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Case Summary: John A. Strychalski et al. v. Margaret A. Mekus
Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, Fourth Department — November 5, 1976

Factual and Procedural Background

Plaintiffs-respondents John A. and Maryann Strychalski sued to compel specific performance of a written contract for the sale of real property owned by appellant Margaret A. Mekus. The Chautauqua Supreme Court granted the respondents summary judgment compelling specific performance. Mrs. Mekus appealed.

The factual dispute central to the appeal concerns whether the parties orally cancelled the written contract. According to the record summarized in the opinion, after entering the written contract Mrs. Mekus changed her mind and, at an examination before trial, testified that the respondents verbally agreed to cancel the contract on February 14, 1975. The respondents concede they went to Mrs. Mekus' house on that date and that she told them she wanted her house back, but they claim they replied they would think about it and consult their lawyer and later telephoned her saying they were going through with the sale. The Appellate Division reversed the grant of summary judgment and denied the motion.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether an oral (parol) agreement can validly cancel a written contract for the sale of land in New York where the written contract does not forbid oral cancellation.
  2. Whether summary judgment was properly granted to compel specific performance when there is conflicting evidence on whether the parties mutually cancelled the contract.

Arguments of the Parties

Appellant's Arguments

  • Appellant (Mrs. Mekus) testified that the respondents orally agreed to cancel the written contract on February 14, 1975, which, if true, would defeat the respondents' claim for specific performance.

Respondents' Arguments

  • Respondents concede they visited Mrs. Mekus on February 14 and that she said she wanted the house back, but they contend they responded they would think about it and consult their lawyer.
  • Respondents further claim that later on the same day they telephoned Mrs. Mekus and informed her that they were proceeding with the purchase — implying no mutual cancellation occurred.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Rodgers v. Rodgers, 235 N.Y. 408; mod on rearg. 236 N.Y. 577 Recognizes that parties to a written contract may mutually agree to cancel and rescind it (parol discharge). Used as authority that oral cancellation of a written contract for sale of land can be effective where appropriate.
Schwartzreich v. Bauman-Basch, Inc., 231 N.Y. 196 Supports principle that a written contract may be terminated by a subsequent oral agreement or by an implied agreement revealed by conduct and circumstances. Relied upon to show oral termination is permissible when the contract does not prohibit it and when conduct supports cancellation.
Frank Assoc. v. Ryan Sons, 281 App. Div. 665 An oral agreement canceling a written contract must be clearly expressed. Quoted for the proposition that cancellation by oral agreement requires clarity of expression.
Metallograph Corp. v. Arma Eng. Co., 205 App. Div. 100 (104); app dsmd 236 N.Y. 675 Also supports that oral cancellation must be clearly expressed. Applied to emphasize that clear expression is required for oral cancellation to be effective.
Nassoiy v. Tomlinson, 148 N.Y. 326 Holds that a new agreement cancelling a written contract generally requires some consideration. Used in discussion of whether consideration is needed for cancellation agreements.
Coe v. Hobby, 72 N.Y. 141 Same principle that a new agreement cancelling a written contract requires consideration. Cited as supporting the consideration requirement for new cancelling agreements.
Holden v. Putnam Fire Ins. Co., 46 N.Y. 1 Supports the proposition that cancellation by new agreement generally requires consideration. Included among authorities addressing consideration for cancellation agreements.
Smith v. Kerr, 33 Hun 567, aff'd 108 N.Y. 31 Another authority noting that cancellation by new agreement generally requires consideration. Added to the list of cases recognizing consideration requirements for cancelling agreements.
McCreery v. Day, 119 N.Y. 1 Holds that mutual consent to rescind is ordinarily sufficient consideration because each party's discharge is consideration for the other's discharge. Used to explain that mutual rescission often supplies adequate consideration and validates oral cancellation.
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres v. American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co., 42 Misc.2d 939, aff'd 20 A.D.2d 890 Illustrates the same rationale that the mutual renunciation and surrender by each party constitutes sufficient consideration. Quoted alongside McCreery v. Day to support the sufficiency of mutual assent as consideration.
Kroll v. Zimmerman, 88 N.Y.S.2d 440; app dsmd 91 N.Y.S.2d 751; aff'd 276 App. Div. 1098 States that the burden is on the party asserting mutual cancellation to establish that defense. Applied to allocate the burden of proof to the party claiming the contract was mutually cancelled.
Custen v. Robison, 180 App. Div. 384 Holds that whether a contract has been terminated or canceled by mutual agreement is generally a question of fact for the jury where evidence conflicts. Relied upon to support the conclusion that the contested cancellation issue is ordinarily for the factfinder.
Parsons v. First Trust Deposit Co., 243 App. Div. 681, aff'd 269 N.Y. 630 Also treats cancellation as a factual question for a jury when the evidence conflicts. Used to reinforce that conflicting evidence creates a triable issue of fact.
Sillman v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 3 N.Y.2d 395, 404 Explains the standard for summary judgment: it must clearly appear that no material and triable issue of fact is presented; "issue-finding, rather than issue-determination, is the key." Applied to conclude that summary judgment was inappropriate where a triable factual dispute exists.
Moyer v. Briggs, 47 A.D.2d 64, 66-67 Holds that where there is significant doubt or the material issue is arguable, summary judgment must be denied. Invoked to support denial of summary judgment in the face of arguable factual disputes.
Falk v. Goodman, 7 N.Y.2d 87, 91 Also supports the rule that summary judgment should be denied when factual issues are arguable. Used to bolster the standard that doubts as to material facts preclude summary disposition.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court began by stating established New York law recognizing that a parol (oral) discharge of a contract for the sale of land can be valid. The opinion then outlined the legal constraints on oral cancellation: an oral agreement cancelling a written contract must be clearly expressed and generally requires the same elements of mutual consent and consideration as other informal contracts.

