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Case Summary: People v. Clark, Docket No. 7,454 (Mich. Ct. App. Feb. 6, 1970)

Factual and Procedural Background

Herman Clark was convicted by a jury of carrying a concealed weapon under MCLA § 750.227. On November 18, 1968, Clark was arrested while at work at the plant of an industrial corporation. Patrolman Asper testified that when Clark was advised he was under arrest, Clark stood with one hand on a counter and the other in his overcoat pocket; Clark said "Nothing" when asked what was in his pocket, and as he said this his pocket came open, revealing a white pearl-like object that resembled gun grips. Officers grabbed Clark, reached into his pocket, and removed an unloaded pistol. At the police department a clip of bullets for the pistol was later found in another pocket. Clark appealed his conviction; this Court considered the appeal and affirmed.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the pistol recovered from defendant's pocket was a "concealed weapon" within the meaning of the concealed weapons statute.
  2. Whether defendant was exempt from prosecution under the statutory exception permitting possession of a weapon in one's "place of business."

Arguments of the Parties

Defendant's Arguments

  • Because the police officers were able to see the weapon before they searched him, the pistol was not "concealed."
  • Because the pistol was unloaded, it could not be considered a dangerous weapon and thus should not fall within the statute.

The opinion does not contain a detailed account of prosecutorial arguments beyond presentation of the facts and statutory framework relied upon by the Court.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
People v. Johnnie W. Jones, 12 Mich. App. 293 (1968) The word "concealed" does not require total or absolute invisibility; a weapon is concealed when it is not discernible by ordinary observation in ordinary associations of life. The Court applied this principle to conclude the pistol was concealed because it was visible only after the defendant's pocket came open and an officer looked down inside the pocket.
People v. Stirewalt, 16 Mich. App. 343 (1969) Cited as supporting authority regarding concealment under the statute. Used as additional authority consistent with the holding that the weapon in the pocket was concealed.
People v. Williamson, 200 Mich. 342 (1918) A revolver or pistol need not be loaded to come within the concealed weapons statute. Relied upon to hold that the fact the pistol was unloaded was legally irrelevant to the charged offense.
People v. Bailey, 10 Mich. App. 636 (1968) Explains the legislative purpose of the concealed weapons statute: to prevent drawing concealed weapons without prior notice and to prevent carrying weapons where they might be used to take lives. Invoked to clarify legislative intent and to interpret the statutory exemptions (dwelling, place of business, lands possessed by the person) narrowly in light of that intent.
United States v. Waters, 73 F. Supp. 72 (D.D.C. 1947) Interprets exemptions for dwelling, place of business, and lands as limited to areas "possessed by him," i.e., where the person has a possessory interest. Used to support the Court's view that the statutory "place of business" exemption applies only where the defendant has a possessory interest; the record contained no evidence Clark had such an interest.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Court first analyzed whether the pistol was "concealed." It relied on People v. Johnnie W. Jones to adopt the rule that "concealed" does not demand absolute invisibility and that a weapon is concealed when it is not discernible by ordinary observation in ordinary social interactions. Applying that rule to the facts — the pistol was seen only after the defendant's pocket opened and an officer looked inside — the Court concluded the pistol was concealed.

Next, the Court addressed the unloaded status of the pistol. It cited the statutory definition of "pistol" (MCLA § 750.222) which expressly includes "loaded or unloaded" firearms and relied on People v. Williamson for the proposition that a revolver need not be loaded to fall within the statute. Hence, the unloaded condition was legally irrelevant.

Finally, the Court considered the "place of business" exemption. Reviewing legislative purpose as stated in People v. Bailey, the Court read the exemptions (dwelling, place of business, lands possessed by him) in light of the phrase "possessed by him" and concluded the exemptions were intended to protect areas in which a person has a possessory interest. Citing United States v. Waters for this interpretive point and noting that the record did not show the nature of Clark's employment or any possessory interest in the workplace, the Court found Clark had not met the burden of establishing the statutory exception. The Court also cited MCLA § 776.20, which places the burden on the defendant to establish any exception or exemption in prosecutions concerning pistols or firearms.

Holding and Implications

AFFIRMED.

Holding: The Court affirmed the conviction for carrying a concealed weapon. The pistol was properly deemed "concealed" under the statute despite being visible only after the pocket opened, and the pistol's unloaded status did not remove it from the statute's coverage.

Implications: The direct consequence is that defendant Herman Clark's conviction stands. The Court applied existing statutory definitions and controlling precedents to resolve the issues; the opinion affirms established interpretations rather than announcing a novel rule. The record did not demonstrate that the defendant had the possessory interest necessary to trigger the "place of business" exemption, and the statutory burden to prove such an exception rests on the defendant.

PEOPLE v. CLARK

LESINSKI, C.J.

