BALDWIN, C. J.
The main question in this cause is as to the meaning of the testator's provision for his widow. He gave her a life estate in all that he should leave, "with the privilege of expending from time to time so much of the principal of said estate as she may find necessary for her comfortable support and maintenance"; and created a remainder over in favor of collateral relatives.
The remaindermen, who appealed from the probate decree, tendered in their reasons of appeal no other issue in regard to the character of Mrs. Reed's expenditures from the principal than that they were not needed for her comfortable support and maintenance, and were made by her for other purposes. Her answer denied these allegations, and also averred affirmatively that she had made the expenditure "wholly for her comfortable support and maintenance, as she had a right to do under the will."
The points thus presented to the court, if the allegations of the parties were to be treated as ordinary pleadings in civil actions, were simply, first, whether the moneys in question had been necessarily expended for the widow's comfortable support and maintenance; and, second, whether she had a right under the will to expend them for that purpose. The Superior Court has found they were not so necessarily expended, and this is a conclusive finding of fact. It is obvious, however, from the memorandum of decision, that the court below regarded the controversy as turning on the true construction of the will, and was of opinion that, properly construed, it gave the widow no right to draw upon the principal, unless it should be in fact necessary for her comfortable support and maintenance. The parties to the cause have, in like manner, treated its decision in this court as one to be determined by the measure of power conferred upon her by the will, and we think that, under the circumstances, we should pursue that course. Technical rules as to the formation and determination of issues are not properly applicable to reasons of appeal from probate. St. Leger's Appeal, 34 Conn. 434, 448.
The testator had no children. His confidence in the judgment and integrity of his wife was such that he appointed her sole executrix of his will, and dispensed with her giving a probate bond, as such. At the time when his will was executed his only property from which he could anticipate any material income was a large block of the capital stock of a manufacturing company by which he was employed. For two years it had paid no dividends, and there was then no prospect of its paying any in the near future, although a year or two later, and three months before his death, his stock was exchanged, upon a reorganization, for preferred and guaranteed stock in a new corporation, on which dividends were reasonably certain to accrue. His wife had no property of her own, and his first thought was to secure her comfortable support. But how was the amount which it might be necessary to provide for this purpose to be ascertained? He answered this question by making her the judge, and her own opinion the rule of decision. She was to receive whatever income his residuary estate might produce, with the privilege of taking also from the principal, from time to time, so much more as she might find necessary for her comfortable support and maintenance. Had he desired to limit her right of expenditure to such sums as should be necessary for her comfortable support and maintenance, a different and briefer form of expression would naturally have been employed. By the words used, whatever encroachments on the principal she might make, from time to time, for use in her support, she could rightfully make, provided she, acting in good faith, should be of opinion that they were necessary for her support in comfort. She could use the proceeds for no other purpose; but if used for what she, in good faith, deemed to be required for that purpose, her disposition of them could not be questioned by those interested in remainder. Lawrence v. Beardsley, 74 Conn. 1, 5, 49 A. 190; Hoxie v. Finney, 147 Mass. 616, 18 N.E. 593.
The case of Little v. Geer, 69 Conn. 411, 37 A. 1056, on which the remaindermen seem especially to rely, is not inconsistent with these conclusions. The will there in question gave the testator's widow the use of all his residuary property during life or widowhood, and in case it should "be insufficient for her comfortable and proper maintenance and support," authorized the executor to sell any portion of the principal which he should deem necessary and "use the avails arising from such sale for her proper and comfortable maintenance and support." The testator left children, to whom the remainder was given, in specified and unequal shares, a power of sale being conferred in that connection on the executor, to enable him "the more easily to divide and distribute what shall remain of my said estate on the decease or marriage of my said wife, and which she shall not have used during her life or widowhood." By a codicil, his wife was substituted as sole executrix, "without her giving bonds," and given "the privilege of using as much of the principal as she may desire for her comfort and maintenance with full power and authority to sell and legally convey any of my estate both real and personal as she may see fit, and to freely use the avails thereof as long as she remains my widow." Under the circumstances of that case, we held that the testator evidently expected that there would be something left after the death or remarriage of his widow, and intended that his children should take something from his estate; that the widow did not acquire an absolute interest in the residuary estate; that so long as she should conduct reasonably and in good faith, the amount which she might appropriate for her own support must be left to her own discretion; but that if she should indulge in wastefulness, or should seek to appropriate more of the estate than was reasonable for her support, she might be restrained by injunction. The codicil and will were thus read as together constituting one scheme of disposition, and the intent to reserve something for the testator's children, upon either the widow's remarriage or death, was given due effect.
In the will now before us, the testator was childless, and in no part of it is there anything to indicate an intention to limit the honest discretion of the widow in taking from the principal whatever she might think necessary for her comfortable support, or to evince solicitude that something should be left for his collateral relatives.
The finding does not disclose anything amounting to bad faith on the part of Mrs. Reed. She has been extravagant and wasteful. She has expended an unreasonable amount in her support and maintenance. But so far as it was expended for that purpose, to procure what she herself deemed to be necessary for her comfortable support, her acts were warranted by the privilege which the testator gave her, in making her judgment regarding their necessity superior to that of any court.
No exception has been taken to the action of the Superior Court in allowing the executrix credit for the $4,275 paid for the house in Tariffville, the title to which was taken in her name as executrix. As that credit must stand, it follows that any reasonable charges incident to the purchase and to making the house, after possession was delivered, habitable in comfort, should also have been allowed. Subsequent payments for repairs, insurance and taxes, would be primarily chargeable against the income, but she could, in effect, throw them upon the principal, if she in good faith found the remaining income insufficient for her comfortable support.
Mrs. Reed, as the sole executrix of the will, had the right to sell out the shares in the Pratt Whitney Company for the purpose of making suitable reinvestments. For a like purpose she had a right to sell the Tariffville house, for the purchase of which she had previously converted some of that stock. She incurred expense in endeavoring to negotiate such sales for the purpose of making an unsuitable investment. Stock in a joint-stock trading company can never be a suitable investment for an executor or trustee to make, unless he has been invested with greater powers than are ordinarily incident to such a position. Her charges for expenditures of this nature were therefore properly disallowed.
So were her charges against the principal for moneys paid out in defending against the proceedings brought by the remaindermen against her individually for equitable relief. But for expenses incurred in repelling attacks upon her administration accounts she may be entitled to credit. It was her duty, as executrix, to dispose of the estate of the testator according to his will. As to this she stood in the same situation as if she were not, herself, the beneficiary, who was claiming the right to spend from the principal of the estate. Her main contention as to the rights attached to the life estate has been finally upheld, and what it fairly and reasonably cost to maintain it may properly be charged against the principal of the estate.
There is no merit in the exception taken to the interlocutory decree of the Superior Court by which Mrs. Reed was required to file in that court a new administration account, differing in certain material points from that allowed by the Court of Probate. The Superior Court, in disposing of the appeal, had all the powers of a Court of Probate in respect to settling the account of the executrix on a proper basis. Mathews' Appeal, 72 Conn. 555, 45 A. 170.
No exception has been taken by either party to so much of the judgment appealed from as does not relate to the settlement of this account, and the judgment is so far separable that it must stand, except so far as concerns the points covered by the reasons of appeal in respect to the proper mode of making such settlement.