WILLIAMS, C.J.
In the present case, we must address three interrelated issues. First, we must decide whether certain Wayne County Sheriff's deputies had probable cause under the Michigan Constitution to effect an arrest of defendant in his motel room without a warrant. Second, we must determine whether the federal constitutional requirement — that an arrest of a defendant in his home must be made with an arrest warrant absent exigent circumstances — extends to a motel room under the Michigan Constitution. Third, under the Michigan Constitution, we must consider whether there were exigent circumstances which justified the warrantless arrest of defendant in his motel room.
The United States Supreme Court established this requirement in Payton v New York, 445 U.S. 573; 100 S Ct 1371; 63 L Ed 2d 639 (1980), which it applied to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Mapp v Ohio, 367 U.S. 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961).
Before trial, the defendant moved to suppress all evidence seized, claiming that it was the fruit of the defendant's arrest in his motel room without a warrant. The trial court denied the motion, stating that there was probable cause for the arrest and also exigent circumstances which justified the warrantless arrest. The Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion.
We hold that there was probable cause to justify an arrest of the defendant. The complete record reveals that there were sufficient facts to conclude that the defendant had committed a felony.
Furthermore, we hold under the Michigan Constitution that the federal constitutional requirement — that an arrest of a defendant in his home must be made with an arrest warrant absent exigent circumstances — is equally applicable to a motel room occupied by the defendant.
Finally, we hold that a motel room itself does not create an exigent circumstance under the Michigan Constitution. Moreover, after balancing several factors, we find that there were no exigent circumstances which justified defendant's arrest in his motel room without a warrant.
FACTS
On March 1, 1978, the Wayne County Sheriff's Department received a telephone call from a Canton Township resident, Mary Mallard. She reported that she had been robbed in her house at approximately 5 p.m. on that day. When the officers arrived, she told them that she had been drying her hair in the basement when she heard glass breaking. When she went upstairs to investigate, she saw the defendant standing in her dining room, with a pair of her scissors in his hand. He threatened to kill her if she did not give him some money. He then reached over to the complainant's counter and removed five two-dollar bills and a Vienna sausage can which contained numerous coins. She stated that the defendant then ran out of her home in the direction of the Willow Acres Motel, which was across a highway. The officers traced a set of footprints from complainant's home to the southeast corner of the motel.
The officers then proceeded to local businesses to ask the proprietors of these establishments to watch for a slightly built young white man who was wearing a blue coat with a fleece lined collar who might be spending exceptional amounts of two-dollar bills or change. At about 7 p.m. that evening, the owner of a store alerted the sheriff's department after two men and a young woman had paid for merchandise with two-dollar bills. About 7:30 p.m., he reported the license plate numbers of a car that they were seen leaving in when one of them returned a second time.
About 9:30 p.m. that evening, the noted car was stopped by the sheriff's department. The driver informed the officers that he had picked up the defendant and his girlfriend earlier in the evening. He stated that they had stopped at a local party store, and that the defendant had attempted to pay for some merchandise with two-dollar bills and then with change. In addition, he stated that the defendant and his girlfriend were in room 10 of the Willow Acres Motel.
About 10 p.m. that same night, five officers of the sheriff's department approached and knocked on the door of room 10. A voice asked who was at the door. When the officers identified themselves, a scuffling noise was heard, and defendant opened the door. He stepped back and asked the officers if they had a warrant. The officers entered the room, arrested the defendant, seized a blue jacket, a lady's purse, and a Vienna sausage can which were located on a table in the room.
Before trial, the defendant moved to suppress the items seized from the motel room, alleging that they were fruits of an illegal arrest. The trial judge, who had read the preliminary examination transcript, denied the defendant's motion without an evidentiary hearing.
Thereafter, the defendant waived his right to a jury trial and presented a defense in which he claimed that he was so intoxicated at the time of the crimes that he lacked the specific intent to commit the crimes charged. Nevertheless, the defendant was convicted after a bench trial of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit robbery, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305 and of felonious assault, MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277. He was sentenced to serve 4 to 15 years in prison for the breaking and entering conviction and 2 to 4 years for the felonious assault conviction.
The Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion.
We granted leave to appeal on November 4, 1981, following the defendant's delayed application in propria persona. 412 Mich. 854.
I. WHETHER THERE WAS PROBABLE CAUSE
In the instant case, the defendant initially contends that the trial court erred in not suppressing the evidence arising from defendant's warrantless arrest made in his motel room because the intrusion and arrest were effected without probable cause under the Michigan Constitution. The defendant states that the basis of the prosecutor's assertion that the police had probable cause was information provided by an individual who was a suspect in the felonies committed by the defendant. While the defendant admits that independent corroboration of otherwise "insufficiently trustworthy information" can provide police with probable cause, he believes that "the quantum of corroboration required should be especially great where, as here, the source of the information is * * * a suspected perpetrator of the crime." We believe, however, that the legal standards traditionally employed by appellate courts indicate that the information acted upon by the police met the requirements under the Michigan Constitution.
Const 1963, art 1, § 11 provides that:
"The person, houses, papers and possessions of every person shall be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures. No warrant to search any place or to seize any person or things shall issue without describing them, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation. The provisions of this section shall not be construed to bar from evidence in any criminal proceeding any narcotic drug, firearm, bomb, explosive or any other dangerous weapon, seized by a peace officer outside the curtilage of any dwelling house in this state." US Const, Am IV states that:
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
The first rule in determining whether an officer had probable cause to make an arrest is whether there are any facts which would lead a reasonable person to believe that the suspected person has committed a felony. E.g., People v Ward, 226 Mich. 45; 196 N.W. 971 (1924). Secondly, a police officer's belief that a defendant has committed a felony must be based on facts which are present at the moment of the arrest. E.g., People v Stewart, 232 Mich. 670; 206 N.W. 337 (1925).
See, generally, Spinelli v United States, 393 U.S. 410; 89 S Ct 584; 21 L Ed 2d 637 (1969); Aguilar v Texas, 378 U.S. 108; 84 S Ct 1509; 12 L Ed 2d 723 (1964).
Thus, this Court laid down the following standard to be employed by Michigan appellate courts when applying these two rules:
"Therefore, in reviewing a claim that a police officer lacked probable cause to arrest, the reviewing court must determine whether facts available to the officer at the moment of arrest would justify a fair-minded person of average intelligence in believing that the suspected person had committed a felony. Each case must be analyzed in light of the particular facts confronting the arresting officer. People v Harper, 365 Mich. 494; 113 N.W.2d 808 (1962)."
People v Summers, 407 Mich. 432, 442; 286 N.W.2d 226 (1979), rev'd on other grounds sub nom Michigan v Summers, 452 U.S. 692; 101 S Ct 2587; 69 L Ed 2d 340 (1981).
In undertaking this factual review, it is important to note that information indicating probable cause for an arrest must be comprised of sufficient facts to permit an independent determination that the person supplying the information is reliable and that the information is based on something more substantial than casual rumor. United States v Haynie, 637 F.2d 227, 232-233 (CA 4, 1980).
In deciding that the officers had probable cause to arrest, the Court of Appeals wrote the following:
"On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. However, review of the record convinces us that the arresting officers were provided with sufficient probable cause to effect defendant's warrantless arrest. The testimony of the arresting officers indicated that they had received trustworthy information concerning Mrs. Mallard's description of the incident and of defendant; that officers Cornish and Chopps traced a set of footprints from complainant's home to the Willow Acres Motel; that the proprietor of a nearby market reported three persons buying merchandise with exceptional amounts of coins and two-dollar bills; and that the driver of the automobile with the license plate number reported by Mr. Jankowski, the storekeeper, told officers that the person who was spending the two-dollar bills and coins was at room 10 of the Willow Acres Motel. This information was sufficient to warrant a prudent person in believing that defendant had committed a felony. MCL 764.15; MSA 28.874; People v Flores, 92 Mich. App. 130; 284 N.W.2d 510 (1979); People v Langston, 57 Mich. App. 666, 671-673; 226 N.W.2d 686 (1975)."
