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Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

The parties were married on October 2, 1987. At the time of the marriage the defendant owned land in Greenville, New York, with a partially-constructed residence and, by a prenuptial agreement, the defendant's equity in the Greenville property was stated as $350,000. After the marriage the plaintiff left her job to supervise completion of the residence and performed physical labor. By deed dated November 1, 1989 the defendant conveyed his sole interest in the property to himself and the plaintiff as tenants by the entirety with rights of survivorship. The plaintiff commenced this action for a divorce and ancillary relief nine years later. After a nonjury trial the Supreme Court, Orange County, equitably distributed the parties' marital property, cancelled the deed and awarded the plaintiff $75,000 representing one-half of the appreciated value of the marital residence. The defendant appealed specified portions of the judgment and the plaintiff cross-appealed specified portions. The Appellate Division modified the judgment as described below and affirmed as modified.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the Greenville residence is marital property and whether the trial court erred in canceling the deed conveying the property to the parties as tenants by the entirety.
  2. What equitable share of the appreciation of the marital residence the plaintiff should receive (whether $75,000 as awarded by the trial court or a different amount).
  3. Whether the defendant commingled separate funds with marital funds despite the prenuptial agreement identifying $100,000 in cash as his separate property.

Arguments of the Parties

The opinion does not contain a detailed account of the parties' legal arguments.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Coffey v. Coffey, 119 A.D.2d 620, 622 Conveyance to both parties evinces intent that the transferee have an ownership interest; crediting separate property contribution toward creation of a marital asset. Used to support that the deed evinced intent to give the plaintiff an ownership interest and to justify crediting the defendant $350,000 for his separate contribution toward the home.
Parsons v. Parsons, 101 A.D.2d 1017 Conveyance to both parties evidences intent that transferee have an ownership interest. Used to support that the defendant's placing the home in both names indicated intent that the plaintiff have an ownership interest.
Ackley v. Ackley, 100 A.D.2d 153 Related authority on intent/ownership interest (cited by contrast). Cited in the discussion that the conveyance evinces intent that the plaintiff have an ownership interest.
Diaco v. Diaco, 278 A.D.2d 358 Placing property in both parties' names changes character to marital property; supporting acceptance of valuation testimony. Relied on for both the change in character to marital property and for upholding the valuation expert's testimony on the residence's value.
Schmidlapp v. Schmidlapp, 220 A.D.2d 571 Placing property in both parties' names changes character to marital property. Applied to support that the defendant's conveyance changed the property's character to marital property.
Monks v. Monks, 134 A.D.2d 334 Placing property in both parties' names changes character to marital property; authority for crediting separate contributions. Used to support that the property's character changed to marital and to justify crediting the defendant's separate contribution toward the asset.
Gunn v. Gunn, 261 A.D.2d 360 Authority supporting acceptance of valuation expert testimony. Relied on to sustain the trial court's acceptance of the plaintiff's valuation expert that the residence was worth $625,000.
Sagarin v. Sagarin, 251 A.D.2d 396 Authority supporting acceptance of valuation expert testimony. Relied on to sustain the trial court's valuation determination.
Judson v. Judson, 255 A.D.2d 656, 657 Separate funds must be separately maintained to avoid a finding of commingling. Applied to uphold the finding that the defendant commingled funds because he failed to establish separate maintenance of the identified funds.
Kirshenbaum v. Kirshenbaum, 203 A.D.2d 534 Separate funds must be separately maintained to avoid commingling. Relied upon to support the commingling finding.
Carney v. Carney, 202 A.D.2d 907 Separate funds must be separately maintained to avoid commingling. Relied upon to support the commingling finding.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Appellate Division concluded the Greenville residence is marital property because the defendant's conveyance of the property to himself and the plaintiff as tenants by the entirety evinced an intent that the plaintiff have an ownership interest. For that reason the Supreme Court erred in canceling the deed. The court found the trial court properly accepted the plaintiff's valuation expert that the residence was worth $625,000 at the end of the marriage. The Appellate Division held the defendant should receive a credit of $350,000 for his separate-property contribution toward the marital asset, as stated in the prenuptial agreement, and on that basis calculated the plaintiff's equitable share of the residence as $137,500. The court upheld the trial court's finding that the defendant commingled separate funds with marital funds because he failed to show the funds identified in the prenuptial agreement were separately maintained. The court rejected the parties' remaining contentions as without merit.

