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Case Summary: IN RE G. M. N. D. M. N. (two cases), Court of Appeals of Georgia, Decided June 29, 1987

Factual and Procedural Background

This appeal concerns termination of the parental rights of Rebecca Nations (mother) and David B. Nations (father) to their children G. M. N. (born May 1981) and D. M. N. (born January 1983). Complaints to the Department of Family Children Services (DFCS) regarding parental alcohol and drug abuse were received in June 1984. In March 1985 DFCS obtained temporary custody of both children and placed them in foster care. Panel review meetings thereafter set goals for the parents: establish job and home stability, attend mental health counseling, make regular visits, provide child support (even nominally), and keep DFCS informed of life changes. The parents repeatedly failed to meet these goals or to pay any support. Both parents had histories of heavy alcohol abuse, intermittent employment, extended criminal activity, and repeated incarcerations. The children remained in foster care from March 1985 through the termination hearings in November 1986. At the termination hearing both parents testified, admitting love for the children and acknowledging substance abuse and other failings; the father sought six more months to improve his situation. The juvenile court terminated the parents' rights; both parents appealed to the Court of Appeals of Georgia.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Did the trial court err in terminating the father's parental rights where his incarcerations allegedly prevented rehabilitation and he requested six additional months to improve?
  2. Did the trial court err with respect to the mother by (a) considering the children's adoptability, (b) applying a "best interest of the children" standard, and (c) terminating her parental rights?

Arguments of the Parties

Father's Arguments (David Nations)

  • His periods of incarceration prevented him from making the required improvements and thus should be considered an excuse for past failures to rehabilitate.
  • He requested an additional six months to demonstrate ability to provide a stable home, including intentions to stop drinking, obtain a job, seek counseling, and stay with "the Lovells" until he became self-sufficient.

Mother's Arguments (Rebecca Nations)

  • The trial court erred in considering the adoptability of the children as part of its decision.
  • The trial court erred in applying a "best interest of the children" standard in terminating parental rights.
  • The trial court erred in terminating her parental rights generally.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
In the Interest of T. R. G., 162 Ga. App. 177, 179 (290 S.E.2d 523) Support for the proposition that a plea for "six more months" is insufficient where children have suffered continued deprivation and there is little prospect of parental improvement; consideration of foster care drift. The court relied on this authority to reject the father's request for six additional months and to justify consideration of the harmful effects of prolonged foster care without real prospect of parental improvement.
In re B. G., 180 Ga. App. 502 (349 S.E.2d 509) Support for the application of OCGA § 15-11-81 and the requirement of clear and convincing evidence of continued deprivation and parental unfitness. The court cited this case as authority that the statutory strictures of OCGA § 15-11-81 were met and supported by clear and convincing evidence in the present case.
In re D.C. J. T. C., 176 Ga. App. 30, 32 (335 S.E.2d 148) Related authority cited in connection with statutory standards for deprivation and termination under § 15-11-81. Referenced by the court along with other authorities to support the finding of parental unfitness, deprivation, and continued deprivation under § 15-11-81.
In the Interest of W. J. J., 176 Ga. App. 824, 826 (338 S.E.2d 54) Authority concerning consideration of best interests of the child after a finding by clear and convincing evidence of parental misconduct or inability, and giving due regard to parental rights. The court cited this case to support its consideration of children's best interests after finding parental misconduct and inability, noting that due regard was given to the parents' rights.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's termination of parental rights based on the following analysis, as expressed in the opinion:

  1. Father's claim that incarceration excused his failure to rehabilitate was rejected. The court found that the father had made no meaningful progress in rehabilitating himself during the children's lives, and his excuse that imprisonment prevented improvement was "not well taken." His proposed plan for future improvement was vague (stay with the Lovells, get a job, stop drinking, go to counseling) and insufficient to overcome evidence of long-term instability.
  2. The court found clear and convincing evidence that both children were deprived and that the causes of deprivation (parents' substance abuse, extended criminal activity and incarceration, lack of job and home stability) were likely to continue. The court concluded continued deprivation was likely to cause serious physical, mental, emotional and moral harm to the children.
  3. The court relied on precedent (including In the Interest of T. R. G.) to hold that a request for a limited additional period (six months) was insufficient where the children had already suffered ongoing detriment and where only promises, rather than concrete prospects of improvement, were presented.
  4. With respect to the mother's challenges, the court explained that while adoptability alone cannot be the basis for finding parental unfitness, the court may consider adoptability-related concerns (such as the harmful effects of prolonged foster care and "foster care drift") as elements in determining continued deprivation and the child's need for a stable, secure home under OCGA § 15-11-81(a).
  5. The court further held it did not err in applying the children's best interests after finding parental misconduct and inability by clear and convincing evidence, and that due regard was given to parental rights.
  6. Finally, the appellate court concluded the evidence "clearly and convincingly" supported the trial court's findings of unfitness, deprivation, and continued deprivation under OCGA § 15-11-81 and the cited cases, and therefore the trial court's termination determinations would not be set aside.