Thus, we hold that the officers had probable cause to arrest the defendant under article 1, § 11 of the Michigan Constitution.
Justice LEVIN does not join in Part I because the Court's disposition does not require a decision on whether there was probable cause.
II. THE REQUIREMENT OF AN ARREST WARRANT
While we have found that the police in the instant case had probable cause to arrest the defendant, this conclusion alone does not make the defendant's arrest constitutionally proper. The question becomes, under the Michigan Constitution, whether the defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in his motel room which required the officers to have an arrest warrant, absent exigent circumstances, before arresting the defendant in his room. See Payton v New York, 445 U.S. 573; 100 S Ct 1371; 63 L Ed 2d 639 (1980); Katz v United States, 389 U.S. 347; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967).
See, generally, 2 LaFave, Search and Seizure, § 6.1.
Recently, the United States Supreme Court has established the rules pertaining to the requirement of an arrest warrant. First, if probable cause exists, the police are not required to obtain a warrant before apprehending a suspected felon in a public place. United States v Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 423-424; 96 S Ct 820; 46 L Ed 2d 598 (1976). Second, before entering a suspect's residence to effect his arrest, the police must possess an arrest warrant absent exigent circumstances. Payton, supra, pp 602-603. Third, an arrest warrant alone is not sufficient authority for entry into the home of a third party to arrest the subject of an arrest warrant. Steagald v United States, 451 U.S. 204; 101 S Ct 1642; 68 L Ed 2d 38 (1981).
With these rules in mind, we must focus on whether the Payton constitutional requirement — that police have an arrest warrant before effecting the arrest of a defendant in his home — should be extended to a motel room under the Michigan Constitution. No United States Supreme Court decision has held that a motel room is so different from a home, on a constitutional basis, that a defendant lacks a protected privacy interest in a rented room.
Recently, the United States Supreme Court has held that Payton is to be given retroactive application to all cases pending on appeal. United States v Johnson, 457 U.S. 537; 102 S Ct 2579; 73 L Ed 2d 202 (1982).
Cf. People v Blount, 101 Ill. App.3d 443; 428 N.E.2d 621 (1981) (no Fourth Amendment violation in an arrest effected in a hotel corridor outside defendant's room). But see People v Beachman, 98 Mich. App. 544; 296 N.W.2d 305 (1980) (constitutional protection accorded a defendant arrested in a hotel lobby). For a discussion of United States Supreme Court decisions which indicates that the Supreme Court has transformed Fourth Amendment concerns from property concepts to areas of constitutionally protected privacy, see Note, Criminal Procedure — Pen Registers Not Subject to the Requirements of the Fourth Amendment, 27 Wayne L Rev 393, 394-396 (1980).
Thus, the United States Supreme Court has generally accorded Fourth Amendment protection to hotel rooms which were used by defendants. Therefore, absent exigent circumstances or consent, police officers, as agents of the state, need to meet the requirements of the Fourth Amendment before searching or seizing things or persons from such a place. E.g., Stoner v California, 376 U.S. 483, 487-488; 84 S Ct 889; 11 L Ed 2d 856 (1964) (hotel clerk had no authority to permit search of defendant's room); United States v Jeffers, 342 U.S. 48, 51-52; 72 S Ct 93; 96 L Ed 59 (1951) (search of a hotel room not exclusively used by a defendant invalid absent exigent circumstances or consent); McDonald v United States, 335 U.S. 451, 454; 69 S Ct 191; 93 L Ed 153 (1948) (no compelling reason to justify the search of a hotel room); Johnson v United States, 333 U.S. 10, 14-15; 68 S Ct 367; 92 L Ed 436 (1948) (search of a hotel room without a warrant constitutionally invalid). Cf. Hoffa v United States, 385 U.S. 293; 87 S Ct 408; 17 L Ed 2d 374 (1966) (no violation of Fourth Amendment where the defendant voluntarily made statements in a hotel room to a third party who then relayed the information to the government).
