WACHTLER, J.
The question on this appeal is whether a court which mistakenly sentenced a defendant to three years, instead of eight years as agreed at the time of plea, could correct its error a few months later without violating either the statutory prohibition against changing sentences (CPL 430.10) or the defendant's constitutional rights under the double jeopardy clause. The trial court held the error correctable but the Appellate Division reversed on the ground that the correction represented a change in sentence prohibited by the statute. The People appeal.
In 1978 the defendant was indicted for robbery in the first degree and related offenses for allegedly robbing a gas station with a shotgun. As the result of a plea bargain he agreed to plead guilty to attempted robbery in the first degree in exchange for an eight-year sentence. When the plea was entered on January 12, 1979 the defendant acknowledged that he received no promise other than that "the sentence will be zero to eight years". The court accepted the plea on that representation.
When the defendant appeared for sentence on February 13, the plea agreement to sentence the defendant to "a period of zero to eight" years was again brought to the court's attention by the prosecutor and acknowledged by defense counsel. The court after referring to the probation report and the defendant's criminal history stated, "Under all the facts and circumstances, the court will follow the plea bargaining". However, in formally pronouncing sentence the court apparently mentioned three years instead of eight as the maximum term of imprisonment. The discrepancy appears in the sentencing minutes and related court documents.
In May, 1979 during plea discussions with the defendant's codefendants, the prosecutor noted the discrepancy and applied to the sentencing Judge to resettle the record to show that the defendant received the negotiated sentence of eight years imprisonment.
At an informal hearing attended by the prosecutor, the defendant and his attorney, the court admitted that it had "no independent recollection of the actual words used" in pronouncing sentence. It noted, however, that there had been a plea agreement to sentence the defendant to eight years; that the court accepted that agreement at the time of plea and again at the time of sentence and that the court's private notes as well as the District Attorney's notes indicated that the defendant was sentenced to zero to eight years in accordance with the agreement. Thus the court concluded that the references to a three-year sentence are erroneous and that "the sentence is now corrected". The defendant did not testify or comment with respect to the discrepancy. His attorney simply challenged the power of the court to correct the error at this stage.
On appeal the Appellate Division reversed and reinstated the three-year sentence. The Appellate Division recognized that a court has inherent power to correct errors but concluded that the error in this case could not be considered clerical or correctable because the "imposition of judgment enlarging the time to be served by defendant is a matter of substance not form". ( 78 A.D.2d 358, 362.) The Appellate Division apparently felt that a correction of this nature amounted to a change in the sentence which by statute is prohibited "once the term or period of the sentence has commenced" (CPL 430.10).
It is well settled that courts possess "inherent power to correct their records, where the correction relates to mistakes, or errors, which may be termed clerical in their nature, or where it is made in order to conform the record to the truth" (Bohlen v Metropolitan El. Ry. Co., 121 N.Y. 546, 550-551). This power exists in criminal as well as civil cases and has been held specifically applicable to errors relating to sentence (People ex rel. Hirschberg v Orange County Ct., 271 N.Y. 151, 157).
Of course a court cannot, in the guise of correcting an error, change or amend a sentence which is not defective (People ex rel. Sedotto v Jackson, 307 N.Y. 291). Indeed as the Appellate Division noted that is expressly prohibited by CPL 430.10 which provides "[e]xcept as otherwise specifically authorized by law, when the court has imposed a sentence of imprisonment and such sentence is in accordance with law, such sentence may not be changed, suspended or interrupted once the term or period of the sentence has commenced" (see, also, People v Yannicelli, 40 N.Y.2d 598, holding the statute prohibits a court from resentencing a defendant on the incarceration portion of a sentence when that portion was not defective and had already been served). However, this statute like its predecessor (Code of Criminal Procedure, § 470-a; former Penal Law, § 2188) essentially restates the common law (see People ex rel. Kuney v Adams, 168 Misc. 285, 296, affd 256 App. Div. 802, affd 280 N.Y. 794; cf. People ex rel. Woodin v Ottaway, 247 N.Y. 493, 496; see, also, People ex rel. Holton v Hunt, 217 App. Div. 428, 431) and does not alter the power of a court to correct errors or mistakes concerning sentences (see, e.g., People v Harrington, 21 N.Y.2d 61, 65).
