M.S. COLEMAN, J.
This action was brought by plaintiff against two officers of the Flint Police Department, claiming that they falsely arrested and imprisoned him and committed assault and battery. The jury found for plaintiff and awarded $10,300 in damages.
At approximately 2:30 a.m. on January 25, 1967, two officers of the Flint Police Department (Korb and Bade, who are not parties to this suit) observed a Ford pickup truck speeding within the City of Flint. They pursued the truck across the city limits a short distance and stopped it for the purpose of issuing a summons. Plaintiff eventually paid the resultant fine without contest. After the stop an altercation arose. One of the officers called for assistance. The defendants responded to this call.
Plaintiff maintains that he was arrested, assaulted and imprisoned for no reason. Defendants state that they responded to a legitimate call for assistance and were required to use force to stop a breach of the peace and resistance to arrest.
JURY INSTRUCTIONS
The trial judge instructed the jury in part as follows:
"[T]hat the police officers, Bade and Korb, had no right to arrest the plaintiff for a breach of the peace.
* * *
"So far then as pursuing, detaining or arresting the Plaintiff in this case because of the traffic violation, Officer Bade would have been in the right had he placed the Plaintiff under arrest, even outside the city, for the traffic offense. It is what we refer to as the hot pursuit statute. But, that statute permits the police to arrest the offender for that offense but nothing else. Therefore, you will not concern yourself with the breach of the peace or resisting of arrest since that could not serve as a basis for a lawful arrest. Once these Defendants left the City of Flint, they were acting as private citizens and not as police officers.
* * *
"Officers Bade and Korb did not have legal authority to arrest the Plaintiff. Their act of arresting and taking him into custody and imprisoning him in the city jail constituted false imprisonment. If you find that these Defendants or either of them wrongfully assisted Officers Bade and Korb in the false imprisonment, then you will return a verdict against the Defendants in favor of the Plaintiff.
* * *
"In resisting the arrest initially by Officers Bade and Korb, the plaintiff had a right to use such physical force as was necessary to prevent his unlawful arrest."
The court continued by saying "there is no question that Plaintiff was assaulted and battered by the Defendants." The jury had to decide whether defendants "had legal justification to do so."
At the close of the instructions, defendants' attorney made an objection. He argued "this jury has been told that they must find a verdict against the Defendants". He stated that the charge to the jury had reduced the case to a question of damages. The court did not agree.
By a ten-two vote, the jury awarded plaintiff a judgment of $10,300, but did not disclose which theory was utilized to impose liability.
The Court of Appeals affirmed at 42 Mich. App. 665; 202 N.W.2d 508 (1972). The majority held that plaintiff could only have been arrested for the traffic violation which occurred within the city. Their interpretation of the statutes would not allow any other action by the officers. The majority held "that the plaintiff's arrest [for breach of the peace and resisting arrest] was unlawful" and "that all participating officers in the unlawful arrest were liable".
Judge VAN VALKENBURG dissented. He saw the sole issue as being "whether or not the trial court erred by instructing the jury that the arrest of plaintiff was unlawful, and that anyone assisting in the arrest was equally liable". His analysis of the instructions indicated "that the learned trial judge, in effect, directed a verdict for the plaintiff". His review of the statutes disclosed that the officers had the right and authority to arrest plaintiff and the assisting officers had the right to help make the arrest. He voted to remand for a new trial.
ISSUE
May city police officers called to assist other city police officers who observed defendant violating a traffic law and pursued him to a point outside the city limits lawfully assist in a subsequent arrest for breach of the peace and resisting arrest, which alleged conduct occurred in the course of issuing a citation for the violation?
ARGUMENTS
In essence, defendants' argument is based upon the dissent in the Court of Appeals. They claim that the initial team of officers had the authority to pursue plaintiff outside the Flint city limits and arrest him for the subsequent breach of peace and resistance to arrest which took place in the course of trying to issue the citation. Defendants urge the conclusion that they had the authority and duty to respond to a call for assistance from brother officers. They assert that the trial court's instructions constituted a directed verdict and thereby eliminated any chance for a favorable jury decision on the question of liability. All that was left for the jury was the question of damages.
Plaintiff contends that the trial court gave the jury accurate and fair instructions. His interpretation of the statutes would not permit the police to arrest outside the city limits for any offense other than that which caused the pursuit. Because the arrests for breach of the peace and resisting arrest were unlawful, any assistance in an official capacity was unlawful.
