TRAYLOR, Justice[fn*] [fn*] Lemmon, J., not on panel. See Rule IV, Part 2, § 3.
The defendant, Adrienne Harris, was charged with the second degree murder of Richard Casnave. Defendant pled not guilty and the jury returned the responsive verdict of manslaughter. The trial judge sentenced the defendant to serve seventeen years at hard labor. We granted certiorari in this matter in order to determine whether it was reversible error to admit certain evidence regarding the victim's character. Because we find that any such error would only amount to harmless error, we affirm.
FACTS
The defendant and the victim had been living with each other for several years prior to the killing. On May 14, 1994, the defendant and victim had spent the evening drinking with friends and family. After the guests had left shortly after midnight on May 15, 1994, the two had an argument culminating in the victim allegedly striking the defendant and pushing her to the floor. When the victim left the room, the defendant went into another room and armed herself with a pistol. As the victim reentered the room, the defendant fired one shot, killing the victim almost instantly.
DISCUSSION
In her first assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court improperly allowed testimony from the victim's family members concerning defendant's conduct which might have "justified" the victim in hitting the defendant. The defendant further argues that the trial court erred in allowing testimony attempting to establish the victim's propensity for non-violence with other women with whom the victim had been involved. Specifically, defendant argues that the justification evidence was irrelevant and the testimony from the victim's two ex-girlfriends and his ex-wife was improper character evidence. Defendant further contends that the combination of the "justification" testimony and the evidence of the victim's non-violent character, when combined, encouraged the jury to treat the defendant less sympathetically and afford her a diminished right to defend herself.
Justification Testimony
During direct examination, defendant objected on relevance grounds to a question the State posed to Wanda Casnave, the victim's sister-in-law. The State asked, "Have you ever seen her acting in such a way with your brother-in-law that you might think that your brother-in-law might be justified to hit her?" Defendant objected to relevance and was overruled. The witness went on to relate an incident that occurred during a vacation.
Defendant also similarly complains of remarks made by the victim's father, Peter Casnave. However, defendant failed to object at trial and therefore may not object to them now. La. Code Crim.P. art. 841.
La. Code Evid. art. 401, defines "relevant evidence" as:
"Relevant evidence" means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.
We can discern no material fact which would be more or less likely regardless of the answer to the question at issue. The State argues that the question and testimony are highly probative in that they show that not every argument resulted in physical abuse and that it goes to show the type of relationship between the defendant and the victim. The State contends that the defendant opened the door to such testimony by eliciting testimony that the victim had beat the defendant the night of the killing. We are unpersuaded. While the violence, or lack thereof, in their relationship is material given the defendant's battered spouse defense, the question at issue does not tend to show such. Whether the defendant had ever done anything which would merit a battery by the victim does not tend to prove that their relationship was more or less violent. Whether or not the victim actually hit the defendant may be relevant; however, whether or not the witness believed that the defendant deserved to be battered is not. The defendant properly objected to the question and the trial court should have sustained the objection as the question was irrelevant. Character Evidence
In furtherance of her battered spouse defense, the defendant offered testimony from seven witnesses, including the defendant, that the victim had physically abused the defendant. In rebuttal to this testimony, the State offered testimony from three women with whom the victim had previously had intimate relationships. The testimony concerned the victim's propensity for non-violence with the women during the span of the relationships. The defendant argues on appeal that the testimony from the victim's former intimates was inadmissible as consisting of specific acts of conduct which, defendant asserts, are not admissible to prove the good character of the victim which may only be proved via reputation testimony. Defendant argues that the testimony regarding his lack of physically abusing his former spouse and girlfriends is specific instances of conduct which is inadmissible under La. Code Evid. arts. 404 and 405.
However, defendant objected at trial to the testimony at issue only on grounds of relevance. Defendant did not object to the testimony as inadmissible character evidence as she now asserts. Regardless, because we find that if admission of the evidence was in error such error was harmless, we need not address whether the evidence was improperly admitted under either the rules of relevancy or character evidence.
Harmless Error
Notwithstanding the erroneous admission of evidence, a verdict will not be reversed if the reviewing court, assuming that the damaging potential of the improperly admitted evidence is fully realized, determines that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Delaware v. Van Arsdell, 475 U.S. 673, 106 S.Ct. 1431 (1986); State v. Wille, 559 So.2d 1321, 1332 (La. 1990). "Reversal is mandated only when there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence might have contributed to the verdict." State v. Wille, 559 So.2d at 1332 (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824 (1967)). Factors to be considered include the importance of the evidence to the State's case, the presence or absence of additional corroboration of the evidence, and the overall strength of the State's case. State v. Wille, 559 So.2d at 1332.
