MINNESOTA MINING c. CO. v. ELLINGTON

R. L. Ellington sued Larry G. Warren and Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Company for certain damages. The petition contained the following allegations: that the plaintiff is employed by the City of Atlanta as a lieutenant on the fire department; that on July 19, 1954, at approximately 7:45 p. m., the plaintiff was on duty with the fire department and was at Grant Park in Atlanta in search of a child reported to have been lost in a trunk sewer under the lake at Grant Park; that the plaintiff had searched sewers in that area, and while waiting for the city sanitary department to notify him that it would be safe to go in the trunk sewer under the lake, the plaintiff, with the father of the child reported to have been lost, C. W. Alexander, went to the playground at Grant Park to make another search there; that, after the plaintiff and Mr. Alexander checked the playground, they entered upon the center field of the ball diamond at Grant Park on their way to return to the entrance of the trunk sewer under the lake; that, as the plaintiff and Mr. Alexander attempted to cross the ball diamond, a soft-ball game was in progress between the "3 M Company," the soft-ball team of Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Company, and another team of the Industrial League; that, as the plaintiff and Mr. Alexander entered center field of the diamond, the umpire called time in order that they might cross the field; that, when the plaintiff and Mr. Alexander entered upon the ball diamond, the defendant Warren was playing the position of center fielder for, and was managing, the "3 M Company" soft-ball team; that, as the petitioner and Mr. Alexander were passing the defendant Warren, who was in center field, he called time and told them to get off the field; that the plaintiff informed Warren that they were leaving just as fast as they could cross the field; that Warren then told the plaintiff and Mr. Alexander that they were holding up the game and that he meant for them to leave in a hurry; that the plaintiff and Mr. Alexander had continued to walk a few steps past Warren, and the plaintiff stopped and informed Warren that there was a child reported lost there in one of the sewers, and that they were searching for him; that Warren then asked the plaintiff if he was going to hold up that ball game to look for the "kid"; that the plaintiff informed Warren that, if it were necessary, they would stop the ball game to help find the child, but that they were leaving the field as Warren had told them to do; that, as the plaintiff made his last statement, he began to walk away from the defendant Warren and turned his head to look over his left shoulder; that, as the plaintiff looked over his left shoulder, Warren while in the rear of the plaintiff without warning and without cause or justification violently assaulted the plaintiff by striking him in the mouth with his left fist; that the blow rendered the plaintiff senseless for a moment or two and the plaintiff slumped to his knees; that the defendant Warren was and is now employed by the defendant, Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Company; that the "3 M Company" soft-ball team is the team of the defendant Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Company, entered in the Industrial League by said defendant; that the defendant company had appointed Warren and authorized him to act as manager of said team; that as such manager the duties of the defendant Warren embraced all matters pertaining to running said team off the field and on, and to keeping unauthorized persons off the playing field and from interfering with the game while it was in progress; that, at said time and place hereinbefore set out, the defendant Warren was the agent, servant, and employee of the defendant company and was acting in the prosecution of the business of the defendant company and within the scope of his authority; that the plaintiff gave Warren no cause to strike him, and made no threats nor attempted in any manner to assault or molest Warren; that, as a result of the assault, the plaintiff was injured in enumerated particulars.

The general demurrer filed by the defendant Minnesota Mining Manufacturing Company was overruled, and it excepts.

FELTON, C. J.

