IN RE T.G

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Docket Number

Nos. 01-01-00120-CV, 01-01-00520-CV, 01-01-00674-CV

Attorney(S)

Jonathan C.C. Day, Houston, Terence L. Thompson, Austin, Roselan M. Thayer, Houston, for appellant. Randall W. Morse, Richmond, Thomas C. Sanders, Sugar Land, Robert G., Gibson, Jr., Rosenberg, for appellee.

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Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

The Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (TDPRS), represented by the Fort Bend District Attorney, filed an original petition for emergency protection and a SAPCR seeking temporary and permanent orders, including termination of parental rights as to the Gateses' 13 children. TDPRS supported its petition with an affidavit from a Fort Bend County CPS caseworker describing a report of suspected emotional abuse, an ensuing CPS investigation, and an earlier referral.

The children were temporarily removed from the Gateses' home on February 11, 2000 and returned to the parents' conservatorship by court order on February 15, 2000 under Tex. Fam. Code § 262.107. The case was set for an adversary hearing in late March 2000, and Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) and Fort Bend County Child Advocates, Inc. were appointed as guardians ad litem.

The Gateses answered on February 29, 2000 with a general denial and requested sanctions. The parties mediated and executed an "Irrevocable Settlement Agreement" dated March 24, 2000, which postponed the hearing and ordered psychological examinations and a social study. The Gateses twice sought disclosure of a reporter's identity (April 18, 2000 and again October 27, 2000). TDPRS asserted reporter confidentiality under Tex. Fam. Code § 261.101(d).

A social study completed and filed June 2, 2000 recommended against further court-mandated services. On August 16, 2000 the Gateses moved for sanctions (invoking chapter 10 of the Civil Practice & Remedies Code), and TDPRS filed various discovery- and immunity-related responses. TDPRS filed a motion for nonsuit on September 27, 2000; the trial court granted the nonsuit by order signed September 28, 2000.

After dismissal, the Gateses (with new counsel) pursued discovery and filed a motion for new trial, an amended motion for sanctions (filed October 27, 2000), and other discovery motions. The trial court took a number of actions after September 28, 2000, including quashing a CPS deposition and releasing CASA as guardians ad litem (October 13, 2000). The parties litigated pleas to the jurisdiction and other matters; multiple orders and findings were signed after January 11, 2001.

Legal Issues Presented

Whether, and to what extent, the trial court retained plenary jurisdiction to award sanctions after signing the September 28, 2000 order of dismissal (i.e., when the trial court's plenary power began and when it expired).
Whether judicial actions and orders signed after the trial court's plenary power expired are void and what the appellate court's jurisdiction is with respect to such orders.
Whether mandamus relief is appropriate to address orders the trial court signed after it lost plenary jurisdiction (particularly orders denying disclosure of a confidential informant's identity and granting a protective order).

Arguments of the Parties

Gateses' Arguments

The Gateses sought disclosure of the confidential reporter's identity supporting CPS's investigation and invoked Tex. R. Civ. P. 162 (asserting that dismissal on a motion for nonsuit has no effect on a pending claim for sanctions).
They filed an amended motion for sanctions (and a motion for new trial) on October 27, 2000; those filings were intended to extend the trial court's plenary power.
On rehearing they relied on Mattly v. Spiegel, Inc., contending that when a pre-nonsuit counterclaim for sanctions exists, a nonsuit should be treated as interlocutory — implying the trial court retains plenary power to resolve sanctions after a nonsuit.

TDPRS' Arguments

TDPRS pursued a nonsuit and, after dismissal, asserted pleas to the jurisdiction and sovereign immunity as defenses to the Gateses' sanctions claim(s).
TDPRS moved to quash discovery and relied on the confidentiality provisions of Tex. Fam. Code § 261.101(d) to resist disclosure of the reporter's identity.