In addition, a number of other courts have addressed this specific issue, and most have held or indicated that the Payton requirement of an arrest warrant is equally applicable to hotel or motel rooms. In United States v Bulman, 667 F.2d 1374, 1383-1384 (CA 11, 1982), that court recognized that the difference between a home and a hotel room for Fourth Amendment purposes, as it related to the applicability of Payton to a hotel room, was a distinction without constitutional significance:
See United States v Jones, 696 F.2d 479, 486-487 (CA 7, 1982); United States v Roper, 681 F.2d 1354, 1357, fn 1 (CA 11, 1982), United States v Bulman, 667 F.2d 1374, 1383-1384 (CA 11, 1982); Scroggins v State, 276 Ark. 177, 182; 633 S.W.2d 33 (1982), Combs v State, 270 Ark. 496, 500; 606 S.W.2d 61 (1980); Haynes v State, 269 Ark. 506, 512; 602 S.W.2d 599 (1980); People v Eichelberger, 91 Ill.2d 359, 365; 438 N.E.2d 140 (1982); Graham v State, 406 So.2d 503, 505 (Fla App, 1981); State v Holtz, 300 N.W.2d 888, 892 (Iowa, 1981); State v Pool, 98 N.M. 704, 706; 652 P.2d 254, 256 (1982).
"A mere recitation of the difference between the places in which an arrest occurred does not, of course, pronounce relevant Fourth Amendment distinctions. * * * The appropriate approach, rather, is to determine [the defendant's] legitimate expectation of privacy in the motel room. * * * If we find that expectation identical to that which he would have in his home, then we must hold Payton applicable here.
"Not in all circumstances would we equate the reasonable expectation of privacy of an individual in a motel room with that of an individual in his own home. * * * Cases in which the Court has upheld a distinction, however, have depended upon occurrences of searches or seizures in the public areas of a motel. * * * The motel room was, however temporarily, equivalent to a home. Absent some applicable exception to the warrant requirement of Payton, the warrantless invasion of the motel room by law enforcement officials violated [the defendant's] Fourth Amendment rights."
Likewise, this Court refuses to endorse such a shallow constitutional distinction between a home on the one hand and motel rooms on the other as it relates to the requirement of an arrest warrant. Thus, we hold that the warrantless arrest of the defendant in his motel room violated article 1, § 11 of the Michigan Constitution unless the police were authorized by an exception to the warrant requirement.
See fn 2.
III. WHETHER THERE WAS AN APPROPRIATE WARRANT EXCEPTION
In the instant case, the police asserted that the warrantless arrest of defendant in his motel room was proper because it was justified by exigent circumstances. In denying defendant's motion to suppress evidence of the items seized from the motel room, the trial court seemed to conclude, after reading the preliminary examination transcripts, that while the defendant may have had an expectation of privacy in the motel room, a motel room itself creates an exigent circumstance.
The trial court assumed for purposes of its holding that the defendant had not consented to the intrusion by police into his motel room. We also accept this assumption.
The trial judge stated that:
"We have the other element here which we get into sometimes when we talk about warrantless searches and warrantless issues, and that is exigent circumstances, although it is quite true that the defendant can have and does have Fourth Amendment rights in a motel room, assuming that the facts will establish that he had enough of a proprietary interest or interest in the place to have some Fourth Amendment rights. A room in a motel is certainly a place which is subject to the officer, if he waits to go and get a warrant and so on to substantiate his beliefs, to come back and find nothing there. So, under all the circumstances and considering that, your motion will be denied, Mr. Karwowski, without my elaborating any more."