Holding and Implications

Judgment modified and affirmed as modified.

Direct effect: The appellate court deleted the trial court's decretal paragraphs canceling the deed and awarding the plaintiff $75,000, substituted a decree awarding the plaintiff $137,500 as her equitable share of the appreciation of the marital residence, affirmed the other dispositions of the judgment as appealed and cross-appealed from, and awarded costs to the plaintiff. The court also affirmed the finding of commingling and credited the defendant $350,000 for his separate contribution. The opinion does not announce any new precedent beyond applying existing authority.

EILEEN LYNCH, RESPONDENT-APPELLANT, v. FREDERICK J. KING, APPELLANT-RESPONDENT.

ORDERED that the judgment is modified, on the law, by deleting the fourth and fifth decretal paragraphs thereof canceling the deed and awarding the plaintiff $75,000 representing one-half of the appreciation value of the marital residence, and substituting therefor a decretal paragraph awarding the plaintiff $137,500 representing her equitable share of the appreciation of the marital residence; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed insofar as appealed and cross-appealed from, with costs payable to the plaintiff.

The parties were married on October 2, 1987. At the time of the marriage, the defendant owned land in Greenville, New York, with a partially-constructed residence. The parties signed a prenuptial agreement before the marriage which provided that the defendant possessed equity in the amount of $350,000 in the Greenville property.

After the marriage, at the defendant's direction, the plaintiff left her job to supervise the completion of the Greenville residence. She also contributed to the value of the home by performing many hours of physical labor. By deed dated November 1, 1989, the defendant conveyed his sole interest in the property to himself and the plaintiff as tenants by the entirety with rights of survivorship. The plaintiff commenced this action for a divorce and ancillary relief nine years later.

We conclude that the Greenville residence is marital property and that the Supreme Court erred in directing the cancellation of the deed. The defendant's conveyance of the property to himself and the plaintiff as tenants by the entirety evinces his intent that the plaintiff have an ownership interest in the property (see, Coffey v. Coffey, 119 A.D.2d 620, 622; Parsons v. Parsons, 101 A.D.2d 1017; cf., Ackley v. Ackley, 100 A.D.2d 153). By placing the home in both parties' names, the defendant changed the character of the property to marital property (see, Diaco v. Diaco, 278 A.D.2d 358; Schmidlapp v. Schmidlapp, 220 A.D.2d 571; Monks v. Monks, 134 A.D.2d 334).

The Supreme Court providently exercised its discretion in accepting the testimony of the plaintiff's valuation expert that the marital residence was worth $625,000 at the end of the marriage (see, Diaco v. Diaco, supra; Gunn v. Gunn, 261 A.D.2d 360; Sagarin v. Sagarin, 251 A.D.2d 396). However, we conclude that the defendant should receive a credit of $350,000 for his contribution of separate property toward the creation of the marital asset (see, Monks v. Monks, supra; Coffey v. Coffey, supra, at 622), since this was the stated amount of his equity in the home set forth in the prenuptial agreement. Accordingly, the plaintiff's equitable share of the marital residence is $137,500.

The Supreme Court did not err in finding that the defendant commingled separate funds with marital funds, notwithstanding a provision in the prenuptial agreement identifying $100,000 in cash as his separate property, since he failed to establish that these funds were separately maintained (see, Judson v. Judson, 255 A.D.2d 656, 657; Kirshenbaum v. Kirshenbaum, 203 A.D.2d 534; Carney v. Carney, 202 A.D.2d 907).

The parties' remaining contentions are without merit.

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LYNCH v. KING
(Jun 4, 2001)