PER CURIAM.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree (felony) murder. MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. We affirm.
Defendant was charged with the murder of George Wissmiller, the caretaker of a summer home and hunting lodge in Alcona County. The lodge was located on a private, wooded estate of about 850 acres. Defendant's father testified that he and defendant had gone onto the estate to hunt deer and possibly to break and enter the lodge. As they were about to break in, they heard a tractor approaching. They saw Mr. Wissmiller drive the tractor into a garage. He then came out and let his dog loose. The dog circled the area in which defendant and his father were standing and began barking. Wissmiller went into his house, came back out, then walked past the spot where defendant and he were standing. The dog kept barking and Wissmiller began walking slowly toward where they were hidden. Defendant's father whispered "let's get out of here". Defendant said, "I'll take a fast look through the scope to see what he's doing". Defendant's rifle then went off, although defendant's hands were not near the trigger. Defendant then said, "I didn't mean to do it. The safety must have been off". Thereafter, defendant and his father broke into the lodge and stole various items. Defendant later testified that his father shot and killed Wissmiller.
Over objection, Michael Koski testified that he and defendant had burglarized several cabins, lodges, and other buildings in the area of Alcona County on a night about six months before the alleged murder. Koski further testified that, while at one lodge, defendant drew a handgun from a holster and fired three shots into a television set and then told Koski that, if someone approached him while he was committing a breaking and entering, he would fire a shot in the air and, if the person kept coming, he would shoot at him.
Defendant now claims that the trial judge abused his discretion by admitting Koski's testimony into evidence. Defendant bases this contention on the similar acts rule, MRE 404(b). See People v Golochowicz, 413 Mich. 298; 319 N.W.2d 518 (1982).
In People v Golochowicz, supra, p 309, the Supreme Court declared that the following evidentiary safeguards must be met before evidence of similar acts, i.e., defendant's uncharged misconduct, may be admitted:
"(1) there must be substantial evidence that the defendant actually perpetrated the bad act sought to be introduced; (2) there must be some special quality or circumstance of the bad act tending to prove the defendant's identity or the motive, intent, absence of mistake or accident, scheme, plan or system in doing the act and, in light of the slightly different language of MRE 404(b) we add, opportunity, preparation and knowledge; (3) one or more of these factors must be material to the determination of the defendant's guilt of the charged offense; and (4) the probative value of the evidence sought to be introduced must not be substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice." (Footnote omitted.)
Defendant claims that the bad acts at issue were not sufficiently similar to the charged crime to meet the test set forth in Golochowicz, supra. We disagree. In this case, the evidence of the bad acts was offered to prove intent and absence of accident. In Golochowicz, supra, evidence of similar acts was introduced in order to prove identity. The Supreme Court's statement that admission of similar-acts evidence is proper only where the circumstances and manner in which the two crimes were committed are so nearly identical in method as to earmark the charged offense as the handiwork of the accused was limited to cases in which the evidence was offered to prove identity. Golochowicz, supra, pp 310, 325. We conclude that a less vigorous showing of similarity is required where factors other than identity are sought to be shown.
In this case, the prior bad act was sufficiently similar to the charged crime to justify its admission on the issue of defendant's intent in going onto the estate and in shooting Wissmiller. These matters were clearly material to the determination of defendant's guilt of the charged crime in that issues had been raised as to whether defendant entered onto the estate for the sole purpose of hunting and whether Wissmiller was shot accidentally. Defense counsel inquired into these matters on cross-examination of defendant's father. These inquiries were sufficient to put these matters in issue. See Golochowicz, supra, p 316. Furthermore, the probative value of the evidence was not outweighed substantially by its prejudicial effect.
Defendant next claims that the trial judge erred by holding that the district judge erred as a matter of law by refusing to bind defendant over on first-degree felony murder. Felony murder is a murder which occurs "in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate" one of the felonies listed in MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, such as breaking and entering. The trial judge, relying on the facts found by the district judge, held that sufficient proof had been presented that the killing was committed in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felonious breaking and entering to justify the defendant's bindover on felony murder. Defendant argues that a murder is not "in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of" a crime if it is committed before a defendant has taken actions sufficient to constitute an attempt to commit the crime. In this case, defendant argues that he could not have been convicted of attempted breaking and entering based on his actions before the shooting. Therefore, the shooting was not in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of the breaking and entering.
