificate is wrongfully withheld, the City did not affirmatively deny Plaintiffs any benefit or cause Plaintiffs any harm.

Assoko, 539 F. Supp. 2d at 739. "A municipality is responsible for injuries caused by its actions, and even the wrongful issuance of a Certificate does not cause an injury to the recipient attributable to the government, let alone an injury rising to a constitutional level. To the contrary, it bestows a clear benefit on the recipient." Id. Thus, in the Court's view, even if the Town wrongfully issued a CO to Aquilino, and thus there was a violation of the Town code, this does not amount to a due process violation. See Bletter v. Inc. Vill. of Westhampton Beach, 88 F.Supp.2d 21 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) (Spatt, J.) (denying such a due process claim after reinterpreting it as a claim of a property interest in proper certification procedures, finding that there is no property interest in the procedures leading up to the issuance of a certificate of occupancy).

Moreover, in the Court's view, even if the Town wrongfully issued a CO when it should not have under the Town code, such behavior does not qualify as "conscience-shocking," or "oppressive in the constitutional sense." Lowrance v. C.O. S. Achtyl, 20 F.3d 529, 537 (2d Cir. 1994). See Conde v. Town of Sharon, 421 Fed App'x 26, 28 (2d Cir. 2011) ("Furthermore, even if there were a constitutionally protected right at issue, Conde has failed to point to any facts establishing that the town's conduct with respect to her request to build a gate was arbitrary, conscience-shocking, or oppressive.").

Therefore, the Defendants' motion for summary judgment dismissing the substantive due process claim is granted. D. Municipal Liability

For the reasons set forth above, the Plaintiffs have failed to establish the violation of any protected constitutional rights by any of the Defendants. "[I]t is fundamental that [Section] 1983 creates no independent, substantive constitutional rights but rather is a vehicle for enforcing such rights." Rosa R. v. Connelly, 889 F.2d 435, 440 (2d Cir. 1989). If there is no underlying constitutional violation, then the Plaintiffs' claims for municipal liability against the Town and Department must ultimately fail. See Khan v. Ryan, 145 F. Supp. 2d 280, 285 (E.D.N.Y. 2001) ("If there is no underlying constitutional violation by a municipal official, the municipality is not liable"); Segal v. City of New York, 459 F.3d 207, 219 (2d Cir. 2006) ("Because the district court properly found no underlying constitutional violation, its decision not to address the municipal defendants' liability under Monell was entirely correct"); see also Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 121, 112 S. Ct. 1061, 117 L. Ed. 2d 261 (1992).

Because the Section 1983 equal protection and due process claims have been dismissed, the Court need not independently analyze whether there can be municipal liability against the Town under Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611 (1978). E. Individual Liability

With regard to the liability of the individual defendants, the Defendants make several arguments as to their personal involvement with the Lamothes and the circumstances of this case, as well as to issues of qualified immunity. However, as with municipal liability, because the Plaintiffs have failed to show that the individual defendants caused them to be deprived of a federal right, any Section 1983 claim against the individual defendants necessarily fails. Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 122 (2d Cir. 2004) ("In order to establish individual liability under § 1983, a plaintiff must show . . . that the defendant caused the plaintiff to be deprived of a federal right."); see Dunk v. Brower, No. 07 Civ. 7087, 2009 WL 650352, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. March 12, 2009) (observing that the "Supreme Court has found that if there is no constitutional violation, there can be no liability, either on the part of the individual officer of the government body). Thus, the Court need not address individual involvement or qualified immunity. Accordingly, the Defendants motion for summary judgment dismissing the Plaintiffs' Section 1983 claims against the individual defendants is granted. F. Negligent Issuance of a CO

Next, the Defendants assert that the Plaintiffs' tort-based claims are completely barred because a Notice of Claim required by General Municipal Law §50-e was never filed. The Plaintiffs do not even address this contention in their opposition. The Court agrees that the Plaintiffs have failed to provide evidence of this requisite step and thus any claim premised on the negligent issuance of a CO is dismissed. G. Second Cause of Action for Aiding and Abetting

Finally, the Defendants assert that the only remaining cause of action, namely for aiding and abetting the above constitutional violations, must be dismissed because if "those constitutional claims fail as a matter of law, as do any derivative claims based upon same." (Def. Mem. at 18.) The Court agrees. As such, the Plaintiffs' second cause of action against all of the Defendants for aiding and abetting the alleged constitutional violations is also dismissed.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby

ORDERED, that the Defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted in all respects and the complaint is dismissed in its entirety against all the Defendants; and it is further

ORDERED, that the Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to mark this case as closed.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: Central Islip, New York

December 27, 2012

____________________________