"Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this State shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel." Constitution, art. 1, sec. 1, par. 5 (Code, Ann., § 2-105). This constitutional requirement is, in effect, denied, where counsel appointed to defend the accused is not given a reasonable time to prepare his defense before trial.
Spence W. Edwards, Alfred Edwards, Marie Edwards, and Evelyn Lax were jointly indicted for the murder of Garland Fields. Spence W. Edwards was tried, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty without a recommendation. His motion for new trial as amended was overruled, and he excepts to that judgment.
In ground one of the amended motion for new trial it is contended that "the court erred in overruling the motion for continuance or postponement upon call of the case for trial." The evidence submitted by the movant in support of the motion, and that submitted by the State in opposition thereto, comprises nineteen pages.
George L. Smith II, an attorney appointed to represent the defendant, testified in support of the motion in substance that: On the day before, at approximately 11 o'clock a. m., he was appointed by the judge to assist Mr. Powell (another attorney previously appointed) in the defense of the defendant. He respectfully requested that he not be forced to go into the trial of the case, as he would not have sufficient time to properly represent the defendant and prepare the case for trial. Immediately after his appointment, Mr. Powell was out of town, and he did not have a conference with Mr. Powell until approximately 8:15 o'clock that morning. After his appointment he talked with the defendant, spent several hours with him. A psychiatrist should examine the defendant and be prepared to testify in the trial of the case, and if the case is continued, such evidence would be available. From his examination of the case, there are several motions that should be filed, one with reference to a plea of insanity. In his conference with the defendant and his brother, Alfred Edwards, some information was procured by him from Alfred, but he was unable to learn anything from the defendant, Spence Edwards. The defendant could not talk intelligently, and he left the jail without discussing the facts of the case because of the defendant breaking down and crying, and he did not know whether the defendant's condition was caused by the morphine being given him or from his physical condition. He concluded his testimony with the statement: "We can not properly represent this defendant with the limited amount of time given us by the court."
Grayson C. Powell, attorney, testified: Some two or three weeks before, the judge talked with him in reference to representing the defendant and his brother. He advised the judge that he would. The matter was dropped because it was tentatively understood that Judge Herrington was to represent them. Later — counsel thought it was on Wednesday of the week before — he had a talk with the judge, at which time he was told to represent the defendant and his brother, and at that time it was stated that other counsel would be appointed to assist in the case. He had a leave of absence from the court on the day before, and returned to Swainsboro at 6:30 p. m. As soon as he could after his return he arranged for a conference with the other attorney, which was held some fifteen or twenty minutes prior to the opening of the court, which was not sufficient time to go into any of the details of the case.
Judge Alfred Herrington was examined by the court, and testified: Spence Edwards had conferred with him with reference to employment. Counsel had requested the court not to appoint counsel for the defendants because they had been conferring with the witness with reference to employing him. Later he accepted employment to represent the two women, and requested the court to relieve him of any obligation in representing the defendant. In response to questioning, Judge Herrington testified that, if he had represented the defendants, he would have wanted time to prepare the case, and in his judgment one or two days would be insufficient time for the preparation of the case for trial.
HEAD, Justice.
The motion in this case can not be construed as an application for continuance based on the absence of a material witness, and the showing required by the Code, § 81-1410, does not apply. While the showing as made contained an insistence that the defendant was not physically able to go to trial, there was medical testimony that he was able to stand trial, and this point is not insisted upon in this court.
The attorney who was appointed to represent the defendant on the day preceding the trial, insisted in his motion that he should have opportunity to prepare for the trial of the case. The facts in this case present an unusual situation. One attorney was appointed by the court some six or seven days prior to the date of the trial. At the time of his appointment this attorney was advised by the court that other counsel would be appointed to assist him. The first attorney appointed consulted with the defendant on two occasions. From his testimony it does not appear that he made any further investigation or attempted to interview any witnesses in preparation for a trial of the case. The inference may be fairly drawn from his testimony that he delayed further investigation pending the appointment of other counsel. Since he was out of court on a leave of absence, and did not return until the evening before the trial, a conference between the first and second attorneys appointed was not possible until a short time before court opened on the date of the trial.