Michigan courts have held that a homicide qualifies as felony murder if it is committed while a defendant is attempting to escape from or prevent detection of the felony and if it is immediately connected with the underlying felony. People v Podolski, 332 Mich. 508, 518; 52 N.W.2d 201 (1982); People v Smith, 55 Mich. App. 184, 189; 222 N.W.2d 172 (1974). While these cases are not directly on point, their reasoning can be applied to the present case, leading us to conclude that if a homicide occurs before the underlying felony, yet is closely connected with the felony, the homicide can be found to be felony murder.
This position has been adopted in other jurisdictions. Although the language of other felony-murder statutes varies widely, most require that the killing be in the "commission/perpetration" or attempt to "commit/perpetrate" the underlying felony. LaFave Scott, Criminal Law, § 71, p 555. Where a causal connection between the killing and the underlying felony exists, courts generally have held that a killing may take place sometime before or after, as distinguished from during, the felony and yet still qualify as a killing "in the commission or attempted commission of" the felony. LaFave Scott, supra, p 555. Courts have usually required that the killing and the underlying felony be "closely connected in point of time, place and causal relation." State v Adams, 339 Mo 926; 98 S.W.2d 632 (1936). The required relationship between the homicide and the underlying felony has been summarized as being "whether there is a sufficient causal connection between the felony and the homicide depends on whether the defendant's felony dictated his conduct which led to the homicide". LaFave Scott, supra, p 557.
The phrase "in the commission of" has been interpreted more broadly than the term "during". People v Taylor, 112 Cal.App.3d 348; 169 Cal.Rptr. 290 (1980). Conviction on a felony murder theory is not precluded where the homicide precedes the acts which make the felony. People v Jones, 86 Ill. App.3d 253; 408 N.E.2d 79 (1980); rev'd in part on other grounds 62 Ill Dec 171; 435 N.E.2d 1143 (1981); See also State v Kimball, 14 Wn. App. 951; 546 P.2d 1217 (1976). A test requiring proximity of both time and distance and a close causal relation was advanced in State v Hearron, 228 Kan. 693; 619 P.2d 1157 (1980). See also State v Rider, 229 Kan. 394; 625 P.2d 425 (1981). Another court held that the killing and the underlying felony must be connected in a single chain of events and that the killing must occur as part of the res gestae of the underlying felony. Pickle v State, 345 So 2d 623 (Miss, 1977); See also People v Podolski, 332 Mich. 508; 52 N.W.2d 201 (1952). Some courts have required that the killing and the underlying felony be parts of one continuous transaction. People v Welch, 8 Cal.3d 106; 104 Cal.Rptr. 217; 501 P.2d 225 (1972); State v Wooten, 295 N.C. 378; 245 S.E.2d 699 (1978); Clark v State, 558 P.2d 674 (Okla Crim, 1977). In addition to requiring that the killing and underlying felony be parts of a single continuous transaction and so closely connected as to be inseparable in terms of time, place and causal relations, another court has required that the killing and the felony tend to be explanatory of, and incidental to, one another. Clark v State, supra.
We hold that, to qualify as felony murder, the homicide must be incident to the felony and associated with it as one of its hazards. It is not necessary that the murder be contemporaneous with the felony. A lapse of time and distance are factors to be considered, but are not determinative. State v Phams, 342 N.W.2d 792 (Iowa, 1983); State v Conner, 241 N.W.2d 447, 464 (Iowa, 1976). Defendant must intend to commit the felony at the time the killing occurs. See Commonwealth v Legg, 491 Pa. 78; 417 A.2d 1152 (1980); People v Green, 27 Cal.3d 1; 164 Cal.Rptr. 1; 609 P.2d 468 (1980).
The magistrate concluded that the evidence showed that defendant killed George Wissmiller immediately before and at the scene of the subsequent breaking and entering. More importantly, he concluded that a case had been made that Wissmiller was killed in order to enable defendant to proceed with the break-in without delay. Under these circumstances it could be found that the intent to commit the break-in had been formed when the homicide had occurred and that the homicide was incident to the break-in and associated with it as one of its hazards. Accordingly, the magistrate's factual findings justified a bindover on the felony-murder charge. Furthermore, there was sufficient evidence to convict defendant of felony murder under the doctrine.