Since we have held that the warrantless arrest of the defendant was improper absent exigent circumstances, we recognize that Payton once again provides the legal basis for our decision. In Payton, the Supreme Court held that in the absence of consent or exigent circumstances the Fourth Amendment prohibits warrantless entries into private homes to make routine felony arrests. Since the trial court assumed that the defendant did not consent to the warrantless entry into his room and we agree that the defendant did not consent to this entry, the remaining issue facing us is whether the exigency exception to the warrant requirement was met in the case at bar.
See fn 10.
The burden of justifying a warrantless entry into a constitutionally protected area is upon the government. See Vale v Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 34; 90 S Ct 1969; 26 L Ed 2d 409 (1970); United States v Killebrew, 560 F.2d 729, 733 (CA 6, 1977). See also People v Reed, 393 Mich. 342, 362; 224 N.W.2d 867 (1975), cert den sub nom Reed v Michigan, 422 U.S. 1044 (1975). The exigency exception to the warrant requirement has evolved because it is judicially recognized that some situations dictate immediate responses by police rather than waiting for the judgment of a neutral and detached magistrate.
Since the trial court's reason for finding an exigent circumstance which justified the defendant's warrantless arrest was the fact that the defendant was in a motel room, it would be helpful to review decisions by other courts which have considered various exigencies as they relate to a warrantless intrusion into a motel room. In United States v Roper, 681 F.2d 1354, 1357, fn 1 (CA 11, 1982), the court noted that the record revealed that defendant's arrest and the search of his motel room without a warrant was justified by exigent circumstances where (1) there were simultaneous multiple arrests at the conclusion of a drug transaction, and (2) there was a legitimate fear that the defendant would escape. However, none of the same concerns exist in the instant case since there were no multiple arrests and there was no fear of escape.
In addition, the prosecutor states that:
"Thus, the danger of flight or escape coupled with the extremely likely result that the physical evidence would be destroyed or discarded, when looked at in conjunction with the time at which the information relating to defendant's possible location was obtained (less than one-half hour before police went to the motel room * * *) established that the general criteria in [People v] Van Auker [ 111 Mich. App. 478; 314 N.W.2d 677 (1981)] justify the police action here. Also, the police here had no solid evidence that the defendant was even still present at the motel room, nor did they have any name or indication that he was a local resident as compared to a transient." We address these concerns later in the opinion by concluding that there were no exigent circumstances justifying the defendant's warrantless arrest.
In an analogous case, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit found that there were no exigent circumstances which justified the warrantless arrest of a defendant in his motel room. In United States v Bulman, supra, federal drug agents arrested the defendant in a motel room after investigating his involvement in a conspiracy to sell drugs. The government had argued that defendant's involvement in an ongoing conspiracy itself created an exigency. The Bulman court rejected the argument by stating that "the exigent circumstances doctrine is applicable within the narrow range of circumstances that present real danger to the police or the public or a real danger that evidence or a suspect might be lost" (emphasis added). 667 F.2d 1384. In the case at bar, a similar argument that a motel room itself creates an exigency should be rejected since it does not fall into the narrow range of circumstances which would allow a warrantless intrusion. Such a broad interpretation of the exigent circumstances doctrine would eliminate the constitutional presumption against warrantless intrusions.
Accord, United States v Killebrew, 560 F.2d 729, 733-734 (CA 6, 1977) (a pre- Payton case).
In addition, several state courts have also addressed the issue of the exigent circumstances doctrine as it relates to motel rooms. In Combs v State, 270 Ark. 496, 500; 606 S.W.2d 61 (1980), for example, the court held that even though the police entered a defendant's motel room without an arrest or search warrant, there was no Fourth Amendment violation where "the exigencies of the situation made that course imperative". In that case, the police were responding to a call that a woman was being held at a motel. When the officers arrived, they saw a woman and two men standing outside a room in an apparent argument. When the three saw the officers, they entered the room where the officers heard the woman saying, "Let me go. Let me go." Such extreme and unusual circumstances, however, did not exist in the instant case.