The court distinguished between modification and cancellation: while a written contract generally may not be modified orally where the contract prohibits oral modification, termination or cancellation may be accomplished by oral agreement unless the contract contains an express clause requiring cancellation to be in writing (citing General Obligations Law § 15-301). In the present case the sale contract contained no clause forbidding oral cancellation, so oral termination remained legally possible.

On the evidentiary record, the court summarized conflicting testimony: appellant testified that respondents agreed to cancel on February 14, 1975; respondents admitted the meeting occurred and that appellant said she wanted the house back but maintained they did not agree to cancel and later confirmed they were proceeding with the purchase by telephone. The court noted the legal allocation of burdens — the party asserting mutual cancellation must prove it — but emphasized that when evidence conflicts, the question whether a contract has been mutually cancelled is ordinarily one for the jury.

Applying the standards governing summary judgment, the court reiterated that summary judgment is appropriate only where it "clearly appear[s] that no material and triable issue of fact is presented" and that motions for summary judgment require issue-finding (identifying whether material factual disputes exist) rather than issue-determination. Because the testimony of the nonmoving party (appellant) must be accepted as true for purposes of the motion and because there was conflicting evidence that, when viewed most favorably to appellant, would permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude an oral cancellation occurred, the court concluded a triable issue existed. Consequently, the court held that summary judgment was improper.

Holding and Implications

HOLDING: The judgment granting summary judgment to the respondents was unanimously reversed, without costs, and the respondents' motion was denied.

Implications:

  • The Appellate Division concluded that a genuine triable issue of fact exists concerning whether the parties orally cancelled the written contract; that factual dispute precludes the drastic remedy of summary judgment for specific performance.
  • The decision applies existing New York authorities concerning oral cancellation, consideration for rescission and the standards for summary judgment; the opinion does not announce new legal precedent but enforces the rule that conflicting testimony on cancellation ordinarily requires resolution by a factfinder rather than by summary disposition.
  • Direct effect for the parties: the prior summary judgment in favor of the respondents (compelling specific performance) was reversed and the respondents' motion was denied; a material factual question regarding cancellation remains to be resolved consistent with the court's statements about burden and standards of proof.

This summary is limited to and derived exclusively from the content of the provided opinion. No additional facts or outcomes beyond those stated in the opinion have been inferred or added.

JOHN A. STRYCHALSKI et al., Respondents, v. MARGARET A. MEKUS, Appellant.

