ROWLEY v. GRAVEN BROTHERS COMPANY

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Docket Number

No. 12384.

Attorney(S)

King, Craft Bullen, Samuel King, Salt Lake City, for plaintiff-appellant. Raymond M. Berry, Worsley, Snow Christensen, Salt Lake City, for defendant-respondent.

Judges

CROCKETT, Justice:

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Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

Plaintiff Arthur Rowley, an independent contract trucker, sued defendant Graven Brothers Construction Company for injuries sustained when large pipes he transported from the defendant's yard in Flagstaff, Arizona, rolled off his trailer while being unloaded at the defendant's yard in Salt Lake City. At trial, the jury found the defendant negligent, which proximately contributed to the injury, but also found the plaintiff guilty of contributory negligence. As a result, a judgment of no cause of action was entered against the plaintiff. The appeal challenges the propriety of the jury instructions that led to this verdict and judgment.

Legal Issues Presented

Whether the jury instructions improperly imposed an unduly rigorous standard of care on the plaintiff regarding his duty to discover observable hazards during unloading.
Whether the language in the instructions concerning contributory negligence—specifically that any degree of plaintiff's negligence bars recovery—was erroneous and prejudicial.

Arguments of the Parties

Appellant's Arguments

The instructions placed the entire burden on the plaintiff to check for all observable hazards, which is inconsistent with accepted occupational standards permitting reasonable reliance on other parties involved in the work.
The instructions emphasized a standard of care that was too rigorous and used language that barred recovery if the plaintiff's negligence "contributed in any degree" to the accident, which plaintiff contends was improper and prejudicial.

The opinion does not contain a detailed account of the defendant's arguments.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent	Rule or Principle Cited For	Application by the Court
Johnson v. Lewis, 121 Utah 218, 240 P.2d 498	Contributory negligence bars recovery where it proximately contributes to the injury.	Supported the legal standard that plaintiff's contributory negligence precludes recovery.
Hogan Dairy Co. v. Creamery Package Mfg. Co., 11 Utah 2d 322, 353 P.2d 906	Standard for reviewing evidence in light favorable to the jury's findings.	Confirmed that jury’s findings of fault on both parties have reasonable evidentiary support.
Walkenhorst v. Kesler, 92 Utah 312, 67 P.2d 654	Instructions to be considered as a whole to determine if they fairly present the issues.	Supported the court’s view that the instructions, taken together, adequately set forth the parties’ duties.
Divine v. Cook, 3 Utah 2d 134, 279 P.2d 1073	Criticism of jury instructions using phrases like "in any degree" as argumentative and ill-advised.	Recognized the problematic nature of the language but evaluated whether such error justified reversal.
Uptown Appliance Radio Co., Inc. v. Flint, 122 Utah 298, 249 P.2d 826	Principles regarding the solidarity of verdicts and judgments.	Referenced in context of affirming the judgment despite claimed errors.
Hales v. Peterson, 11 Utah 2d 411, 360 P.2d 822	Principles regarding the solidarity of verdicts and judgments.	Referenced in context of affirming the judgment despite claimed errors.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court examined the jury instructions challenged by the plaintiff, focusing on two main points: the standard of care imposed on the plaintiff and the language regarding contributory negligence barring recovery if the plaintiff's negligence contributed "in any degree" to the accident. The court acknowledged that isolated excerpts of the instructions might appear to impose a rigorous standard or be argumentative. However, when considered as a whole, the instructions correctly stated that the plaintiff was required to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances.

The court noted that the plaintiff, as an experienced trucker, was familiar with loading and unloading procedures and the use of loading blocks on his own truck. The evidence supported the jury’s finding that both parties were negligent and that the plaintiff’s own negligence was a proximate cause of the injury. While the court recognized prior criticism of the "in any degree" language as ill-advised, it applied Rule 61 of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, which precludes reversal for mere error unless it deprived the party of a fair trial. Surveying the entire evidence and instructions, the court found no reasonable likelihood that the alleged errors affected the outcome or deprived the plaintiff of a fair trial.