STATUTES
Among the statutes involved is MCLA 117.34; MSA 5.2114, which reads:
"When any person has committed or is suspected of having committed any crime or misdemeanor within a city, or has escaped from any city prison, the police officers of the city shall have the same right to pursue, arrest and detain such person without the city limits as the sheriff of the county."
DISCUSSION
This case was submitted to the jury on three theories of liability: false arrest, false imprisonment and assault and battery. The last could occur whether or not the arrest was valid. The other two could occur if these officers were acting without proper authority.
False imprisonment has been defined as "`the unlawful restraint of an individual's personal liberty or freedom of locomotion.'" Stowers v Wolodzko, 386 Mich. 119, 134; 191 N.W.2d 355 (1971). The Court of Appeals in Hess v Wolverine Lake, 32 Mich. App. 601; 189 N.W.2d 42 (1971) said at p 604:
"The essence of a claim of false imprisonment is that the imprisonment is false, i.e., without right or authority to do so. Donovan v. Guy (1956), 347 Mich. 457, 464 [ 80 N.W.2d 190]; Barker v. Anderson (1890), 81 Mich. 508, 511 [45 N.W. 1108]; Carr v. National Discount Corporation (CA 6, 1949), 172 F.2d 899, cert den 338 U.S. 817 ( 70 S Ct 59, 94 L Ed 495); 12 Michigan Law Practice, False Imprisonment, § 3, p 299; see Leisure v. Hicks (1953), 336 Mich. 148 [ 57 N.W.2d 473]."
Before going further we must answer the basic question of whether the city police officers were without authority to arrest plaintiff outside of Flint for conduct other than that which initiated the pursuit (speeding).
There is no case law which directly answers the question. MCLA 117.34; MSA 5.2114 supra states that when a person
"has committed * * * any * * * misdemeanor within a city * * * the police officers of the city shall have the same right to pursue, arrest and detain such person without the city limits as the sheriff of the county."
When pursuit crosses the city limits, the officers assume the power and authority of a county sheriff. Certainly a sheriff has the right to protect himself and others in effecting an arrest. Certainly a sheriff has the authority and duty to do what is reasonable under the circumstances to effect an arrest. Certainly a sheriff has the authority to arrest for resistance, breach of peace and assault against his person. The "right to arrest and detain" carries with it the right to use reasonable force in case of resistance.
An officer may legally call for and receive help if the occupants of the pursued car proceeded to threaten or actually do bodily harm to him. We should not say to police officers that they should pursue law violators beyond their local governmental bounds but, if there is a breach of peace or if they are assaulted or if the suspect resists arrest, that they cannot arrest for those violations or call for help for fear that those called will be prosecuted. Such a finding would most certainly result in lax law enforcement. Offenders of all degrees might be expected to head for a governmental unit's limits as they now head for the state line.
The statutory right of a police officer to pursue across city limits and to assume the rights of a sheriff in so doing encompasses the right to arrest for the resistance and breach of the peace or the assault of a police officer following that pursuit, if such be the facts.
We seek to achieve a balance between protecting citizens from arbitrary arrests and preserving the authority of those charged with enforcing our laws. In this case, our conclusions are as follow:
SUMMARY
The police may pursue a violator outside the city limits in order to make an arrest and in doing so are clothed with the authority of a sheriff. The police have the right to use that force reasonable under the circumstances to effect such an arrest. The police also may take what action is reasonable to protect themselves in the course of an arrest or an attempted arrest. So much is clear.
It must necessarily follow that there are legal sanctions available to the officers. It would be contrary to common sense and respect for law and debilitating to law enforcement generally if an offender could be "home free" because he manages to cross the limits of a local governmental unit.
Therefore, it is our opinion that (1) if the pursuit is legally justified and (2) if, in the course of effecting a resultant lawful arrest by reasonable means, the police officers are assaulted or such arrest is resisted or a breach of the peace is committed by actions against the officers, they have the right also to arrest without warrant for such offenses.
The instructions to the jury, therefore, were in error by stating that officers Bade and Korb had no legal authority to arrest plaintiff except for the original offense and in the conclusion that taking plaintiff into custody and placing him in jail constituted false arrest and false imprisonment. It was, therefore, also erroneous to instruct the jury that plaintiff had the right to use "such physical force as was necessary to prevent his unlawful arrest".
This opinion does not go to the merits of the instant matter which is the subject for jury determination.
DISPOSITION
We reverse and remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., and T.G. KAVANAGH, SWAINSON, WILLIAMS, and LEVIN, JJ., concurred with M.S. COLEMAN, J.
J.W. FITZGERALD, J., did not sit in this case.