Wills — Codicils — Construction — Intention — Language — Attending circumstances — General scheme of will and codicils.
1. A will and its codicils must be construed together as one instrument, and, so construed, the codicils revoke the will only so far as repugnant to it or inconsistent therewith.
2. In interpreting a will and the codicils, the intention of the testator is to be ascertained; the choice of language in the codicils is not controlling.
3. Where the intention is clear, restrictive words are ineffective and, conversely, words of absolute gift may be disregarded to declare the estate created to be merely a limited estate.
4. In ascertaining the intention of the testator, where the language is not clear, the court must place itself in the position of the testator and interpret the codicils in the light of all the circumstances attending their execution which probably influenced him.
5. Codicils are to be interpreted in accordance with the general scheme of the will.
6. Where the language is not clear, the law favors a construction which will work equality of distribution among those standing in the same relation to testator.
7. Where testatrix bequeathed her entire residuary estate to her daughter for life and upon her death to her brother, A, for life, with remainder to his four named children, share and share alike, absolutely; and thereafter added a codicil providing that instead of giving all that remained after her daughter's death to her brother A, she desired that her brother, B, be given one-third of it; and, after the death of A, added a second codicil bequeathing to her brother, C, or to his heirs and assigns, one-third of the estate before "devised" to her brother, A, it was held, upon consideration of the will and codicils and of the circumstances attending their execution, that the two codicils gave equal one-third life estates to B and to C, with remainders over to the children of each, per stirpes, the same kind of estates given to A and his children under the original will.
Argued December 7, 1942.
Audit of account of trustee. Before HOLLAND, P.J.
Adjudication filed confirming account. Exceptions to adjudication dismissed and final decree entered. Exceptants appealed.
OPINION BY HIRT, J., February 1, 1943:
Testatrix, Ellen C. Jones, by her will, bequeathed her entire residuary estate, after the payment of her debts, to her daughter Lidie R. Jones for life and upon her death to her brother Joseph C. Jones, for life, with remainder to his four named children "share and share alike, absolutely." The will is dated July 9, 1918. Testatrix added the following codicil on December 12, 1919: "Instead of giving all that remains after Lidie's death to Brother Joseph, I desire that brother Charles be given one third of it." Joseph died in 1920 and on March 8, 1923 testatrix added this second codicil: "I give, devise and bequeath to my brother Jonathan R. Jones, or to his heirs and assigns one-third of my estate hereinbefore devised to my brother Jos. C. Jones." Jonathan died in 1925.
Testatrix died July 8, 1927, survived by her daughter Lidie and her one brother, Charles, and the children of each of her three brothers, including all four of the children of Joseph named in the original will as the ultimate beneficiaries of the corpus of the estate. Charles died in 1931 and Lidie died in 1940. Her death was the occasion for the filing of an account by the trustee of the estate. On the audit of the account the question was whether the fund for distribution should be awarded to, and divided among, the four named children of "Brother Joseph" or, per stirpes, to the issue of each of the children of the brothers Joseph, Charles, and Jonathan. The children of Charles and of Jonathan contended that the two codicils vested absolute interests, one-third to Charles and one-third to Jonathan and that the interest of each descended to his children. The living children of Joseph and the representatives of the estates of two who have died, the appellants herein, interpreted the codicils as giving no more than equal life estates to Charles and Jonathan because Joseph was given but a life estate by the original will, and since both Charles and Jonathan are dead, they contended that they are entitled to the entire estate to the exclusion of the children of Charles and Jonathan. The adjudication here in dispute, adopted neither of these views. The lower court found that the two codicils gave equal one-third life estates to Charles and to Jonathan with remainders over to the children of each, per stirpes, (the same kind of estates given to Joseph and his children under the original will) and ordered distribution accordingly.
It is elementary that the will and the codicils must be construed together as one instrument; the very purpose of a codicil is to alter or modify the will, but a provision of the will must be considered revoked in whole or in part if necessary to give effect to the codicils. Foster's Estate, 324 Pa. 39, 187 A. 399. Construed together, codicils revoke the will only so far as repugnant to it or inconsistent therewith. Dutton's Estate, 301 Pa. 94, 151 A. 697. The question remains one of interpretation — to ascertain the intention of testatrix in the will in question as affected by the codicils when construed together as one instrument. The choice of language in the codicils is not controlling. If the intention is clear, restrictive words are ineffective and, conversely, words of absolute gift may be disregarded "to declare the estate created to be a limited estate" merely. Byrne's Estate, 320 Pa. 513, 181 A. 500.
The original will was artistically drawn in apt language, undoubtedly by a lawyer. The codicils were not, but were added by testatrix in her own language. In ascertaining her intent, it is important, especially in a case of this kind, where the language is not clear, that we put ourselves in the place of the testatrix and interpret the codicils in the light of all the circumstances attending their execution which probably influenced her. Lerch's Estate, 309 Pa. 23, 159 A. 868. "The law will impute to a testator's words such a meaning as, under the circumstances, will conform to his probable intention and be most agreeable to reason and justice": Jackson's Estate, 337 Pa. 561, 12 A.2d 338.
The principal concern of testatrix was her daughter Lidie to whom she gave the life use of her entire estate. Her next interest was her brother Joseph whom she preferred in the original will, to the exclusion of her other two brothers, by giving him a life estate after Lidie's death with remainder over on his death to his four children, share and share alike. Both Lidie and Joseph were still living when testatrix added the first codicil. Its language is not clear; it misstates a fact. The original will did not give Joseph "all that remains after Lidie's death" and standing alone it might be difficult to determine whether testatrix intended in the first codicil to give her brother Charles one-third of her estate absolutely, or one-third for life terminating with his death, or for life with remainder to his children. We think it clear that any uncertainty of intention in the first codicil is dispelled by the language of the second and the circumstances attending its execution. Lidie, then, was still living but Joseph had died three years before; the life estate to Joseph under the will never vested in him. Testatrix's brothers Charles and Jonathan were still living. She undoubtedly, at the time of both codicils, considered her bequest to Joseph for life with remainder to his children, as the equivalent of "giving all that remains after Lidie's death to my brother Joseph" as recited in the first codicil. The reference in both codicils to the estate bequeathed to Joseph in the will must be construed to mean the estate given to Joseph's branch of the family. The intention in the codicils was to admit each of her remaining two brothers to a share in the estate on the same terms as she had provided for Joseph in the will. The original will sets forth clearly the plan or scheme of distribution to Joseph and his children. The casual language of the codicils, when referred to the artistic language of the will determining the interest of Joseph and his children must be similarly construed in ascertaining the interests of Charles and Jonathan and their children. Codicils are "to be interpreted in accordance with the general scheme of the will": Roats's Estate, 30 Pa. Super. 521; Whelen's Est., 175 Pa. 23, 34 A. 329. Charles and Jonathan were each given a life interest in one-third of the estate with remainders to their children and the interests of Joseph's children were reduced accordingly. This conclusion is consistent with the rule that where the language of a will is not clear the law favors a construction which will work equality of distribution among those standing in the same relation to the testator. Roats's Estate, supra.
The decree of distribution is affirmed at the costs of the fund.
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