Holding and Implications

The judgment of no cause of action was affirmed.

The court held that the jury instructions, considered in their entirety and in light of the evidence, properly presented the issues and did not justify reversal. The plaintiff’s contributory negligence barred recovery. The parties were ordered to bear their own costs. This decision directly affects the parties by upholding the trial court’s judgment and does not establish new precedent beyond reaffirming existing principles regarding contributory negligence and jury instructions.

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Arthur ROWLEY, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. GRAVEN BROTHERS COMPANY, Inc., aka Gra

CROCKETT, Justice:

Plaintiff, Arthur Rowley, an independent contract trucker, sued defendant Graven Brothers Construction Company for injuries be suffered when some large pipes he had hauled from the defendant's yard in Flagstaff, Arizona, rolled off his trailer while being unloaded in defendant's yard in Salt Lake City. Upon trial a jury answered special verdicts submitted to them: that the defendant was negligent which proximately contributed to cause the plaintiff's injury, but that the plaintiff was himself similarly guilty of contributory negligence. Accordingly, a judgment of no cause of action was entered. The matter of importance on appeal is plaintiff's contention that the verdict and judgment resulted from improper instructions to the jury.

That contributory negligence bars recovery, see Johnson v. Lewis, et al., 121 Utah 218, 240 P.2d 498.

On November 19, 1969, the plaintiff picked up a load of pipe at the defendant's yard in Flagstaff on his large tractor-trailer units. The front load, with which we are concerned here, consisted of three large pipes (42 inches in diameter and 16 to 22 feet in length) and four smaller pipes (12 inches in diameter and about the same length). In loading, two of the large pipes were laid on the bed, and then four of the smaller pipes wedged between them. A chain was then fastened over them to stabilize and secure them to the bed of the trailer. The third large pipe (42-inch diameter) was then placed on top which would bring the chain taut; and two additional chains, one front and one rear, were used to secure the entire load. During this procedure plaintiff and defendant's yardmen placed loading blocks along the side of the trailer bed to hold the pipes from rolling outward. After the load was secured the plaintiff removed part of those blocks.

Plaintiff proceeded to drive to the defendant's Salt Lake yard, arriving there November 21st. Defendant's employees directed him in placing the truck alongside the dock where defendant's yardmen, using a crane, were to help unload. The rear unit, loaded with 28 pipes, 12 inches in diameter, was unloaded without incident. After the top 42-inch pipe on the front load was removed, plaintiff climbed onto the truck to unfasten a lever clamp device to loosen the chain. He partially released it, but the pipes did not move, so he applied additional force. When the chain was released the large pipe upon which he was standing started rolling off the west side. He jumped clear of the pipe but landed on the ground with such force that he suffered fractures in his left leg and right ankle.

The deficiency which is blamed for defendant's injury is the lack of adequate loading blocks to steady the pipes on the truck while they were being removed by the crane. Plaintiff and defendant each charge the other with the primary duty of seeing that the load was thus adequately blocked, and with failure to discharge that duty. The evidence at the trial was directed toward proof on that dispute. If it is reviewed in the light favorable to the jury's findings, as it should be, there is a reasonable basis therein to support the jury's finding that each party was at fault which proximately contributed to the accident.

See Hogan Dairy Co. v. Creamery Package Mfg. Co., 11 Utah 2d 322, 353 P.2d 906.

The gravamen of plaintiff's contention is that the wording of certain of the instructions to the jury prevented them from giving a fair consideration of the issue of his negligence by imposing too rigorous a standard of care upon him.

One of the instructions told the jury that the plaintiff:

. . . was under a duty at all times to exercise such reasonable care for his own safety as an ordinary prudent person would have done under the circumstances — to discover any observable hazards in unloading the pipe from the trailer and to take such precautions as a reasonably prudent person would take under the same or similar circumstances.

