1. When there was no evidence authorizing a finding that a legally enforceable agreement, express or implied, existed, it was not error for the court to fail to charge on the meaning of such an agreement.
2. When a prior inconsistent statement of a witness was admitted in evidence for the purpose of impeachment, and the witness gave testimony for the purpose of explaining away the inconsistency and rebutting the discrediting effect of the prior statement, and the court was not requested to charge and did not charge on impeachment of witnesses, the court had no duty in the absence of a request to charge the jury with respect to their obligation or right to disregard the witness' previous written statement if they should believe the evidence offered to explain the statement and rebut its discrediting effect.
HALL, Judge.
1. With reference to the right to recover for ordinary negligence the court charged the jury that "Where a share-the-expense ride in a motor vehicle is prearranged by a legally enforceable agreement, such a situation makes the passenger a passenger for hire and not a guest, and requires ordinary care." The evidence did not authorize a finding that there was a prearrangement, either express or implied, of a duty on the part of the deceased to share the expenses of the fatal trip. There was no express promise to do so nor any facts from which an implied obligation could be inferred. Therefore, it was not harmful, as the plaintiff contends, for the court to fail to charge without request on the meaning of the terms "legally enforceable agreement resulting from an express contract" and "legally enforceable agreement resulting from an implied contract." The trial court did not err in overruling grounds 4 and 5 of the motion for new trial.
2. There was admitted in evidence for the purpose of impeachment, a written statement of a witness who had given testimony at the trial inconsistent with the prior statement. The witness testified that he did not remember signing a written statement in regard to the accident; that he recognized his signature but did not write the statement or remember signing it, and did not know when it was signed; that the date appearing on the statement was two days after the accident occurred, when he was in the hospital with a broken back and neck injury and was not in a condition to write the statement; that he did not know who J. W. Kline, whose name appeared on the statement as a witness, was; that he remembered somebody coming to the hospital and asking him some questions, but did not know whether that person wrote the statement while sitting there; that his injuries were painful during the first few days after the accident and they gave him quite a few shots of sedatives.
Ground 6 of the motion for new trial complains of the court's failure to charge without request that the statement should be disregarded and not considered by the jury (a) if the jury should believe that the statements therein made had not been written or made at the time the witness signed the statement, or (b) if the jury should believe that the witness on account of drugs or pain or both lacked the capacity to give a correct account of the matters he had seen or heard at the time the statement was written and signed.
The plaintiff relies on Holsenbake v. State, 45 Ga. 43 (2), and Phillips v. State, 206 Ga. 418 ( 57 S.E.2d 555). These cases have no application to this case for the reason that they deal with alleged incriminatory admissions or confessions, both of which relate to parties in criminal cases, have testimonial value, and are used as substantive evidence. Eberhardt v. State, 47 Ga. 598; Pressley v. State, 201 Ga. 267 ( 39 S.E.2d 478); Harris v. State, 207 Ga. 287 ( 61 S.E.2d 135); accord Dennis v. Weekes, 46 Ga. 514; Green, Ga. Law of Evidence 355, § 246. The hearsay rule prevents a prior inconsistent statement of a non-party witness from being used as substantive evidence; it has no testimonial value and can only be used for the purpose of impeaching a witness. Central R. Bkg. Co. v. Maltsby, 90 Ga. 630 (4), 632 ( 16 S.E. 953); Quinton v. Peck, 195 Ga. 299, 304 ( 24 S.E.2d 36); Luke v. Cannon, 4 Ga. App. 538 (4) ( 62 S.E. 110). Such a statement "shows, if nothing more, the frailty and unreliable character of his memory." Bigham v. Coleman, 71 Ga. 176, 194. The testimony brought out by the plaintiff, as to the witness' physical condition on the date of the alleged previous statement and his lack of memory of signing it, was for the purpose of explaining away the inconsistency in the witness' previous statement and rebutting its discrediting effect. Cameron v. State, 66 Ga. App. 414 (3) ( 18 S.E.2d 16); Wynes v. State, 182 Ga. 434 (3) ( 185 S.E. 711); Bivins v. State, 200 Ga. 729, 741 ( 38 S.E.2d 273); Huff v. State, 104 Ga. 521 (1) ( 30 S.E. 808); 3 Wigmore on Evidence 737, § 1044.
The law is basic in this State that, in the absence of a timely written request to charge the jury the law upon the subject of impeaching a witness by proof of contradictory statements, it is not error for the judge in his charge to omit all reference to this subject. Martin Sons v. Bank of Leesburg, 137 Ga. 285 (2) ( 73 S.E. 387); Huff v. State, 104 Ga. 521 (6), supra; Smith v. State, 7 Ga. App. 710 (2) ( 67 S.E. 1048); Hart v. State, 14 Ga. App. 714 ( 82 S.E. 164); Cole v. Byrd, 83 Ga. 207 (3) ( 9 S.E. 613). In this case, the trial judge was not requested to make, and made no charge whatever on impeachment or with specific reference to the testimony of this witness. Ergo, he was under no duty, in the absence of a request, to charge the jury with respect to their obligation or right to disregard the witness' previous written statement if they should believe the evidence offered to explain the statement and rebut its discrediting effect. Such a charge would be merely an elaboration on the law of impeachment, i.e., the privilege of explaining away the discrediting effect of evidence offered to impeach a witness. Wynes v. State, supra.
We do not believe the case of Dowdy v. Watson Lewis, 115 Ga. 42 (6) ( 41 S.E. 266), cited in the dissenting opinion, has any application to this case for the reason that it dealt solely with the question of whether a party was competent to take the witness stand and give direct evidence in his own behalf. It in no way relates to impeachment.
Furthermore, there "is a difference between issue and evidence, and the requirement that the judge shall instruct the jury as to all the issues raised does not impose on him the duty of singling out particular portions of the evidence and charging thereon." Wrightsville Tennille Railroad Co. v. Lattimore, 118 Ga. 118 Ga. 581 (6) (45 S.E. 453). To place on the trial judge the burden of finely sifting the evidence in a case to determine if there is some piece of evidence upon which the jury will be aided by a specific charge obviously would be highly impractical and unduly delay trials and the administration of justice. The law has never required this of trial judges, but has provided a means for assisting the jury in such matters through the request to charge, giving counsel the privilege and duty of singling out portions of the evidence upon which special charge is needed, and requiring the trial judge to charge the request when pertinent and correct.
The trial court did not err in overruling the motion for new trial.
Judgment affirmed. All the Judges concur, except Felton, C. J., and Frankum, J., who dissent.