There is no contention in this case that the court intentionally but inexplicably sentenced the defendant to three years in violation of the plea arrangement it had just agreed to honor and then subsequently, and just as inexplicably, changed its mind and resentenced him to the longer term originally agreed upon. Here it is evident from the record and in fact not disputed that we are concerned only with the correction of an error in the sentence. The fact that the error may have resulted from the court's own inadvertence in pronouncing the sentence does not make the error any less correctable. The inherent power of a court to correct its own errors extends to a statement or even formal pronouncement made by a court which may create "apparent ambiguity" but "which is, plainly, the result of some inadvertence on his [the Judge's] part, and which our reason tells us is a mere mistake" (Bohlen v Metropolitan El. Ry. Co., supra, p 550). Neither is the court's power to correct error in a sentence limited to purely formal defects which can have no effect on the substance of the sentence. For instance, a court may correct its records to show that a prior conviction reported as a felony was actually for a misdemeanor — a matter of obvious substance to a defendant sentenced as a prior felony offender (see, e.g., People ex rel. Hirschberg v Orange County Ct., supra). In short there is no reason why the court's inherent power to correct its own mistakes generally should not permit the court to correct the particular error that occurred during sentencing in this case.
With respect to the defendant's double jeopardy argument we note that the Supreme Court has recently rejected the contention that "a sentence, once pronounced, is to be accorded constitutional finality and conclusiveness similar to that which attaches to a jury's verdict of acquittal" (United States v Di Francesco, 449 U.S. 117, 132). The defendant claims that that case is distinguishable on the ground that the defendant there had no expectation of finality because the Government was expressly authorized by statute to challenge the sentence on appeal, while in this case there is no express statutory mechanism for correcting the error in the sentence. However, as noted, the court's power to correct errors, including errors in the sentence, is well established by the case law and is not expressly prohibited by statute. To the extent the defendant may actually have entertained the hope that such an obvious error would be uncorrectable once he reached State prison, it was not founded on any authoritative pronouncement to that effect from this court or the Legislature. Indeed we know of no case binding on this court which has held that a defendant who is mistakenly sentenced to a lesser term than he agreed to, should immediately upon commencing the sentence acquire a vested interest in the error so that it would be unfair, under the double jeopardy clause, to correct the error and make the defendant serve out the term of his own sentencing agreement (but cf. United States v Sacco, 367 F.2d 368). Thus limiting the defendant's objection to the facts of this case, as we must (see, e.g., Broadrick v Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601), there is no basis for concluding that the double jeopardy clause posed any impediment to the court's power to correct the error in the sentence.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed and the case remitted to that court for review of the facts (CPL 470.40, subd 2, par [b]).
MEYER, J. (dissenting).
Respectfully I disagree with this court's exercise of authority it does not have to sanction the exercise by Criminal Term of authority it did not have. That the particular defendant involved in this case would receive a windfall results from the failure of the prosecutor to move for correction of the sentence within the time the Legislature has allowed for corrective action and from the fact that the Legislature has in the Criminal Procedure Law enacted an explicit limitation upon when a sentence, as distinct from the clerical record of the sentence, may be changed. If change in the law is needed, and I believe it is, it should come from the Legislature, not from this court.
CPL 430.10 provides: "Except as otherwise specifically authorized by law, when the court has imposed a sentence of imprisonment and such sentence is in accordance with law, such sentence may not be changed, suspended or interrupted once the term or period of the sentence has commenced." When a sentence commences is defined by section 70.30 of the Penal Law: for an indeterminate sentence, "when the prisoner is received in an institution under the jurisdiction of the state department of correctional services" (subd 1); for a definite sentence, "when the prisoner is received in the institution named in the commitment" (subd 2). It is undisputed that defendant was sentenced to an indeterminate sentence of zero to three years and had been confined on that sentence in Danamora State Prison for several months before the Criminal Term, on motion of the District Attorney, ordered the record corrected by "resentencing the defendant to zero to eight years, nunc-pro-tunc."
By subdivision 3 credit is given against the sentence for "the amount of time the person spent in custody prior to the commencement of such sentence."
To circumvent the clear absence of jurisdiction, the People rely upon CPLR 5019 (subd [a]) and generalities in decisional law. The majority, ignoring the People's efforts to apply the CPLR, provides a pastiche of civil and criminal cases that do not withstand analysis in the face of CPL 430.10 and cases to date construing it.
