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Case Summary: Dean Stringham v. Jordan School District, No. 15356 (Utah Supreme Court, Dec. 8, 1978)

Factual and Procedural Background

Plaintiff-appellant Dean Stringham, a coach-teacher at Brighton High within the Jordan School District, was not employed by the district for the 1975–1976 school year. He brought an action challenging the district's refusal to re-employ him. The district's stated bases for refusing re-employment were that Stringham had (1) resigned and (2) did not have an expectation of continued employment.

At trial, the court submitted a special verdict form to the jury with two questions: (1) whether Stringham resigned as a teacher in the Jordan School District (with an option for "no preponderance either way"), and (2) whether Stringham had a reasonable expectation of contract renewal (to be answered only if Question 1 was answered "No" or "No preponderance either way"). The jury answered "no preponderance either way" as to whether he resigned and answered "No" as to reasonable expectation of renewal.

The trial court entered judgment of "no cause of action." Stringham appealed from that judgment. The Utah Education Association was permitted to file an amicus curiae brief, but portions of that brief raised issues not urged by appellant and were not reviewed by the Court.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to adjudge in Stringham's favor based on the jury's failure to find either way as to whether he had resigned.
  2. Whether presenting the question of "reasonable expectation of continued employment" to the jury was improper because that question was one of law rather than fact.

Arguments of the Parties

Plaintiff-Appellant's Arguments

  • Stringham argued the trial court should have adjudged in his favor because the jury's special verdict (a finding of "no preponderance either way" on resignation) meant the district failed to prove the defense of resignation; he relied on Pratt v. Uintah School District, 564 P.2d 294 (Utah 1977), as support that the defendant bore the burden to prove resignation and the jury's failure to find resignation should have been treated for him as a finding of no resignation.
  • He also contended on appeal that the question of "reasonable expectation of continued employment" was a question of law and should not have been submitted to the jury. (The record shows he did not object to the court's submission of that question at trial and raised it for the first time on appeal.)

Defendant-Respondent's Arguments

  • The record contains an instruction proposed by defendant regarding the burden of proof: that plaintiff had the burden to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he had a reasonable expectancy of employment under district policies and procedures; if no reasonable expectancy existed a verdict for the defendant should follow. That instruction was withdrawn after plaintiff's objection. (No substitute instruction proposed by plaintiff was given at trial.)
  • The opinion also reflects the district's position that Stringham had resigned from Brighton High (and that resignation bore on his employment status), though the precise trial arguments beyond the proposed instruction are not itemized in the opinion text.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Pratt v. Uintah School District, 564 P.2d 294 (Utah 1977) Illustrates a case in which the jury affirmatively found the teacher did not resign; cited by appellant to argue defendant had the burden to prove resignation. The Court distinguished Pratt because Pratt involved an affirmative jury finding that the teacher did not resign, whereas here the jury found only "no preponderance either way" and there was ambiguity whether resignation was from Brighton High or the District.
Brown v. Bd. of Education, 560 P.2d 1129 (Utah 1977) Holds that where a contract is divisible only by mutual consent, a resignation of one component (e.g., coaching duties) may be legally treated as resignation from the entire employment contract; effect of partial resignation is for the court to decide after factual determination of divisibility. The Court relied on Brown to support the legal conclusion that the contract here was not divisible by unilateral action and that resignation from Brighton High could operate as resignation from the entire contract absent mutual consent to divisibility.
Brough v. Bd. of Education, 23 Utah 2d 174, 460 P.2d 336 (1969) Earlier unanimous decision reaching a similar result about refusal to accept reassignment and the legal effect on contractual employment rights within a school district. The Court cited Brough as reaching the same effect as Brown, reinforcing the principle that a teacher cannot unilaterally treat part of a district contract as severable to secure continued employment elsewhere in the district.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Court first addressed appellant's second assignment of error (submission to the jury of the "reasonable expectation" question). It found that Stringham did not preserve this issue for appeal because he did not object to the court's action at trial: although the defendant initially proposed an instruction assigning plaintiff the burden to prove a reasonable expectancy of employment, that instruction was withdrawn after plaintiff's objection and plaintiff did not propose an alternative instruction. The Court therefore declined to consider this argument on appeal under review rules limiting unpreserved objections.

Having disposed of Issue II on procedural grounds, the Court focused on Issue I: whether Stringham resigned. The Court analyzed the jury's special verdict which recorded "no preponderance either way" on whether Stringham resigned. The Court observed that Stringham himself admitted (through sworn testimony and a signed "Letter of Intent" stating "I will not be returning") that he resigned from Brighton High and that he refused an offered position at Tooele High and had not sought a transfer on the form.