On demurrer this court must accept as true the allegations which deal with the authority delegated to the employee team manager by his employer, since it is conceivable that there might be circumstances under which the allegations could be true and susceptible of proof. Under the allegations it would be a question for a jury whether the employee defendant was acting in the prosecution of his employer's business when he committed the alleged tort. The plaintiff in error contends that, since the petition is demurrable because it shows on its face that Warren was not attempting to keep the defendant in error off the field, it follows that his act of hitting the defendant in error after he had started away from Warren had the very opposite effect from that of preventing or shortening interference with the game; and that the petition shows on its face that Warren stepped aside from his duties and did a personal act because of the "back talk" of the defendant in error. We cannot agree with these contentions. In the first place, the test is not what was the effect or result of the employee's act, but whether it was so closely connected with his employment as that it could be found to be a part thereof. We think that, if the defendant in error can establish the duties of the team manager as alleged, it is a jury question whether the employee's conduct was in the prosecution of his duties if the other facts are established as alleged. The fact that the employee had no authority to use force or that he had such authority but used too much would not resolve the question of the employer's liability. If this were true, there could never be a case based on wilful misconduct unless it was actually authorized or ratified, as has been shown in so many cases. Neither would the fact that the defendant in error had started to walk away from the employee manager. As to the other contention of the plaintiff in error, the petition does not show on its face that the assault was provoked solely by "back talk." It is very clearly shown in Mason v. N.C. St. L. Ry. Co., 135 Ga. 741 ( 70 S.E. 225, 33 L.R.A. (NS) 280), that if such conduct on the defendant in error's part was enough to justify the assault, neither the employer nor the employee would be liable; but that, if it did not justify the assault, the master might still be liable and the provocation, less than that constituting justification, could be considered in mitigation of damages, if the assault was found to be in the prosecution of the master's business. The fact that the parties were not on the premises of the employer would not alter the principle involved. The situations in other cases likewise would not alter the principle involved in cases of wilful misconduct because mere action in excess of actual or implied authority is no defense. We refer to situations where guards or watchmen, with authority to arrest, assault or shoot persons, where employees of common carriers, who have a specific duty to protect passengers, assault passengers, and situations involving assault by employees of hotels, restaurants, bars, stores, etc., where there is a qualified duty of protection on the employer. In a case like the present case, it was the employer's duty to the defendant in error to protect him from the wilful misconduct of the employee while the employee was engaged in the prosecution of the master's business. Neither does the petition show that the motives and conduct of the employee were personal and entirely disconnected from the duties of employment. In Daniel v. Excelsior Auto. Co., 31 Ga. App. 621 ( 121 S.E. 692), the provocation did not arise out of a matter connected with the employment. Southeastern Fair Assn. v. Wong Jung, 24 Ga. App. 707 ( 102 S.E. 32), was in effect overruled in Planters Cotton Oil Co. v. Baker, 181 Ga. 161 ( 181 S.E. 671), on authority of older cases than the one in which the Wong Jung case was affirmed by the Supreme Court on certiorari. Wong Jung v. Southeastern Fair Assn., 151 Ga. 85 ( 105 S.E. 847). Atlanta Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Brown, 46 Ga. App. 451 ( 167 S.E. 776), is distinguishable on its face and does not require discussion. Smith v. Seaboard Air-Line Ry., 18 Ga. App. 399 ( 89 S.E. 490), in the opinion of the writer, speaking for himself alone, is not distinguishable in principle from Central of Ga. Ry. Co. v. Stephens, 20 Ga. App. 546 ( 93 S.E. 175), disapproved by the Supreme Court in Frazier v. Southern Ry. Co., 200 Ga. 590 ( 37 S.E.2d 774), but it is contrary in principle to many older Supreme Court decisions and is not controlling. Georgia Power Co. v. Shipp, 195 Ga. 446 ( 24 S.E.2d 764), is not a full-bench decision, and is contrary in principle to many older Supreme Court decisions, as is Plumer v. Southern Bell Tel. Tel. Co., 58 Ga. App. 622 ( 199 S.E. 353), and Broome v. Primrose Tapestry Mills, 59 Ga. App. 70 ( 200 S.E. 506). For cases stating the principle herein stated to be the correct law see cases cited in Frazier v. Southern Ry. Co., supra; Mason v. N.C. St. L. Ry. Co., supra; Schwartz v. Nunnally Co., 60 Ga. App. 858 ( 5 S.E.2d 91); Gilbert v. Progressive Life Ins. Co., 79 Ga. App. 219 ( 53 S.E.2d 494); Prince v. Brickell, 87 Ga. App. 697 ( 75 S.E.2d 288); and Exposition Cotton Mills v. Sanders, 143 Ga. 593 ( 85 S.E. 747). The ruling here does not conflict with the principle and decisions to the effect that, if the servant steps aside even for a short time and engages in an act wholly personal, the master is not liable.

The court did not err in overruling the general demurrer to the petition.

Judgment affirmed. Quillian and Nichols, JJ., concur.