1. Trial — Mistrial — Double Jeopardy Constitutional protections against double jeopardy are of no avail when a prosecution has resulted in a mistrial, unless defendant, by conduct and design of State, has been painted into a corner so as to require a successful motion for mistrial as only reasonable means of extrication to avoid becoming a victim of unlawful trial tactics or inadmissible evidence. N.H. CONST. pt. 1, art. 16.
2. Trial — Mistrial — Double Jeopardy At attempted murder trial in which mistrial was found because State's witness made specific reference in direct testimony to previously suppressed evidence, court properly held that defendant had not been "painted into a corner" by State so as to require a successful motion for mistrial as the only means of extrication to avoid becoming a victim of unlawful tactics or inadmissible evidence, where defendant did not show that State intended to provoke or goad defendant into asking for a mistrial. N.H. CONST. pt. 1, art. 16.
BATCHELDER, J.
The defendant was indicted by the Hillsborough County grand jury on January 24, 1990, for the crime of attempted murder of Gregory Lortie. The indictment alleged that the defendant took a substantial step toward commission of the crime of murder by purposely firing several shots from a semi-automatic handgun in the direction of the victim, striking him in the back and right leg. During the investigation of the crime, police officers recovered the defendant's Mac 10 pistol, including a clip partially filled with ammunition. After a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence, the Superior Court (Groff, J.) suppressed the pistol because it was obtained without a warrant, on the basis of a pretextual search of the defendant's camper without probable cause or exigent circumstances.
The trial on the indictment was before a jury (Murphy, J.) and resulted in a mistrial because a State witness made specific reference in direct testimony to the previously suppressed evidence. Prior to retrial, the defendant moved for dismissal on the basis that a retrial was barred by the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. The defendant argued that the prosecutor's conduct was designed to provoke the mistrial. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss and authorized the defendant's interlocutory appeal of this issue. The defendant seeks relief under the protections of part I, article 16 of the State Constitution and the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution. As is our practice, we decide the issue presented on the basis of the New Hampshire Constitution using federal cases only for guidance when analytically helpful. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the ruling of the trial court.
The central question in this one-issue case is whether the testimony of the prosecution witness, Officer Jaskolka, concerning the pistol clip which had been previously suppressed by court order, was elicited for the purpose of precipitating a mistrial by placing the defendant in a position of either moving for a mistrial or having inadmissible evidence entered against him. The law in this area, although sparse, is clear.
Simply stated, the constitutional protections against double jeopardy are of no avail when a prosecution has resulted in a mistrial, unless the defendant, by conduct and design of the State, has been painted into a corner so as to require a successful motion for mistrial as the only reasonable means of extrication to avoid becoming a victim of unlawful trial tactics or inadmissible evidence. State v. Duhamel, 128 N.H. 199, 202-03, 512 A.2d 420, 422 (1986). In this case, as in Duhamel, we anchor the result to the New Hampshire Constitution, part I, article 16, as it provides no less protection than that provided by the fifth and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution. Both constitutions were relied upon for relief at trial and presented for discussion on appeal. See State v. Ball, 124 N.H. 226, 232, 471 A.2d 347, 361 (1983); State v. Hogg, 118 N.H. 262, 264, 385 A.2d 844, 845 (1978).
In denying the defendant's motion, the trial court made certain findings supporting its action and ruled:
"What prompted the mistrial in the July 1990 trial on the charge of attempted murder was what was testified to by the police officer purported to be the State's last witness which made reference to evidence which had been previously suppressed.
In describing a conversation the officers had with the defendant following his arrest which was not suppressed, Officer Jaskolka of the Manchester Police Department was asked by Assistant County Attorney Horan:
Q. Did you ask him what kind of bullets he used that night?
A. It was brought up during the interview and he indicated one of the types was a bullet known as a hydro-shock.
Q. Said one of the types. Did he use one type or more than one type?
A. If I recall correctly there were different types of rounds found in the clip itself."
The witness's reference to the clip prompted the defendant to move for, and the court to grant, the mistrial. The trial court further stated:
"It is apparent that when Assistant County Attorney Horan articulated the question leading up to the answer of the witness, he was referring to what the defendant related to the officer during the course of the conversation and not what the police later determined on examination of illegally obtained evidence. The response of the witness was unexpected and not at all calculated by the State's counsel."
The court specifically found that there was no credible evidence to establish that the question was calculated to elicit a response that would provoke the defendant to move for a mistrial.
Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 (1982), a case decided under the Federal Constitution and cited in Duhamel, contains the following offending colloquy precipitating a mistrial, which is instructive to our analysis:
"Prosecutor: Have you ever done business with the Kennedys?
Witness: No, I have not.
Prosecutor: Is that because he is a crook?"
Id. at 669.
Against this language, the United States Supreme Court held that in order for the defendant to avail himself of the double jeopardy protections he must show that either prosecutorial or judicial conduct was intended to provoke or goad the defendant into asking for a mistrial. The Supreme Court found that the prosecutor's question did not meet the test. Id. at 679.
We agree with the trial court that Assistant County Attorney Horan's question of Officer Jaskolka did not meet the standard set forth in Duhamel.
Affirmed and remanded.
All concurred.
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