Given Stringham's admission that he resigned from Brighton High, the Court stated the remaining legal question was whether that resignation could be treated as a resignation from the entire employment contract with the Jordan School District. The Court applied its prior decisions in Brown and Brough, which recognize that a contract of the same form is not divisible except by mutual consent and that a unilateral resignation from a component of the contract may operate as resignation from the whole. The Court concluded that Stringham could not unilaterally resign from one facility (Brighton High) and simultaneously claim continued employment rights at other district schools.

The Court also addressed the plaintiff's contention about burden of proof, noting that Stringham both claimed the resignation (by his own testimony) and contested its legal effect; because he had admitted the resignation, he bore the burden to prove that it did not operate as resignation from the entire contract. The trial judge could not ignore the admitted resignation, and thus applied the law in Brown and Brough to resolve the legal effect of that resignation.

Holding and Implications

Holding: The judgment of the trial court was affirmed. The Court affirmed the trial court's judgment of "no cause of action" and awarded no costs on appeal.

Implications:

  • Direct effect on the parties: Stringham's admitted resignation from Brighton High was treated, under controlling Utah authority (Brown and Brough), as constituting resignation from the entire employment contract absent mutual consent to divisibility; as a result, Stringham was not entitled to relief under the Orderly School Termination Procedures Act and the trial court's judgment in favor of the district was affirmed.
  • The Court did not adopt a new rule of law; it applied and relied upon its prior decisions (Brown and Brough) to resolve the legal effect of a partial resignation under the contract involved in this case.

Opinion authored by: MAUGHAN, Justice. ELLETT, C.J., and WILKINS, CROCKETT and HALL, JJ., concur.

DEAN STRINGHAM, PLAINTIFF AND APPELLANT, v. JORDAN SCHOOL DISTRICT, DEFENDANT AND RESPONDENT.

MAUGHAN, Justice:

This is an appeal from a "no cause of action" judgment in an action brought by Plaintiff Stringham, a coach-teacher at Brighton High, Jordan School District, who was not employed by the district as such for the 1975-1976 school year (September-June).

The bases for his termination, — or refusal to re-employ — allegedly were because he (1) had resigned and (2) he did not have "expectation of continued employment."

At the end of the case, the trial court gave a jury a form verdict as follows:

We, the jury in the above-entitled action make the following finding:
1. Did the plaintiff, Dean Stringham, resign as a teacher in the Jordan School District;
A. Yes ____, No ____, or no preponderance either way X.
INSTRUCTION: If the answer to question No. 1 is "Yes", you need not answer any further question.
If the answer is "No" or "No preponderance either way" answer question No. 2.
2. Did the Plaintiff have a reasonable expectation of having his contract renewed?
A. Yes ____, No X, or no preponderance either way ____.

[Emphasis added.]

The plaintiff claims error as follows:

I. Refusal by the court to adjudge in his favor in accordance with the jury's failure to find either way as to whether Stringham had resigned; and

II. Presenting the question of "reasonable expectation of continued employment" to the jury was not a fact, but a law question.

Answering II first, the record indicates that plaintiff did not object to the court's action, but raised the matter for the first time on appeal, defendant had offered the following instruction:

You are instructed that under the law in the State of Utah that the plaintiff, Dean Stringham, has the burden of proof to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he had under the policies and procedures of the Jordan School District a reasonable expectancy of employment. If you find that a teacher under all of the facts and circumstances of this case did not have a reasonable expectancy of receiving a new contract for the next year, you should return a verdict in favor of the defendant and against the plaintiff, no cause of action . . .

to which plaintiff strenuously objected, and which defendant withdrew because of such objection. Plaintiff offered no different proposed instruction, and now complains that the court did not give a substitute explanatory instruction; this, after the court invited the parties to propose any changes they desired. Consequently the plaintiff at this time cannot complain that the matter should not have been put to the jury at all. There is no exception noted in the record as to the form and substance of the question presented to the jury, which failure, under the rules of review prevents treatment of the issue here.

The only issue in this case, therefore, is No. I, supra: Did Stringham resign as a teacher in the Jordan School District? The plaintiff says that it was the defendant's burden to prove that Stringham did resign and the jury's verdict found that Stringham had not sustained that burden, citing Pratt v. Uintah School District, 564 P.2d 294 (Utah 1977). The Pratt case was one where the jury affirmatively found that the teacher did not resign. In the instant case the jury found that there was no preponderance of the evidence that he did resign, — not from the Jordan School District, but "from Brighton High," — and the jury was impaled on the horns of a dilemma as to which to choose. Had the question been put to the jury: Did the plaintiff resign as a teacher at Brighton High or the Jordan School District, a definitive and affirmative answer could have been given by the jury that he did resign from one or the other. In Pratt there was an affirmative answer as to only one school facility, and there was nothing to indicate that there was any question as to one or another of two facilities from which he might have resigned. Hence the jury here was given no choice, — a circumstance that left no alternative but to accept the sworn testimony of Stringham that he "resigned from Brighton High." It was not his prerogative to say he would resign from Brighton High, then claim continued employment rights elsewhere in the Jordan School District.