Another stated:

The law does not permit one negligent person to recover against another negligent person where the negligence of each proximately contributed to cause the accident . . . even though one is more negligent than the other. . . . the degree of negligence . . . cannot be considered . . . if the negligence of each proximately contributed in any degree to cause the accident, then neither can recover. . . .

. . . if you find that the plaintiff, Arthur Rowley, was negligent in any respect claimed by defendant, and that his negligence proximately contributed to causing the accident . . . [then he cannot recover].

Plaintiff argues that these instructions have the effect of placing upon him personally the entire burden of checking "all observable hazards"; that this is in contrast to the accepted standards of the occupation which permit reasonable reliance on the other parties engaged in the same work; and that the improper emphasis upon the standard of care required of him is aggravated by the use of the language that if his negligence "contributed in any degree to cause the accident" then he could not recover.

Our comment on the first of the instructions just referred to is: If the language assigned as objectionable be excerpted and looked at in isolation there is some plausibility to plaintiff's argument that it might have the effect he suggests. However, it will be noted that it was coupled with the correct statement that he was obliged to take such precautions as a reasonable and prudent person would take under the same circumstances. Notwithstanding minor variants in the instructions, if they are all considered together, as they are required to be, we think they adequately set forth the duties of the parties and properly submitted the issues to the jury.

Walkenhorst v. Kesler, 92 Utah 312, 67 P.2d 654.

As to the other instruction: It is true that this court has on several occasions criticized the use of such qualifying phrases referring to negligence "however slight" or "in any degree" as being argumentative and therefore ill-advised and improper. Proceeding from that premise, the question yet remains as to whether there was error or impropriety which would justify reversing the judgment. The mandate of our law is that we do not reverse for mere error or irregularity. We do so only if the complaining party has been deprived of a fair trial. The test to be applied is: Was there error or irregularity such that there is a reasonable likelihood to believe that in its absence there would have been a result more favorable to him? If upon a survey of the whole evidence this question must be answered in the negative, then there is no justifiable basis for reversal of a judgment.

In the case of Divine v. Cook, 3 Utah 2d 134, 146, 279 P.2d 1073, 1081, District Judge Norseth, speaking for this court, stated: "We here observe that the phrases 'to any extent,' 'however slight,' and 'in any degree' are usually used as argumentative phrases in requested jury instructions attempting to emphasize the duty of the parties against whom directed and that it is ill-advised to use them in instructions . . .." See also Taylor v. Johnson, 15 Utah 2d 342, 393 P.2d 382, and Johnson v. Lewis, footnote 1 above.

Rule 61, U.R.C.P.

As to solidarity of verdicts and judgment, see statement in Uptown Appliance Radio Co., Inc. v. Flint, et al., 122 Utah 298, 249 P.2d 826, and in Hales v. Peterson, 11 Utah 2d 411, 360 P.2d 822.

In the situation here under analysis these facts are important to have in mind: The evidence shows that the plaintiff, as a trucker, was well acquainted with the procedures and safety measures essential to the loading, transportation and unloading of such pipe. The use of the loading blocks to steady the pipes, concerning which he blames the defendant, was upon his own truck. The need for them, and the manner and amount in which they were or were not used, was equally known and observable to him as to the defendant's employees. Moreover, it was the defendant himself who got on the load to unloose the chains and in connection with his doing so the misfortune occurred. In harmony with the verdict of the jury, and the judgment entered by the trial court, it seems quite inescapable that a lapse in caution on plaintiff's own part was at least a proximately contributing cause of his injury. Consequently, if any faults in the instructions are considered in the light of the circumstances as shown by the evidence, we are not persuaded that there was any such error as would justify reversal of the judgment. (All emphasis added.)

Affirmed. The parties to bear their own costs.

CALLISTER, C. J., and TUCKETT, HENRIOD and ELLETT, JJ., concur.