Holding and Implications

Judgment affirmed.

Direct effect: The Court of Appeals affirmed the juvenile court's termination of Rebecca Nations' and David B. Nations' parental rights to G. M. N. and D. M. N. The appellate court concluded the statutory criteria of OCGA § 15-11-81 were satisfied by clear and convincing evidence of deprivation, parental unfitness, and continued deprivation, and it found no reversible error in the trial court's consideration of adoptability or the children's best interests following those findings.

Broader implications: The opinion applies existing Georgia authority on termination (as cited) to the facts of this case; it does not announce a new rule of law beyond the principles and precedents relied upon by the court.

IN RE G. M. N. D. M. N. (two cases).

BIRDSONG, Chief Judge.

This is an appeal of the termination of parental rights of Rebecca Nations and David B. Nations, mother and father of G. M. N. and D. M. N.

The older female child, G. M. N., was born in May 1981. In November 1982, when G. M. N. was 19 months old, the parents surrendered G. M. N. for adoption but when those plans failed the child was returned to them the following month. In January 1983, the younger male child, D. M. N., was born. Complaints were received by the Department of Family Children Services about the parents' alcohol and drug abuse in June 1984. In March 1985, the DFCS obtained temporary custody of G. M. N. and D. M. N. and placed them in foster care. G. M. N. was nearly four at that time; D. M. N. was slightly over two years. A panel review meeting was then held, at which goals were set for the parents to meet before regaining custody of G. M. N. and D. M. N. These were to: establish job stability and home stability, attend mental health counselling, make regular visits with the children, provide child support, and notify the DFCS of the changes in their lives. They were urged to make child support, if only $5 per month just to show a desire to contribute to G. M. N.'s and D. M. N.'s support. There is no evidence that throughout the children's young lives — or indeed before — the parents had enjoyed any job stability (or any job) or any home stability (or any home).

After this March 1985 panel review, and at subsequent reviews each six months, neither parent paid any amount in support. At the time of the termination hearings in November 1986, the father had been incarcerated before March 1985, was released and incarcerated again in June 1985, in part, upon an arson charge.

When the father, David Nations, was not in prison, he drank so heavily, often a fifth of vodka each day, that the mother (who also drank heavily) testified their home, wherever it was, was not a fit place for the children. Both of them evidently were not in prison in May 1985, when there is evidence they held jobs at a bakery for a few days before they quit because David's feet hurt. About that time, also, the mother Rebecca was hospitalized for having overdosed on tranquilizers. Then, she was in jail in June or July 1985, was released in March 1986, and then reincarcerated in August 1986. Originally she had been on probation for forgery, until it was revoked for DUI, "laying drag," and driving with a suspended license. She was in prison at the time of the hearing, but stated that she doubted she would get parole soon.

While not in prison, from March 1986 to August 1986, Rebecca Nations lived with her mother until she was asked to leave because of her drinking, her comings and goings with men friends, and her fusing with other members of her family; she also had lived with a sister-in-law. During this time, her only job was at a mill for two or three weeks, until she was fired for "laying out."

While all of this has been going on, with both parents in and out of jail, G. M. N. and D. M. N. have been in foster care since March 1985. When she was not in jail, the mother cancelled many of her planned visitations because of lack of transportation. The father did visit with the children 14 times in 18 months, in and out of prison. At each panel review it was determined neither parent had made any progress towards meeting the "goals." The mother had failed substantially to attend mental health counselling.

At the termination hearing, both mother and father testified. Evidence was introduced that they loved the children and the children had bonds with the parents.