Here, the defendant contends that the justification testimony, combined with the evidence of the victim's non-violent character, encouraged the jury to treat the defendant less sympathetically and that the jury therefore afforded her a diminished right to defend herself.
The facts of the case, along with the jury's selection of the responsive verdict of manslaughter, lead us to conclude that the complained of evidence clearly did not contribute to the verdict. The jury almost certainly credited the testimony of the six defense witnesses and the defendant herself, determining that the victim had indeed abused the defendant which explains why they determined that her homicidal act was manslaughter instead of murder, especially considering that the facts of this case arguably cannot support a finding of manslaughter. See La.R.S. 14:31. The defendant's own testimony is inconsistent with sudden passion homicide. Her testimony was that she killed the victim in self-defense, not in the heat of blood or sudden passion. The defendant did not shoot the victim immediately following the alleged abuse, the only possible provocation, and had ample time to depart as she had done numerous times before. She testified that following the abuse, she had time to get up, go from one room of the house into another, and go into a closet and get a shirt: all before retrieving the gun from a coat in the same closet.
Additionally, given the strength of the State's case, we find that it was the undisputed facts of the homicide, and not the complained of evidence, which kept the jury from acquitting the defendant altogether. The defendant shot the unarmed victim from across the room at a distance of twenty-five feet. She testified that she feared that the victim had gone into the kitchen to get a weapon; however, she did not testify that he came back with a weapon nor was one found near his body. She offered no explanation as to why she did not simply depart as she had in the past, especially considering that she had to pass within feet of an exterior door on her way to the closet where she retrieved the gun.
Specifically addressing the complained of evidence, we first note that although the "justification" question should have been excluded, the answer simply related another story regarding the turbulent nature of the relationship between the victim and the defendant. The testimony did not contradict the testimony offered by the defense and arguably supported it. The fact that the described encounter did not result in violence does not contradict that other encounters did. Likewise, the testimony from the victim's former intimates that he never abused them does not contradict the overwhelming evidence that he did abuse the defendant. The defendant's assertion that the jury may have afforded the defendant less sympathy because they may have inferred that she deserved to be beaten is far too tenuous, and, given the jury's verdict and the strong case against the defendant, we find beyond a reasonable doubt that the complained of evidence did not contribute to the verdict.
Excessive Sentence
Defendant assigns as error that the seventeen year sentence imposed by the trial court is unconstitutionally excessive because the trial court deviated from the 60-90 month sentence recommended by the sentencing guidelines promulgated by the Louisiana Sentencing Commission. Defendant also asserts that the facts of this case mandate a lower sentence because the defendant was acting in self-defense when she killed the victim.
The Court of Appeal thoroughly and completely addressed this issue and we find no error in their finding or reasoning. State v. Harris, 95-1843 (La.App. 1 Cir. 11/8/96), 684 So.2d 967. Defendant's potential sentence was up to forty years. La.R.S. 14:31(B). The trial court did consider the guidelines and decided that an upward deviation was warranted. Where the court considers the guidelines and imposes a sentence beyond the guidelines, so long as the court adequately states the considerations and factual basis for the deviation, appellate review is limited to review of the sentence for constitutional excessiveness, without regard to the sentencing guidelines. State v. Smith, 93-0402 (La. 7/5/94), 639 So.2d 237, 240 (on rehearing). The trial court carefully considered the facts of the case and determined that it was not the typical manslaughter case and thus an upward deviation was warranted. The court noted, inter alia, that the defendant could have easily escaped as she had in the past if she were truly concerned for her safety. The court stated that she instead intentionally went into the closet and retrieved the gun and when the victim, empty-handed, entered the room, she intentionally shot and killed him from across the room. As to defendant's assertion that she killed the victim in self-defense, that argument was tried to the jury, who found it lacking.
Given the potential sentence of forty years, the entirety of the record, and the trial court's reasoning, we find no error in the seventeen year sentence imposed.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, the defendant's conviction and sentence are affirmed.
AFFIRMED
CALOGERO, C.J., — dissents and assigns reasons.
KIMBALL, J., — dissents and assigns reasons.
JOHNSON, J., — dissents.