It may well be questioned whether CPLR 5019 would be helpful to the People in any event in light of the limitation of the curative orders it authorizes to a "mistake, defect or irregularity in the papers or procedures in the action not affecting a substantial right of a party" (italics supplied). But the section is clearly inapplicable to the present situation for CPLR 101 explicitly states that the CPLR "shall govern the procedure in civil judicial proceedings" (italics supplied), and though the Criminal Procedure Law has no counterpart provision it has long been recognized that "it was intended by the Legislature that this Code [of Criminal Procedure] was to take the place of, and be substituted for, all of the statutes of the State bearing upon the subject, to which end provisions were made for every necessary step to be taken in every criminal case" (People ex rel. Hirschberg v Orange County Ct., 271 N.Y. 151, 155). Nor in the face of "`the commands of the law-making power in matters wherein its fiat is supreme and final'" (id.) do generalities such as that "The law deals with realities and not fictions" (People ex rel. Sloane v Lawes, 255 N.Y. 112, 117) or that "The Constitution does not require that sentencing should be a game in which a wrong move by the judge means immunity for the prisoner" (Bozza v United States, 330 U.S. 160, 166-167) help the People's case, distinguishable as those cases are on their facts and because they involved no statutory command such as CPL 430.10.
Linchpins in the majority's analysis are Bohlen v Metropolitan El. Ry. Co. ( 121 N.Y. 546), People ex rel. Hirschberg v Orange County Ct. (supra), People v Harrington ( 21 N.Y.2d 61) and the cases cited (p 364) to support the conclusion that CPL 430.10 "essentially restates the common law". Bohlen, however, relied upon section 723 of the Code of Civil Procedure, from which is derived CPLR 2001, which has no counterpart in the CPL, and the language of which allows correction of a "mistake" at "any stage of an action." Aside from the fact, already noted, that the CPLR does not apply to criminal proceedings, the distinction between the two is obvious: the CPLR provision is broadly permissive while the CPL provision is expressly restrictive.
At any state of an action, the court may permit a mistake, omission, defect or irregularity to be corrected, upon such terms as may be just, or, if a substantial right of a party is not prejudiced, the mistake, omission, defect or irregularity shall be disregarded.
True it is that both Hirschberg and Harrington allowed corrections to be made and that in doing so Hirschberg relied upon Bohlen. Important to note, however, is that what was corrected in each was clearly a clerical error; in Hirschberg, "in recording the plea" as having been made to a felony rather than a misdemeanor; in Harrington, "in the failure of the clerk to make a record in his minutes of the offense after the sentence had been pronounced." Moreover, Hirschberg recognized that there is no power in the courts to extend a time limit fixed by the CPL and quoted with apparent approval from People v Glen ( 173 N.Y. 395, 400) the statement that "matters * * * regulated by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure * * * however inconvenient, or even oppressive, they may appear to be in specific cases, the courts must apply * * * as best they can, for they embody the commands of the law-making power in matters wherein its fiat is supreme and final," and the Harrington court, acknowledging that once begun a sentence could not be vacated or changed, distinguished what it was approving as merely the correction of the record "to support the sentence as it had been imposed * * * by inserting the nature of the offense in compliance with section 485 of the Code of Criminal Procedure." It is one thing to recognize an inherent power in the court to conform the record of ministerial acts performed by the clerk to the fact and quite another to use that as a springboard for correction not of the record but of the fact, i.e., the length of the sentence imposed as a discretionary, albeit perhaps inadvertent, act of the Judge.
Nor is the majority's thesis that CPL 430.10 "restates the common law" a valid one with respect to the issue in this case. Each of the cases cited (People ex rel. Kuney v Adams, 168 Misc. 285, 296, affd 256 App. Div. 802, affd 280 N.Y. 794; People ex rel. Woodin v Ottaway, 247 N.Y. 493, 496; and People ex rel. Holton v Hunt, 217 App. Div. 428, 431) deals with the power to suspend sentence and such reference as there is to codification of the common law speaks only to the fact that the commencement of imprisonment limitation on the court's power "was a clear recogniton of the common-law distinction between the judicial power to postpone the execution of a judgment and the executive power to terminate the service of a sentence thereunder" (Holton, supra, at p 431 [italics in original]; Kuney, supra, at p 296). Each also recognizes that as a result of the common-law separation of powers the courts are without power to suspend sentence after commencement of sentence, and none of them suggests that the Legislature had any thought of sanctioning a change in sentence, as distinct from a change in the records supporting the sentence, after the beginning of imprisonment.
As we have but recently re-emphasized, a Judge when he imposes sentence does not act clerically but in the exercise of discretion (People v Farrar, 52 N.Y.2d 302, 305, 308). What the court now authorizes is not a change in the record made to reflect what was actually done, but a change in what was actually done, on the ground that it was not intended. We may accept the fact that the Judge intended to impose an eight-year sentence for the words used were "Under all the facts and circumstances, the Court will follow the plea bargaining. The defendant is therefore sentenced to an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment which shall have a maximum term of three years and the Court imposes — of three years, and the defendant is committed to the custody of the State Department of Correction." Repetition of the three-year maximum makes clear that we deal not with an error in recording what the Judge said, but at most an error of the Judge in saying it. But what he said was a valid and legal sentence within the discretion given him by statute. The fact that he erred in doing so does not make his action in imposing sentence clerical rather than discretionary. As a discretionary act it was, by statutory limitation, correctable only before sentence commenced; only if it were clerical could it be changed thereafter. The People could have moved for correction of the sentence to conform to the bargain either at sentence or at any time thereafter and before defendant arrived at the State institution, but once he was there the court was functus officio.