Judgment unanimously reversed, without costs, and motion denied. Memorandum: Plaintiffs-respondents, John A. and Maryann Strychalski, were granted summary judgment in their action to compel specific performance of a contract to convey real property owned by appellant, Margaret A. Mekus. We believe a fact issue has been raised requiring a trial. It has been long recognized in New York that a parol discharge of a contract for the sale of land is valid (56 N.Y. Jur, Statute of Frauds, §§ 156, 157) and that the parties to a written contract may mutually agree to cancel and rescind it (Rodgers v Rodgers, 235 N.Y. 408, mod on rearg on other grounds 236 N.Y. 577; Schwartzreich v Bauman-Basch, Inc., 231 N.Y. 196). Such an oral agreement canceling a written contract must be clearly expressed (Frank Assoc. v Ryan Sons, 281 App. Div. 665; Metallograph Corp. v Arma Eng. Co., 205 App. Div. 100, 104, app dsmd 236 N.Y. 675) and have the same elements of mutual consent and consideration as are necessary for the formation of other informal contracts (17 Am Jur 2d, Contracts, § 492, pp 964-965). Thus, while a new agreement canceling a written contract requires some consideration (Nassoiy v Tomlinson, 148 N.Y. 326; Coe v Hobby, 72 N.Y. 141; Holden v Putnam Fire Ins. Co., 46 N.Y. 1; Smith v Kerr, 33 Hun 567, affd 108 N.Y. 31; 10 N.Y. Jur, Contracts, § 419), the mutual consent of the parties to rescind is ordinarily all the consideration required (McCreery v Day, 119 N.Y. 1), since the discharge of one party from the obligation to perform further is sufficient consideration for the discharge of the other party from its obligation to perform (McCreery v Day, supra; Rodgers v Rodgers, supra; American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres v American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co., 42 Misc.2d 939, affd 20 A.D.2d 890). The rationale is that upon cancellation of the contract by mutual assent, each party thereby reciprocally receives from the other a renunciation and surrender of the rights, benefits and advantages which the contract conferred and a release and discharge from the burdens and obligations it imposed (McCreery v Day, supra; 10 N.Y. Jur, Contracts, §§ 419, 420; 9 N.Y. Jur, Contracts, § 86). An executory contract which contains a provision that it cannot be canceled orally may not be terminated effectively unless the cancellation or discharge is in writing and signed by the party against whom the cancellation is sought to be enforced (General Obligations Law, § 15-301). Here, however, the contract of sale did not contain a clause requiring that cancellation be in writing or prohibiting oral termination. Thus, a written contract may be terminated, although it may not be modified, by a subsequent oral agreement or by an implied agreement revealed from the conduct of the parties and the surrounding circumstances (Schwartzreich v Bauman-Basch, Inc., supra; 10 N.Y. Jur, Contracts, § 420). The record reveals that after the appellant, Mrs. Mekus, entered into a written contract to sell her home she changed her mind. Appellant testified at an examination before trial that respondents verbally agreed to cancel the contract on February 14, 1975. Respondents concede that they went to Mrs. Mekus' house on February 14 and that she told them she wanted her house back. The respondents claim, however, that in response to her request to be released they told her that they would think about it, but that first they would have to consult their lawyer. Later on the same day, respondents telephoned Mrs. Mekus and claim that they told her they were going through with the deal. Where the defense to an action for specific performance of a contract to convey real property is based upon a claim of mutual cancellation of the contract sought to be enforced, as it is here, the burden is on the party asserting it to establish such defense (Kroll v Zimmerman, 88 N.Y.S.2d 440, app dsmd 91 N.Y.S.2d 751, affd 276 App. Div. 1098). Nonetheless, whether a contract has been terminated or canceled by mutual agreement is generally a question of fact for the jury where the evidence is conflicting (Custen v Robison, 180 App. Div. 384; see, also, Parsons v First Trust Deposit Co., 243 App. Div. 681, affd 269 N.Y. 630). In order to grant the drastic remedy of summary judgment "it must clearly appear that no material and triable issue of fact is presented * * * `issue-finding, rather than issue-determination, is the key to [a motion for summary judgment]'" (Sillman v Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 3 N.Y.2d 395, 404). The purpose of the motion is to sift out evidentiary facts and determine from them whether an issue of fact exists. As such, the testimony of the nonmoving party appellant must be accepted as true and a decision on the motion must be made on the version of the facts most favorable to her. "Where there is any significant doubt whether there is a material triable issue of fact or where the material issue of fact is `arguable' summary judgment must be denied" (Moyer v Briggs, 47 A.D.2d 64, 66-67; see, also, Falk v Goodman, 7 N.Y.2d 87, 91). We conclude, therefore, that viewing the conflicting evidence presented in a light most favorable to appellant, a triable issue of fact exists with respect to the oral cancellation of the contract which precludes the granting of summary judgment.

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STRYCHALSKI v. MEKUS
(Nov 5, 1976)