BRONSON, P.J.
Defendant was charged and convicted by a jury of unarmed robbery and was sentenced to 2-1/2 to 15 years in prison. Defendant appeals his conviction, alleging that the evidence presented was insufficient to establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
MCLA § 750.530 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.798).
Our standard of review is that announced in People v. Spann (1966), 3 Mich. App. 444, 451:
"In reviewing a jury determination in a criminal appeal, this Court must tread lightly, as the jury viewed the witnesses, heard all the testimony, and was in a superior position to determine the credibility of all that passed before it. Therefore, if proof of the elements of the crimes alleged was presented to the jury, its verdict must stand."
Defendant's participation in the crime is an obvious element which the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
The facts of the instant case can be briefly stated. The complainants, two Mexican migrant workers, had driven to Monroe, Michigan, on the evening of July 28, 1969, and had stopped at a local bar. As the complainants departed from the bar, they were led to the rear of the building where they were held, beaten, and robbed by a group of six or seven people.
At trial, neither of the complainants was able to identify the defendant as a participant in the crime nor could they remember if they had seen the defendant in the bar before the incident. Defendant admitted that he was present at the bar when the incident occurred, but denied participation in the crime. Defendant testified that he ran from the scene when the commotion started.
The only testimony that directly implicated defendant in the crime was that of Charles Garrett, an admitted participant in the crime. Mr. Garrett's testimony was replete with contradictions, as evidenced by the following portions of the transcript: "Q. Did you see Booker Hudson take any money from anyone?
"A. Yes, I did.
"Q. And do you know which person Booker Hudson took money from?
"A. I don't know his name.
"Q. Well, there were two Mexicans involved in this, weren't there?
"A. Yes, there was.
"Q. And is one younger than the other one?
"A. Yes.
"Q. And one is smaller than the other one?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Which one — do you remember if it was the short one or the taller one?
"A. The shorter one.
"Q. The shorter one? That's also the older one, the older man, too, isn't it?
"A. Yes.
* * *
"Q. How much money did you get out of it?
"A. I didn't get any.
"Q. You didn't get any?
"A. No.
"Q. Did you see Booker Hudson with any money?
"A. I didn't see him with any, no. I don't recall seeing him. He might have had some. I don't know.
"Q. Who all participated in this robbery, Mr. Garrett? Who was back there behind the Traffic Jam Bar?
"A. I can only tell you what I heard. I don't know who all was back there.
"Q. But you saw Booker Hudson back there, though?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Did you see him hit anyone?
"A. No. I don't recall seeing him. It was too dark to even see that. "Q. Did you see one of the Mexicans being hit at all?
"A. Like I say, it was too dark.
"Q. But you still know for sure that Booker Hudson was back there?
"A. Yes.
"Q. You don't know whether any money was taken or not, do you? Or do you?
"A. I only know what I heard. When I was back he [defendant] was running past. I don't know whether he was running from the commotion back there or what.
* * *
"Q. Did you see Booker Hudson around the older Mexican, the shorter Mexican?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Did you see him doing anything to the older, shorter Mexican?
"A. When I saw him, like I say, he was running past — when I got there he was running towards me and it looked as though he was running to this older guy and ran into me. It looked like he was just running down the street and run into the old man and the old man ran into me and he went around, see?
* * *
"Q. You didn't see Booker Hudson with his hands in anyone's pockets, did you?
"A. He might of had his hands in his pocket, it looked as though he had his hand in his pocketbook, you know, I'm not saying that he had his hands in his pocket."
An exhaustive review of the record establishes only that the defendant was present at the scene of the crime, yet neither his direct nor indirect participation in it was established. Thus, the jury was asked to infer from the defendant's presence at the bar and his flight from it that he was a participant.
The presumption of innocence in criminal prosecutions ought not be paid mere lip-service. If the doctrine is to have any meaning, and not ring hollow as a meaningless jurisprudential aphorism, it must be applied. As Chief Judge LESINSKI, writing for the majority in People v. Spann, supra, p 453, aptly stated:
"The presumption of innocence under our system of jurisprudence is no idle philosophical expression. This presumption surrounds defendant Adams as thoroughly and completely as a cloak of the hardest steel vulnerable only to proof beyond a reasonable doubt. It is the reasonable possibility of innocence which can be attached to Adams' involvement herein that causes us to find for Adams.
"The quantum of proof adduced by the people in this case may reach the level of a preponderance of the evidence, but it does not reach the level of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. As the Supreme Court so aptly stated in People v. Gadson (1957), 348 Mich. 307, 310, speaking through Justice DETHMERS:
"` A verdict of guilty in a criminal case cannot properly rest on a mere preponderance of the evidence, but should be based on proof that leaves no reasonable doubt of guilt. People v. Sligh, 48 Mich. 54; People v. Mayrand, 300 Mich. 225; People v. Franczyk, 315 Mich. 384. The people must prove every element of the crime charged by direct or circumstantial evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Bagwell, 295 Mich. 412.' (Emphasis supplied.)"
Applying these principles to the instant case, we conclude that the prosecution failed to establish defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Judgment reversed.
FITZGERALD, J., concurred.