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Case Summary: Martha Rae a/k/a Mrs. Ian Nicholas Rae v. John F. Flynn, M.D., Nos. 96-1705, 96-1704 (Fla. 3d DCA Mar. 19, 1997)

Factual and Procedural Background

Flynn complained that Rae's dogs were running at large and barking. Rae was found in violation of Monroe County Code §3-7 for permitting an animal to be a nuisance or run at large. Rae built a 10' by 20' kennel on the common property line; barking worsened. Flynn filed a formal complaint with Animal Control, gathered photographs and tape recordings, and on May 28, 1996 filed a petition for injunction for protection against repeat violence alleging threats, graffiti, and other hostile conduct. The parties stipulated to the entry of a permanent injunction against violence in Flynn's favor. On June 5, 1996 Rae filed a retaliatory petition for injunction against repeat violence alleging harassment and trespass by Flynn. After a full evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied Rae's petition and modified the prior injunction in Flynn's favor to prohibit Rae from housing pets outdoors. Rae appealed both the denial of her injunction and the modified injunction ordering prohibition on outdoor housing of pets. The district court affirmed.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant Rae's petition for an injunction for protection against repeat violence.
  2. Whether the trial court properly modified the existing permanent injunction in favor of Appellee Flynn to prohibit Rae from housing pets outdoors as ancillary relief under Section 784.046(7)(b), Florida Statutes.

Arguments of the Parties

Appellee Flynn's Allegations

  • Rae's dogs were running at large and barking, constituting a nuisance.
  • Rae appeared physically violent, created slanderous graffiti on the common wall, threatened to drive the Flynns out, play loud music, and walk around naked.
  • Rae threatened to treat Flynn like a burglar if he came on her property.

Appellant Rae's Claims

  • Rae asserted that Flynn was harassing her family and trespassing on their property (basis for her retaliatory petition filed June 5, 1996).

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Reaver v. Martin Theatres of Florida, Inc., 52 So.2d 682 (Fla. 1951) Duty not to unreasonably interfere with others' use and enjoyment of property (nuisance law foundation). Used to support the general nuisance principle that a property owner must not injure another's rights by unreasonable interference.
Rogers v. City of Miami Springs, 231 So.2d 257 (Fla. 3d DCA), cert. denied (Fla. 1970) Supporting authority for the duty not to unreasonably interfere with neighbors' property enjoyment. Cited with Reaver to establish the general nuisance duty applicable to residential owners.
Knowles v. Central Allapattae Properties, Inc., 145 Fla. 123, 198 So. 819 (1940) Statement that an owner must use property so it will not be a nuisance; anything that annoys or disturbs another's enjoyment may be restrained. Quoted to explain the legal concept of nuisance and the maxim Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas.
Mercer v. Keynton, 121 Fla. 87, 163 So. 411 (1935) Quoted authority supporting the Knowles statement on nuisance. Cited as the source for the quoted principle regarding nuisance and property use.
Pierce v. Riggs, 149 Vt. 136, 540 A.2d 655 (1987) Authority cited in connection with the maxim limiting use of property that injures others. Referenced to support the maxim and general nuisance principle.
Baum v. Coronado Condominium Association, Inc., 376 So.2d 914 (Fla. 3d DCA 1979) Discusses noise as an actionable nuisance and its effects (cited with Reaver). Used to illustrate that certain noises may constitute an enjoinable nuisance because they disturb rest and health.
Bartlett v. Moats, 120 Fla. 61, 162 So. 477 (1935) Authority concerning noise as a nuisance and its adverse effects on persons. Cited within discussion of Baum to show older precedent recognizing noise-related nuisance.
Brewton v. Young, 596 So.2d 577 (Ala. 1992) Holds noise and odor of dogs interfering with neighbors' enjoyment can be enjoined as private nuisance. Applied as persuasive authority that excessive dog barking can be enjoinable.
Connecticut v. Olson, 8 Conn. App. 188, 511 A.2d 379 (1986) Recognizes dogs that bark excessively as a nuisance. Cited as supporting precedent that barking dogs may constitute nuisance.
Burnett v. Rushton, 52 So.2d 645 (Fla. 1951) Purposefully inciting a dog to bark boisterously can constitute private nuisance. Used to show that intentionally caused barking may be actionable.
Allen v. Paulk, 188 So.2d 708 (La.Ct.App. 1966) Early morning barking classified as nuisance; injunction appropriate where defendant could prevent barking by keeping dog indoors. Illustrates circumstances where injunction against barking dogs is proper.
Davoust v. Mitchell, 146 Ind. App. 536, 257 N.E.2d 332 (1970) Relief available where plaintiffs show they are substantially and unreasonably disturbed even if others are not annoyed. Supports the proposition that relief may be granted based on substantial and unreasonable disturbance.
City of Fredericktown v. Osborn, 429 S.W.2d 17 (Mo.Ct.App.1968) Similar proposition that substantial and unreasonable disturbance justifies relief. Used to support standards for nuisance relief despite lack of widespread annoyance.
Hopkins v. Stepler, 315 Pa. Super. 372, 461 A.2d 1327 (1983) Even meager or uncorroborated evidence will support chancellor's findings if properly of record. Quoted to justify deference to trial court findings in nuisance/barking dog cases.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court applied established nuisance principles: a property owner must not unreasonably interfere with a neighbor's use and enjoyment of property. It noted precedent recognizing that excessive noise, including dog barking, may constitute an enjoinable nuisance. The trial court's factual findings—that Rae violated the Monroe County Code regarding nuisance animals and that her hostile conduct was retaliatory to Flynn's legitimate complaint—were sustained as supported by the record. The court held that under Section 784.046(7)(b) the trial court had broad authority to order ancillary relief "as the court deems necessary" for petitioner protection and properly modified the injunction to address the barking dog problem. The restrictions (prohibiting outdoor housing of pets) were deemed within the trial court's authority, sufficiently tailored to allow Rae to keep dogs while preventing disturbance, and represented the least restrictive means to reduce neighborhood hostilities. Because the trial court exercised appropriate judicial restraint and its findings were supported, the appellate court affirmed.