The Utah Education Association was permitted to file a brief Amicus Curiae. It included therein points which appear to be Points on Appeal on issues not urged by the plaintiff-appellant, which are not reviewable by the Court under appellate procedure. Such issues will not be canvassed.

This is made abundantly clear in this Court's decision in Brown v. Bd. of Education, 560 P.2d 1129 (Utah 1977), where a coach-teacher resigned his coaching job but not his teaching job, and was terminated, which termination was affirmed. The jury in that case affirmatively found it was a resignation only of his coaching duties and this Court responded by saying:

In this case the jury resolved the factual dispute as to effect of plaintiff's letter of January 8, 1974, by finding it a resignation from coaching duties only. However, the effect of such a resignation is for the court to decide after a determination has been made on the question of divisibility.

and having said this, the decision approved language of the trial court and its own as follows:

In the District Court a judgment was entered in favor of defendant wherein the trial court found `. . . as a matter of law the employment contract between plaintiff and defendant was divisible only upon the mutual consent of the parties and the defendant not having consented thereto, the plaintiff's resignation from one part of the contract was a resignation from all of the contract . . .' The effect of the decision is that the plaintiff was not terminated by defendant, but resigned of his own choosing and, therefore, the Utah Orderly School Termination Procedures Act was found not to apply to this case. [Emphasis added.]

To the same effect is an earlier unanimous decision of this Court, Brough v. Bd. of Education, where a school teacher refused to accept an assignment in another school in the district, claiming, nevertheless, that he was entitled to employment under the contract.

23 Utah 2d 174, 460 P.2d 336 (1969 Utah).

Plaintiff in his own brief, concedes that if Stringham were found to have resigned, he would have breached his contract and would not be entitled to employ the Orderly School Termination Procedures Act to claim entitlement for continued employment. The fact is that he admitted he resigned from "Brighton High" and the cases above clearly indicate that by doing so he cannot thereby choose or force the district to assign employment at any other high school.

Sec. 53-51-1, Utah Code Annotated 1953 (1977 Supp.).

The facts leading up to plaintiff's resignation, briefly are as follows: In September, 1973, plaintiff asked Mr. Beere, Brighton High's principal, if he could leave school early to go to a football game and when permission was denied, he went anyway. On being confronted, he admitted misuse of school time before, and he was advised that any future infractions would result in job termination. He admitted previous promises to refrain from being absent had been broken, and promised it would not happen in the future. In the 1974-75 year, the past defiances were repeated, specifically in the fall of 1974, when he had absented himself at a time when two important school patrons sought him out, he admitted it and said he was sorry and asked for and was granted another chance. Nonetheless Stringham thereafter was absent, asked for another chance and was again granted leniency. Thereafter, in February, 1975, he repeated, was confronted, and the principal said his hands were tied. This was followed by the principal's recommendation with respect to Stringham's termination and replacement. In April, 1975, Stringham walked into the principal's (Beere) office, handed him a paper dated April 9th which was a form "Letter of Intent," signed by Stringham on which an "X" was placed opposite a printed statement that said "I will not be returning." Later, at the trial, on cross-examination, he testified, when questioned about his resignation, that it was a resignation from Brighton High, but not the district. He admitted he had not asked, on the form, for a transfer in schools, and he admitted he would not return to Brighton. He also turned down an offer to teach at Tooele High, where he had been employed years before as a coach.

The plaintiff stresses his contention that the defendant School District had the burden of proving the resignation but did not sustain such burden as reflected in the special verdict, which plaintiff urges was a "finding" of no resignation. Such contention is based on the principle that one claiming a defense, must prove it. This contention ignores the fact that Stringham also "claimed" he resigned, which therefore was proven by his own admission, and the only question is: "Resigned from what facility, — Brighton or the District." The trial judge certainly could not ignore the fact of "resignation" and this being the case, his only alternative was to apply the law in Brown and Brough, supra, which say a contract identical to the one involved here is not divisible, and that Stringham has no legal or any other right to select a course of conduct thereunder reserved to the other party to the contract, or at least created a problem that could only be resolved by mutual consent.

Being the claimant, — under plaintiff's theory, — Stringham then had the burden of proving no resignation.

The judgment is affirmed, with no costs on appeal awarded.

ELLETT, C.J., and WILKINS, CROCKETT and HALL, JJ., concur.

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STRINGHAM v. JORDAN SCHOOL DIST
(Dec 8, 1978)