Defendant Herman Clark was convicted after a jury trial of carrying a concealed weapon, MCLA § 750.227 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.424). Defendant brings this appeal as of right.

On November 18, 1968, defendant was arrested while on his job at the plant of an industrial corporation. At trial Patrolman Asper, one of the arresting officers, testified:

"As Patrolman Raymond advised Mr. Clark that he was under arrest, I noticed that Mr. Clark was standing with one hand upon a counter, the other one in his right — I guess you call it an `overcoat pocket' — and I asked Mr. Clark what he had in his pocket, and he said, `Nothing.' And as he said this, his pocket came open and I could see down between the inside of his pocket in his hand a white pearl, which looked like grips on a gun. And Patrolman Raymond and I both grabbed his arms, and I reached into his pocket and between his hand and the object that I had seen in his pocket, and I pulled out a pistol."

The gun, which was unloaded, was confiscated. After being taken to the police department, a clip of bullets for the pistol was found in another pocket.

The concealed weapons statute, under which defendant was prosecuted, reads in pertinent part:

"[A]ny person who shall carry a pistol concealed on or about his person, or whether concealed or otherwise, in any vehicle operated or occupied by him, except in his dwelling house or place of business or on other land possessed by him, without a license to so carry said pistol as provided by law, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than 5 years, or by fine of not more than 2,500 dollars."

Two issues are raised on appeal. First, whether the pistol was a "concealed weapon" within the meaning of the statute. Second, whether defendant is exempt from prosecution by the statutory provision allowing possession of a weapon in a "place of business."

Defendant argues that as the police officers could see the weapon before they searched him, it was not a "concealed weapon." It is also argued that since the pistol was unloaded, it could not be considered a dangerous weapon.

In People v. Johnnie W. Jones (1968), 12 Mich. App. 293, 295, this Court stated: "we do not think that the word `concealed' as used in the statute means total concealment." And at p 296 the Court noted:

"The evident statutory purpose is reflected in the general rule applied in other jurisdictions that absolute invisibility is not indispensable to concealment of a weapon on or about the person of a defendant, and that a weapon is concealed when it is not discernible by the ordinary observation of persons coming in contact with the person carrying it, casually observing him, as people do in the ordinary and usual associations of life." (Emphasis supplied.) (Citations omitted.)

In the instant case the officer could see the pistol only after defendant's pocket came open and the officer looked down, inside the pocket. The pistol in defendant's pocket was a concealed weapon. People v. Johnnie W. Jones, supra. See, also, People v. Stirewalt (1969), 16 Mich. App. 343.

The fact that the gun was unloaded is legally irrelevant. MCLA § 750.222 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.419), defines "pistol":

"`Pistol' as used in this chapter means any firearm, loaded or unloaded, 30 inches or less in length, or any firearm, loaded or unloaded, which by its construction and appearance conceals it as a firearm." (Emphasis supplied.)

Moreover, in People v. Williamson (1918), 200 Mich. 342, defendant was arrested for carrying a concealed gun which was unloaded and for which defendant had no cartridges in his possession. The Court stated at p 349: "The authorities are agreed that a revolver or pistol need not be loaded to come within the statute."

Defendant argues that he was arrested at his place of employment and that he, therefore, falls within the statutory exception for those in their "place of business." We disagree.

It is hornbook law that statutes must be read so as to facilitate the intent of the legislature. People v. Bailey (1968), 10 Mich. App. 636. "The purpose of the concealed weapons statute was to prevent men in sudden quarrel * * * from drawing concealed weapons and using them without prior notice to their victims that they were armed." People v. Jones, supra, at p 295. And in People v. Bailey, supra, beginning at p 639, we stated: "the basic intent of the legislature as indicated in the concealed weapons statute was that weapons should not be carried where they might be used to take lives."

It is within the light of this legislative intent that we read the statutory exemptions for "his dwelling house or place of business or other lands possessed by him." The purpose of the exemptions was to allow persons to defend those areas in which they have a possessory interest. This is the clear import of the phrase "possessed by him" which modifies the three areas set forth in the statute. United States v. Waters (D DC, 1947), 73 F. Supp. 72.

The defendant was employed by the Dana Corporation at the time of his arrest. The nature of his employment does not appear in the record; there is nothing to show that he had the requisite possessory interest to bring him within the statutory exception. MCLA § 776.20 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 28.1274 [1]), provides:

"In any prosecution for the violation of any acts of the state relative to use, licensing and possession of pistols or firearms, the burden of establishing any exception, excuse, proviso or exemption contained in any such act shall be upon the defendant but this does not shift the burden of proof for the violation." (Emphasis supplied.)

In examining the record we find no miscarriage of justice.

Affirmed.

All concurred.

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PEOPLE v. CLARK
(Feb 6, 1970)