Holding and Implications

Affirmed.

Direct effects: the trial court's denial of Rae's petition for an injunction against repeat violence stands, and the permanent injunction in favor of Flynn—as modified to prohibit Rae from housing pets outdoors—remains in force. The injunction permits Rae to maintain dogs only if done so without disturbing Flynn's peaceful enjoyment of his property. The opinion does not announce a new rule of law beyond applying established nuisance and statutory authority principles.

Martha RAE a/k/a Mrs. Ian Nicholas Rae, Appellant, v. John F. FLYNN, M.D., Appellee.

GERSTEN, Judge.

Appellant, Martha Rae ("Rae"), appeals both an order denying her an injunction for protection against repeat violence, and also an order granting her neighbor, appellee, John Flynn, M.D. ("Flynn"), a permanent injunction against repeat violence and prohibiting Rae from housing pets outdoors. We affirm.

This case presents the classic example of escalating neighbor hostilities which could have been avoided through common courtesy, and respect for the peace, quiet, and normal enjoyment to which every property owner is entitled in the use of his or her home. It is unfortunate for both parties as well as the neighborhood and community in general, that instead of attempting to reach an amicable solution to her neighbor's valid complaint regarding a dog nuisance, appellant Rae chose to retaliate. Such actions were properly not condoned by the trial court.

To briefly review the relevant facts, Flynn complained that Rae's dogs were running at large and barking. Rae was thereafter found in violation of Monroe County Code 3-7 for permitting an animal to be a nuisance or run at large. In response, Rae built a 10 foot by 20 foot dog kennel on the common property line between the Rae and Flynn properties. The offensive barking became worse.

Flynn then filed a formal complaint with Monroe County Animal Control and was advised to take photographs and obtain other testimony as corroborating evidence. Flynn took photographs and tape recordings of the nuisance caused by the dogs in the kennel.

Hostilities between the neighbors increased. On May 28, 1996, Flynn filed a petition for injunction for protection against repeat violence seeking to enjoin Rae "from committing any further acts of repeat violence." The petition alleged that Rae was out of control, appeared physically violent, was responsible for slanderous graffiti on the common wall between the residences, and threatened to drive the Flynns out, play loud music, and walk around naked. Rae also threatened that if Flynn came on her property, she would treat him like a burglar and defend herself. At the conclusion of the hearing on Flynn's petition, the parties stipulated to the entry of a permanent injunction against violence.

However, instead of applying the commonsense doctrine of "live and let live," Rae apparently decided to adopt the "live and let's get even" approach. On June 5, 1996, she filed a retaliatory petition for injunction against repeat violence claiming that Flynn was harassing her family, and trespassed on their property.

After a full evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied the injunction, finding the allegations were not supported by sufficient evidence. The trial court then modified the previous injunction in favor of Flynn, to prohibit Rae from housing any pets outside her property. Having now adopted the "live and let's drag this thing through court forever" doctrine, Rae appeals the injunction order and the order denying her motion for injunctive relief.

A residential property owner has a duty not to unreasonably interfere with other persons' use and enjoyment of their property. Reaver v. Martin Theatres of Florida, Inc., 52 So.2d 682 (Fla. 1951); Rogers v. City of Miami Springs, 231 So.2d 257 (Fla. 3d DCA), cert. denied, (Fla. 1970). As recognized by the Supreme Court of Florida:

An owner or occupant of property must use it in a way that will not be a nuisance to other owners and occupants in the same community. Anything which annoys or disturbs one in the free use, possession, or enjoyment of his property or which renders its ordinary use or occupation physically uncomfortable may become a nuisance and may be restrained.