Conversely, in Graham v State, 406 So.2d 503 (Fla App, 1981), the court held that a warrantless arrest of a defendant in his motel room was not justified on the theory of exigent circumstances. The facts that the court looked to were: (1) there was a three-day interval between the robbery and arrest, thus the requirement of speed to apprehend a fleeing felon was not present, and (2) there was a large number of police officers executing the arrest, greatly reducing the risk that the defendant would escape. The same criteria exist in the case at bar where: (1) the police were not pursuing a fleeing felon, and (2) there were several officers executing the arrest, reducing the risk that the defendant would escape.
In a case factually analogous to the instant case, the court, in State v Holtz, 300 N.W.2d 888, 893 (Iowa, 1981), held that the warrantless arrest of the defendant in a motel room by the police was not justified by exigent circumstances. The Court stated that:
"Although burglary is a serious crime, the offense involved here did not suggest a danger to life. The officers had no reason to believe defendant was armed. Their contacts with him earlier in the night had been peaceful. Although they had probable cause to believe he committed the crime and strong reason to believe he was in the motel room, they had no basis for believing he would escape if not apprehended. Because they had the only door to the room under surveillance, they could act quickly to arrest defendant if he attempted to leave while a warrant was being sought." 300 N.W.2d 893.
The Holtz analysis is equally applicable in the present case.
Finally, in State v Pool, 98 N.M. 704, 706-707; 652 P.2d 254, 256-257 (1982), the court held that an officer was justified in making a warrantless arrest of the defendant in his motel room where that officer had smelled burning marijuana upon defendant's opening the door. Thus, the officer had a good faith belief that the defendant, who had closed the door upon recognizing the officer as a policeman, would immediately attempt to dispose of the contraband. Once again, the exigencies in Pool were unlike those in the instant case because the arresting officers had no reason to believe that evidence or contraband would be immediately destroyed.
In short, the reviewed cases clearly indicate that the criteria used in finding exigent circumstances are very narrow and that a motel room itself does not create an exigency. Thus, the validity of a warrantless arrest in a motel room is not without limitations in that it depends upon the reasonableness of the officer's response to the situation perceived as requiring immediate action. The question is whether a reasonable person would have perceived a need to immediately secure the motel room. People v Olajos, 397 Mich. 629, 634; 246 N.W.2d 828 (1976).
A number of factors have been identified which are used in determining whether an exigency exists. In Dorman v United States, 140 US App DC 313, 320-321; 435 F.2d 385 (1970), the court laid down several factors to be used in determining whether an exigency exists. The Dorman factors are as follows:
"(1) whether a serious offense, particularly a crime of violence, is involved; (2) whether the suspect is reasonably believed to be armed; (3) whether there is clear showing of probable cause; (4) whether strong reason exists to believe the suspect is in the premises being entered; (5) whether there is a likelihood that the suspect will escape if not swiftly apprehended; (6) whether the entry is forcible or peaceful; and (7) whether the entry is at night." Vance v North Carolina, 432 F.2d 984, 990 (CA 4, 1970).
The Dorman factors are not all-inclusive. In addition to these factors, there are other factors such as: (1) preventing the destruction of evidence, (2) ensuring the safety of law enforcement personnel, (3) ensuring the safety of citizens, and (4) the ability to secure a warrant. In short, all these factors weigh in allowing action without warrants by police. Each case, however, must be judged on its own facts.