The Code, § 81-1419, provides: "All applications for continuances are addressed to the sound legal discretion of the court, and, if not expressly provided for, shall be granted or refused as the ends of justice may require." Counsel for the State have cited some of the many cases in the reports of this court and of the Court of Appeals to the effect that the discretion of the trial judge will not be controlled unless manifestly abused. The cases containing this statement are so numerous, and this principle of law has been so frequently stated, that it does not require any citation of authority here. The expression, "that the discretion of the trial judge will not be controlled unless manifestly abused," however, does not mean that the trial judge has any discretion in the application of legal rules and principles to a finding of fact made by him. His discretion begins and ends with the evidence. Where the evidence is conflicting, his finding on the facts will not be set aside, unless manifestly abused. Where there is no conflict in the evidence, and only legal rules as declared by our laws, and the principles of justice stated by the Bill of Rights of the Federal and State Constitutions are to be applied, an erroneous application of such rules and principles will be reviewed and corrected.
The clear mandate of our Constitution, art. 1, sec. 1, par. 5 (Code, Ann., § 2-105), requires that every person accused of crime shall have the "benefit of counsel." If, in order to comply with this mandate of the Constitution, it was necessary to name a second attorney to represent the accused, then on application of the same principle enunciated by this provision of the Constitution, counsel should have an opportunity to investigate the case and prepare their defense of the accused.
In Brown v. State, 120 Ga. 145, 147 ( 47 S.E. 543), it was stated: "The Constitution of this State provides that every person accused of crime shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel . . but it is useless to appoint counsel to represent one so accused unless the attorney so appointed is given at least a reasonable opportunity to prepare the case entrusted to him."
What preparation could the attorney Smith have made more than to confer with the defendant and the other attorney under the circumstances set forth? How many of the more than twenty witnesses for the State whose names appeared on the bill of indictment could he have located and interviewed? What facts could he have ascertained in support of his statement to the court that it was his opinion that the defendant might properly file a plea of insanity?
In Reliford v. State, 140 Ga. 778 ( 79 S.E. 1128), it was said: "This constitutional guaranty of `benefit of counsel' means something more than the mere appointment by the court of counsel to represent the accused. He is entitled to a reasonable time for preparation by such counsel to properly represent him on the trial." And in Blackman v. State, 76 Ga. 289, it was said: "This constitutional privilege would amount to nothing if the counsel for the accused are not allowed sufficient time to prepare his defense." See also Jones v. State, 65 Ga. 506; Jackson v. State, 88 Ga. 784 ( 15 S.E. 677); McArver v. State, 114 Ga. 514 ( 40 S.E. 779); Cummings v. State, 151 Ga. 593 ( 107 S.E. 771); Sheppard v. State, 165 Ga. 460 ( 141 S.E. 196).
In this case it appears that the defendant was a resident of the State of Kentucky; that his father was dead; that his mother died in an insane asylum while the defendant was serving in the Army of the United States; that he has two brothers serving in the Army, one in California, and the other's location being unknown. The brother in California visited the defendant for a short time about a week or ten days prior to the trial, and then went to another State in an effort to procure funds to hire counsel for the defendant. This brother returned the day before the trial. Thus it appears that the defendant was in a strange State, out of touch with friends or acquaintances, and without resources to employ counsel.
If it should be assumed that the defendant is guilty of murder, without any mitigating facts or circumstances, he is still entitled to have his appointed counsel given an opportunity to prepare for trial with some knowledge of what the evidence would show. In Harris v. State, 119 Ga. 114 ( 45 S.E. 973), it was said: "Undue due haste in the administration of the criminal law is as much to be condemned as unnecessary delay. The true course lies between these two extremes."
If there should be those so unduly concerned because the defendant has not been brought to account for his alleged crimes as to complain of the law's delay, our answer must be that undue haste, amounting to a denial of the benefit of counsel, requires that the defendant's constitutional right of counsel be given him, regardless of the evidence against him. This fundamental right is guaranteed to every person charged with crime.
Since the defendant must be granted a new trial, the general grounds of his motion for a new trial are not ruled upon. Other grounds of the amended motion deal with matters that should not occur on a second trial of the case, and do not require any ruling thereon. Let the judgment be
Reversed. All the Justices concur, except Atkinson, P. J., and Candler, J., who dissent, and Bell, J., absent on account of illness.