Defendant also claims that his conviction must be reversed because the trial judge failed to instruct the jury on the definition of attempt. The judge, following CJI 16:2:02, told the jury that, to convict defendant, they must find that the murder was committed in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of the breaking and entry of the lodge. The jury was instructed on the elements of breaking and entering, but was not given the definition of attempt. Defendant claims he was prejudiced by the judge's failure to instruct on the difference between an attempt and mere preparation to commit an offense. This argument is based on his position that, to convict him of felony murder, the prosecution was required to prove that defendant killed Wissmiller during an attempt to commit breaking and entering, since the breaking and entering occurred after the shooting. We decline to reverse based on the omitted instruction. Defendant's argument on this issue is premised on an argument which we have already rejected. As stated above, there was sufficient evidence to convict defendant of the charged crime, in that the evidence showed that a homicide had been committed in the perpetration of a felony, as opposed to during the attempted perpetration of a felony. We do not believe defendant was prejudiced by the instruction as it was much narrower than necessary.
The essential ingredients of an attempt are a felonious intent to commit the crime and an overt act going beyond mere preparation toward the commission of the crime. People v Gardner, 13 Mich. App. 16, 18; 163 N.W.2d 668 (1968). An additional element is the failure to consummate the offense attempted. People v Bauer, 216 Mich. 659, 661; 185 N.W. 694 (1921).
Defendant claims that the trial judge erred when he excluded from evidence testimony of defendant's mother concerning a hearsay statement made by defendant's father. After a discussion concerning the evidence, defense counsel specifically stated, "I withdraw the testimony" and "I withdraw the witness". At that point, the trial judge had not ruled against admitting the evidence. We deem this a waiver of any claim of error.
Defendant claims that he was denied a fair trial by the prosecutor. Defendant mischaracterizes this issue. In substance, this issue is not one dealing with prosecutorial misconduct but merely consists of objections to alleged errors which were not raised at trial.
The first alleged error concerns the recross-examination of defendant. On recross, defendant was asked about statement made by him to police in which he admitted killing George Wissmiller. In the statement, defendant claimed that the killing was accidental. Defendant argues that the recross-examination was improper because he could have been questioned concerning the statement on cross-examination. Where a party has not been limited in his redirect-examination, however, recross-examination may properly be allowed the same latitude. Because the recross-examination was within the scope of the redirect-examination, it was proper. On redirect, defendant was asked if he had killed George Wissmiller. He denied it. Thus, this issue is without merit.
Defendant also claims that questioning concerning the admission was improper because such questioning should have been part of the prosecution's case in chief. However, this attempt to draw an analogy to rules limiting the introduction of rebuttal evidence must fail. We find no authority for developing such a rule by analogy; more importantly, we find no logical reasons for doing so. In the present case, defendant's statement admitting an accidental killing was inconsistent with the prosecution's theory of the case. With respect to the prosecution's theory, defendant's statement was exculpatory. It did not prove the commission of the crime charged. We believe that the prosecutor was entirely free to use this prior inconsistent statement for impeachment purposes. Had defendant not testified as to the matter and the prosecutor sought to subsequently admit the statement, the rule requiring the prosecution to present its case in chief first would have been violated. See People v McGillen # 1, 392 Mich. 251, 265-266; 220 N.W.2d 677 (1974).
Defendant's final claim of error concerns questions posed to him on cross-examination about the similar-acts testimony of Michael Koski. No objection was made to this testimony; we deem this claim of error to be waived absent manifest injustice to the defendant. We agree with defendant's claim that the questions concerning the similar acts testimony exceeded the scope of the direct examination. MRE 611(b) provides, however, that a witness may be cross-examined on any matter relevant to any issue in the case. It states that the "judge may limit cross-examination with respect to matters not testified to on direct examination". We view this rule as conferring broad discretion on the trial judge to decide the proper scope of cross-examination. Where no request to exercise its discretion is made, no error can be committed. We find no manifest injustice here; defendant was not denied a fair trial. In response to the questioning, defendant confirmed some of the statements made by Koski and denied others. The failure to object to the cross-examination was a reasonable tactical choice under the circumstances.
Affirmed.
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