In applying these factors to the case at bar, it is clear that a motel room itself is not an exigent circumstance. In addition, a balancing of these factors does not lead us to conclude that the officers acted pursuant to any exigency. The factors supporting a finding of exigency are: first, the defendant had committed a serious felony; second, there was a fairly clear showing of probable cause; and, finally, the entry by the police was peaceful. The factors not supporting a finding of exigency are: first, while the defendant had committed a serious crime, it was not "particularly a crime of violence"; second, the defendant was not reasonably believed to have been armed; third, the preliminary examination testimony of one of the arresting officers indicated that there was no reason to believe that the suspect was even in the motel room at the time of his arrest; fourth, there was no indication in the record that the suspect would have escaped if not swiftly apprehended; fifth, there was no reason to believe that defendant was about to destroy evidence; sixth, there was no reason to believe that the safety of the officers or anyone else was in jeopardy; seventh, with sufficient police to guard against the defendant leaving the room, there was no reason why one of them could not have left to secure a warrant; and, finally, the entry into defendant's motel room was made at night.
Thus, we hold that while there was probable cause for defendant's arrest there were no exigent circumstances to support a warrantless arrest of defendant in his motel room under the Michigan Constitution.
Since the police were not lawfully in the defendant's room, the trial court erred in not suppressing the evidence which flowed from defendant's unlawful arrest. The defendant's convictions are reversed and the case is remanded to the Wayne Circuit Court for a new trial not inconsistent with this opinion.
Because the police were not lawfully in defendant's room, the seizure of evidence is not justified under the plain-view doctrine. See Coolidge v New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 465-468; 91 S Ct 2022; 29 L Ed 2d 564 (1971).
In his brief, the prosecutor states that:
"Finally, here as in Van Auker, even if a Payton violation is said to exist, any such `error' is harmless at its worst. * * *
"In this case, this defendant took the stand on his own behalf and totally admitted the breaking and entering, the threatening of the complainant, the robbery, and the method of his leaving the scene. He corroborated beyond any reasonable contravention the testimony of the complainant, the police, the store owner and May. Any error here is absolutely harmless due to the overwhelming evidence presented. People v Robinson, 386 Mich. 551; 194 N.W.2d 709 (1972); People v Wichman, 15 Mich. App. 110, 116; 166 N.W.2d 298 (1968); People v Lauzon, 84 Mich. App. 201; 269 N.W.2d 524 (1978); People v Jimmie McCracken, 100 Mich. App. 371, 378; 298 N.W.2d 734 (1980)."
While the prosecutor appears to have raised an arguable point, we believe that the defendant has presented an answer in his brief:
"This case has proceeded all the way through the Court of Appeals and this Court's decision to grant leave to appeal solely on the merits of the legality of defendant's arrest with no argument whatsoever by the prosecution that even if illegal, the admission of the evidence seized as a result thereof was harmless error. Such an argument should not now be considered by this Court. As stated under analogous circumstances in People v Tyler and People v Tompkins, 399 Mich. 564, 571; 250 N.W.2d 467 (1977), aff'd sub nom Michigan v Tyler, 436 U.S. 499; 98 S Ct 1942; 56 L Ed 2d 486 (1978), where the prosecution raised a standing argument for the first time in this Court:
"`The people contend that Tompkins, who, in contrast with Tyler, did not have a leasehold interest in the burned premises, has no standing to raise the search and seizure issue. The prosecutor did not raise this issue in the Court of Appeals, and, therefore, it will not be considered.'"
See also People v Ford, 417 Mich. 66, 105-106; 331 N.W.2d 878 (1982).
CONCLUSION
We hold under the Michigan Constitution that the officers in the instant case had probable cause to arrest the defendant in that they had sufficient facts to determine that the defendant had committed a felony.
In addition, we hold that the Payton requirement of having an arrest warrant before effecting an arrest in a defendant's home, absent exigent circumstances, is equally applicable to a motel room under the Michigan Constitution.
Finally, we find that there were no exigent circumstances to justify the defendant's arrest in his motel room without a warrant under the Michigan Constitution.
Thus, we hold that the trial court erred in failing to suppress the evidence which flowed from the defendant's unlawful arrest. We reverse defendant's convictions, and we remand the case to the trial court for a new trial not inconsistent with this opinion.
KAVANAGH, LEVIN, and CAVANAGH, JJ., concurred with WILLIAMS, C.J.