The mother admitted she drank heavily and that "stupidity" and "irresponsibility" had caused her to fail to establish job or home stability and meet other goals. However, her plans or intentions to improve her situation once she is out of prison, if her parental rights were not terminated, were vague, if it can be said she had any such plans or intentions. The father admitted that the only time he had been out of prison, March 1985 when the children were placed in a foster home until June 1985, he drank heavily, but stated he was attending Alcoholics Anonymous and Bible study in prison. He asked for six more months to improve his situation. Held:

Appeal No. 74372.

The father, David Nations, submits one error, in that the trial court erred in terminating his parental rights. He argues that his incarcerations have prevented him from improving his situation, and that he should be allowed six months to prove he can make a stable home for his children.

The trial court did not err, however, in its determination that David Nations had for nearly the entire life of G. M. N. and the whole of D. M. N.'s life not made any progress whatsoever in rehabilitating himself and providing a home for G. M. N. and D. M. N. The excuse offered that he could not provide a home for them because he has been imprisoned most of their lives is not well taken. As for the request that he be allowed six months to improve his life and establish a home, the only plan he offered by which he might do so were vague references to stay with "the Lovells" and work with "the Lovells" until he got on his feet; he offered to get a job, stop drinking and go to counselling.

The trial court did not err, moreover, in finding that G. M. N. and D. M. N. were deprived children, that both father and mother had a history replete with evidence of substance abuse, "extended criminal activity and incarceration since the older child was born, complete instability of job and home, and that the cause of deprivation is likely to continue, in that both parents had had five years to rehabilitate themselves, had spent nearly the whole of the children's lives in prison and while out of prison had heavily abused alcohol, failed to maintain steady employment, and failed to maintain a steady home environment for the children.

We agree with the trial court that the evidence in this case, despite the mild protestations of the father, suggests no prognosis of improvement, and that the continued deprivation of G. M. N. and D. M. N. is likely to cause serious physical, mental, emotional and moral harm to them. There is no evidence the father has ever maintained a stable home. In a case such as this, a plea of "six more months" to improve is without force to overcome the proof of unrelieved detriment already suffered by the children for their entire life, where there is no indication but the promise to suggest hope of improvement. See In the Interest of T. R. G., 162 Ga. App. 177, 179 ( 290 S.E.2d 523). The strictures of OCGA § 15-11-81 were met in this case and well supported by "clear and convincing evidence" of continued deprivation and parental unfitness; the finding of the trial court with regard to the father will not be set aside. In re B. G., 180 Ga. App. 502 ( 349 S.E.2d 509); see In re D.C. J. T. C., 176 Ga. App. 30, 32 ( 335 S.E.2d 148).

Appeal No. 74373.

1. In her appeal, the mother Rebecca Nations urges the trial court erred in considering the adoptability of the children, erred in applying the "best interest of the children" standard, and erred in terminating the mother's parental rights.

The trial court did not erroneously consider the adoptability of the children. That issue is never a basis for the determination of unfitness of the parents inasmuch as the finding of unfitness must rest upon its own merit. The court is nevertheless authorized to consider, as an element in continued deprivation under § 15-11-81 (a) (4), and as a matter of the child's best interest in its "need for a stable and secure home" under § 15-11-81 (a), the severe detrimental effects of prolonged stay in foster care under the ephemeral hope of change but without the real prospect of parental improvement that would justify such a prolonged stay in foster care; and the court may consider the danger of the child's being "lost in foster care drift," as the DHR puts it, as a factor in the determination of deprivation and continued deprivation. See In the Interest of T. R. G., supra.

2. The trial court did not err in considering the best interests of the children, following a determination of clear and convincing evidence of parental misconduct and inability. OCGA § 15-18-81 (a). Due regard was given to the rights of the parents. See In the Interest of W. J. J., 176 Ga. App. 824, 826 ( 338 S.E.2d 54).

3. The disquisition of the evidence with regard to the mother supports clearly and convincingly the trial court's finding of unfitness, deprivation, and continued deprivation under § 15-11-81 and the cases cited therein.

Judgment affirmed. Deen, P. J., and Pope, J., concur.

DECIDED JUNE 29, 1987.
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IN RE G. M. N
(Jun 29, 1987)