Knowles v. Central Allapattae Properties, Inc., 145 Fla. 123, 130, 198 So. 819, 822 (1940) (quoting Mercer v. Keynton, 121 Fla. 87, 163 So. 411, 413 (1935)). The idea behind the law of nuisance, as expressed in the maxim "Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas," is that every person has the right to the free use of property so long as the rights of another are not injured. See Pierce v. Riggs, 149 Vt. 136, 540 A.2d 655 (1987); Baum v. Coronado Condominium Association, Inc., 376 So.2d 914 (Fla. 3d DCA 1979) (citing Reaver v. Martin Theatres of Florida, Inc., 52 So.2d at 683).

This court has further noted: "That mere noise may be so great at certain times and under certain circumstances as to amount to an actionable nuisance and entitle the party subjected to it to the preventive remedy of the court of equity is thoroughly established. The reason why a certain amount of noise is or may be a nuisance is that it is not only disagreeable but it also wears upon the nervous system and produces that feeling which we call `tired.' That the subjection of a human being to a continued hearing of loud noises tends to shorten life, I think, is beyond all doubt. Another reason is that mankind needs both rest and sleep, and noise tends to prevent both." Baum v. Coronado Condominium Association, Inc., 376 So.2d at 916 (citing Bartlett v. Moats, 120 Fla. 61, 162 So. 477, 479 (1935)).

Applying these general principle to barking dogs, several courts have held that excessive dog barking which interferes with a neighboring property owner's right to enjoy the use of his or her home constitutes an enjoinable nuisance. See Brewton v. Young, 596 So.2d 577 (Ala. 1992) (noise and odor of dogs that interfered with neighbors' enjoyment of their homes enjoined as private nuisance); Connecticut v. Olson, 8 Conn. App. 188, 511 A.2d 379 (1986) (recognizing dogs that bark excessively as a nuisance); Burnett v. Rushton, 52 So.2d 645 (Fla. 1951) (purposefully inciting dog to bark boisterously constitutes private nuisance); Allen v. Paulk, 188 So.2d 708 (La.Ct.App. 1966) (early morning barking dog classified as nuisance; plaintiff entitled to injunction where defendant could prevent dog's barking by keeping it in his house).

Although there is no exact rule or formula for ascertaining when barking dogs rise to the level of a nuisance, relief will be granted where plaintiffs show they are substantially and unreasonably disturbed notwithstanding proof that others living in the vicinity are not annoyed. See Davoust v. Mitchell, 146 Ind. App. 536, 257 N.E.2d 332 (1970); City of Fredericktown v. Osborn, 429 S.W.2d 17 (Mo.Ct.App.1968). Moreover, in these types of cases "[e]ven meager or uncorroborated evidence will support the chancellor's findings if the evidence is of record and properly before the court." Hopkins v. Stepler, 315 Pa. Super. 372, 461 A.2d 1327 (1983).

Here the trial court found Rae to be maintaining nuisance dogs in violation of the Monroe County Code, and that Rae's behavior and threats were a retaliatory response to Flynn's legitimate complaint about the barking dogs. These findings are clearly supported by the record.

Rae was found in violation of Section 3-7(3) of the Monroe County Code which states: "It is unlawful for any animal owner or keeper to permit, either willfully or negligently, the animal to be a nuisance." Section 3-8 of the Monroe County Code provides that "when the court adjudges an animal to be a nuisance the animals may be removed and/or seized by the [Animal Control] Department."

Under Section 784.046(7)(b), a trial court has broad authority in addition to enjoining acts of violence to also "order such other relief as the court deems necessary for the protection of the petitioner . . . ." § 784.046(7)(b), Fla.Stat. (1997). In modifying the Flynn injunction, the trial court properly exercised its statutory authority to stop the hostilities by solving the cause of the tensions which was the barking dog problem.

The restrictions imposed on Rae are within the authority of the trial court and are not overboard. The injunction still permits Rae to maintain her dogs, but requires that she do so in such a manner so as not to disturb Flynn's right to peacefully enjoy his property. Accordingly, because the trial court correctly exercised judicial restraint in crafting a remedy to accomplish the reduction of neighborhood hostilities by the least restrictive means, we affirm the order below.

Finally, we note that Rae would not be the subject of a mandatory injunction and this case would not be before us now, had Rae simply respected her neighbor's legitimate complaint. Neighbors should reasonably resolve their differences without having to abuse the court system.

Affirmed.

SCHWARTZ, C.J., concurs.

GREEN, J., concurs in results only.

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RAE v. FLYNN
(Mar 19, 1997)