Compare CPL 440.20 (subd 1), which permits a defendant to move to set aside his sentence, but only "upon the ground that it was unauthorized, illegally imposed or otherwise invalid as a matter of law." The obvious purpose of CPL 430.10 is to fix the point at which the lower court judgment is final, but the Legislature can, within the constraints of double jeopardy law, authorize correction of sentence even though valid and even after service of sentence has commenced, should it see fit to do so.
Such has been the consistent holding of this court (People v Thompson, 251 N.Y. 428; People ex rel. Sedotto v Jackson, 307 N.Y. 291, 295; People v Harrington, supra; People v Yannicelli, 40 N.Y.2d 598; Matter of Cedar, 240 App. Div. 182 186, affd 265 N.Y. 620; Pitler, New York Criminal Practice Under the CPL, § 13.77). Closely in point is People v Thompson (supra), in which defendant was sentenced to a term of not more than one year for illegally practicing medicine. Governing statutes authorized either a fixed sentence or, if the sentencing Judge found defendant capable of being substantially benefited by correctional and reformatory purposes of the institution to which committed, an indeterminate sentence. In imposing a fixed term sentence the court made no specific finding of defendant's capability in that respect but thereafter, on its own motion and over defendant's protest, reconsidered the sentence and imposed an indeterminate sentence. Noting that the trial court "chose to impose a definite sentence, which it might not do, unless it decided that the offender was incapable of being substantially benefited", we ordered the original sentence reinstated, saying (251 N.Y., at p 431): "The court had jurisdiction of the person of the offender and of the offense. Its original sentence did not exceed the penalty fixed by the statute. It seems to me obvious that under the circumstances, the validity or nullity of the sentence cannot be made dependent upon proof of the mental processes of the trial court or of the mental or physical capacity of the offender" (italics supplied). Moreover, Sedotto and Yannicelli cannot be distinguished, as the majority suggests, on the ground that the sentences of imprisonment imposed in those cases were not defective for neither is the sentence imposed on Minaya defective. It is because, as Sedotto put it, "the original sentence was not defective but was a valid exercise of judicial discretion [that], the County Judge * * * was without power thereafter" (307 N.Y., at p 295), and as Yannicelli noted, "since the term of imprisonment was lawful * * * the court had no power to alter it by resentencing them [defendants] to a different, in fact longer, term" (40 N.Y.2d, at p 602), that the resentence imposed in this case is a nullity.
The legislative direction should be adhered to notwithstanding that the result in this case may be that the punishment does not fit the crime. That the minutes strongly suggest that the Judge for some reason misspoke may be the predicate for statutory amendment but does not justify ignoring the existing statutory limitation upon the power of the court. The reason that it does not is nowhere better stated than in the Second Circuit opinion in United States v Sacco ( 367 F.2d 368, 369-370): "We are of the opinion that a judge should not be permitted to increase a sentence clearly and explicitly imposed, after the prisoner has begun to serve it, even though the judge later recollects that he had intended at the time to decree a longer sentence for a conviction on a particular count but did not do so because he had inadvertently confused it with another count. This is not the case of an error in reporting or a purely clerical error or a judicial mistake corrected the same day or the imposition of a sentence of less than a mandatory minimum or similar flaws which present quite different problems. The possibility of abuses inherent in broad judicial power to increase sentences outweighs the possibility of windfalls to a few prisoners."
See People v Ozarowski ( 87 Misc.2d 607, 612) where the sentencing court denied defendants' application to reduce their sentences, notwithstanding that service of sentence had not commenced and that defendants, who were youthful offenders, had, during the years their case traveled though our courts, shown themselves to be "useful, hard working and well-intentioned." The court's reasoning was that "the Legislature of this State did not see fit to specifically empower the court to change a sentence which was legally authorized and valid when imposed."
The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Chief Judge COOKE and Judges JASEN, GABRIELLI and FUCHSBERG concur with Judge WACHTLER; Judge MEYER dissents and votes to affirm in a separate opinion in which Judge JONES concurs.
Order reversed and the case remitted to the Appellate Division, First Department, for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion herein.
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