District Attorney's Office and Child Advocates / CASA

The District Attorney's Office, through officers who filed answers, asserted several claims of immunity in response to the Gateses' sanctions motion.
Fort Bend County Child Advocates, Inc. (and CASA) sought and later obtained a protective order (and were released as guardians ad litem by the trial court on October 13, 2000); the Gateses later sought mandamus review of the protective order.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent	Rule or Principle Cited For	Application by the Court
In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. 1997)	Appellate timetables run from the date the trial court signs an order of dismissal (not from the date a nonsuit is filed).	The court used In re Bennett to treat the September 28, 2000 signed order of dismissal as the starting point for plenary-power timetables and appellate deadlines.
Lane Bank Equipment Co. v. Smith Southern Equip., Inc., 10 S.W.3d 308 (Tex. 2000)	Noting that a judgment need not resolve pending sanctions issues to be final; a timely sanctions motion may constitute a Rule 329b(g) motion to modify and thus extend plenary power.	The court relied on Lane Bank to conclude that an amended motion for sanctions, filed within 30 days, extended the trial court's plenary power and appellate timetable.
Scott White Mem'l Hosp. v. Schexnider, 940 S.W.2d 594 (Tex. 1996)	Sanctions may be imposed by a trial court that retains plenary jurisdiction.	Used to support the proposition that the trial court could impose sanctions only if it retained plenary power.
Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(d), (e), (g), (h) (cited authorities)	Rules governing a trial court's plenary power (initial 30-day period, extension by post-judgment motion, and effect of motions).	The court applied these rules to calculate the periods during which the trial court retained, and then lost, plenary power over the September 28, 2000 dismissal.
Faulkner v. Culver, 851 S.W.2d 187 (Tex. 1993)	A Rule 329b motion not ruled on becomes overruled as a matter of law on the 75th day after judgment.	The court used Faulkner to determine that the Gateses' timely-filed motions became overruled by operation of law on December 12, 2000 (the 75th day), starting the final 30-day period.
Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509 (Tex. 1991)	Rule 329b(b) mechanics — motion becomes overruled as a matter of law after the prescribed period if not ruled on.	Reinforced the calculation that the Gateses' motions were overruled by operation of law on the 75th day.
Thomas v. Oldham, 895 S.W.2d 352 (Tex. 1995)	After a motion is overruled, a trial court retains an additional 30 days of plenary power to change rulings.	Applied to conclude the trial court retained plenary power for 30 days after December 12, 2000, i.e., until January 11, 2001.
Philbrook v. Berry, 683 S.W.2d 378 (Tex. 1985)	Similar principle regarding the additional 30-day period after a post-judgment motion is overruled.	Supported the conclusion that plenary power expired on January 11, 2001 (105 days after the September 28 judgment).
State ex rel. Latty v. Owens, 907 S.W.2d 484 (Tex. 1995)	Judicial action taken after a trial court's plenary power has expired is void; appeals from void orders must be dismissed.	The court declared void all trial-court orders signed after January 11, 2001 and dismissed appeals from those orders based on Latty.
Mapco, Inc. v. Forrest, 795 S.W.2d 700 (Tex. 1990)	Defines a void judgment as one rendered when a court lacks jurisdiction over subject matter or the party or lacks capacity to act.	The court cited Mapco to explain the nature of void judgments when plenary power has expired.
Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Scott, 846 S.W.2d 832 (Tex. 1993)	A party has an absolute right to file a motion for new trial for the sole purpose of extending plenary power.	Applied to support that the Gateses' motion for new trial, filed October 27, 2000, legitimately extended plenary power.
Butts v. Capitol City Nursing Home, Inc., 705 S.W.2d 696 (Tex. 1986)	A motion to reinstate a case dismissed for want of prosecution has the same effect as a motion for new trial.	Used as supporting authority for the proposition that certain post-judgment motions extend plenary power.
In re Dickson, 987 S.W.2d 570 (Tex. 1998)	Filing an amended motion for new trial does not extend the trial court's plenary power.	Cited (in a footnote) to explain that an amended rule 329b motion filed after the 30-day period does not extend plenary power and to note an untimely amended motion filed November 27, 2000.
Mattly v. Spiegel, Inc., 19 S.W.3d 890 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.)	Court concluded that when a defendant has filed a pre-nonsuit counterclaim for sanctions under Rule 13, the trial court retained plenary power and awarded sanctions post-nonsuit.	The Gateses relied on Mattly. The court reviewed Mattly but declined to follow it here because it believed Mattly conflicted with In re Bennett and Lane Bank; the court therefore rejected Mattly's broader proposition for the circumstances presented.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court framed the dispositive threshold issue as whether the trial court retained plenary jurisdiction to impose sanctions after it signed a dismissal order on September 28, 2000. The court proceeded step-by-step using statutory rules and controlling precedent:

Starting point: The operative judgment for calculating plenary power was the signed order of dismissal (September 28, 2000), not the filing date of the nonsuit. The court relied on In re Bennett for this principle.
Initial plenary power: Under Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(d), the trial court retained an initial 30 days of plenary power after signing the judgment.
Extension by timely post-judgment motions: Parties may extend that plenary period by filing timely post-judgment motions (e.g., motion for new trial under Rule 329b(e) or a motion to modify/correct under Rule 329b(g)). The court cited Lane Bank to explain that a timely-filed motion for sanctions may have the effect of a Rule 329b(g) motion and thus extend plenary power.
Application to the present motions: The Gateses timely filed, on October 27, 2000 (within the 30-day window), a motion for new trial and an amended motion for sanctions. The court treated both as timely and effective to extend plenary jurisdiction, citing Old Republic and Lane Bank.
Automatic overruling: When the trial court does not rule on a Rule 329b motion, it becomes overruled by operation of law on the 75th day after the judgment. The court applied Faulkner and Cecil to determine that the Gateses' motions became overruled on December 12, 2000 (the 75th day).
Final 30-day extension: After a motion is overruled (expressly or by operation of law), the court retains an additional 30 days to change its rulings. Using Thomas and Philbrook, the court added 30 days to December 12, 2000, establishing January 11, 2001 as the date plenary power expired (the 105th day after the September 28 judgment).
Consequence of expiration: The court held that any judicial action taken after January 11, 2001 — i.e., after the trial court lost plenary power — is void. It relied on State ex rel. Latty v. Owens and Mapco for the proposition that an appellate court may declare such post-plenary orders void and that appeals from void orders must be dismissed.
Application to challenged orders: Because the trial court signed the challenged orders (including orders overruling TDPRS's pleas to the jurisdiction, findings and conclusions, the order sustaining the District Attorney's plea, the orders denying disclosure and granting protective relief to Child Advocates) after January 11, 2001, the court declared those orders void and dismissed the appeals that attempted to challenge them. The court also denied mandamus relief on the substantive merits of the post-plenary orders, reasoning they were void for the lack of plenary jurisdiction.
On rehearing, the Gateses' reliance on Mattly (holding nonsuit might be interlocutory when pre-nonsuit sanctions counterclaim exists) was considered; the court acknowledged Mattly but declined to follow it here because it conflicts with In re Bennett and Lane Bank, which treat a signed order of dismissal as the triggering event for plenary-power calculations and allow final judgments despite unresolved sanctions.

Holding and Implications

Holding:

The court dismissed the appeals in Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV.
The court declared void the trial-court orders signed after January 11, 2001 (orders signed after the trial court lost plenary power) and dismissed interlocutory and accelerated appeals attempting to challenge those orders.
The court denied mandamus relief in Cause Nos. 01-01-00520-CV and 01-01-00674-CV.

Implications and direct consequences:

The trial court's plenary power over the September 28, 2000 dismissal was determined to have expired on January 11, 2001; therefore, any orders it signed after that date are void and of no effect.
Appeals taken from those void orders were dismissed for lack of jurisdiction (the appellate court cannot entertain appeals from void post-plenary orders but may declare them void).
The Gateses' requests for mandamus relief to address post-plenary orders were denied without the court addressing the substantive merits of those orders, because the underlying orders were declared void by reason of lack of plenary power.
The court expressly declined to follow Mattly v. Spiegel, Inc., insofar as Mattly suggests that a nonsuit is interlocutory whenever a pre-nonsuit counterclaim for sanctions exists, preferring the framework provided by In re Bennett and Lane Bank.

Note: The summary above is confined to and derived from the information contained in the provided opinion. Where the opinion itself does not explicate broader policy-making consequences beyond the direct effects on the parties and the voiding of post-plenary orders, no additional implications are inferred.

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IN THE INTEREST OF T.G., S.A.G., G.W.G., G.W.G., S.P.G., D.G., R.G., C.G., A.G., C.G., T.J.G., A.G., AND M.G., CHILDREN; IN RE GARY W. GATES, JR., AND MELISSA GATES, Relators

OPINION ON REHEARING

TIM TAFT, Justice.

Gary Gates and Melissa Gates (the Gateses), appellees and relators, have filed a motion for rehearing. We grant rehearing, withdraw our opinion and judgment of November 15, 2001, and issue this new opinion and accompanying judgment in their place.

Appellant, Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (TDPRS) attempts to appeal, in Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV, from two orders of the trial court, which denied TDPRS's pleas to the jurisdiction. Also in Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV, Gary Gates and Melissa Gates (the Gateses or the parents) attempt to appeal from an order of the trial court, which sustained a plea to the jurisdiction by appellee, District Attorney's Office of Fort Bend County.

In an original proceeding for writ of mandamus, Cause No. 01-01-00520-CV, the Gateses challenge an order of the trial court, which denied their motion seeking disclosure of the identity of a confidential informant whose report resulted in a suit by TDPRS against the Gateses for suspected abuse of their children. In another original proceeding for writ of mandamus, Cause No. 01-01-00674-CV, the Gateses challenge an order of the trial court, which granted a protective order in favor of Fort Bend County Child Advocates, Inc., in response to discovery requested by the Gateses. We dismiss the appeals for want of jurisdiction, declare the challenged orders void, and deny mandamus relief.

Underlying Facts and Procedural Background A. Events Preceding September 28, 2000 Order of Dismissal

TDPRS, represented by the Fort Bend District Attorney, filed an original petition for emergency protection of the Gateses' children and a SAPCR seeking temporary and permanent orders relating to termination of the Gateses' parental rights as to their 13 children. TDPRS supported the petition with an affidavit by a caseworker for Fort Bend County Children's Protective Services (CPS). In attesting to her reasonable belief that the children were in immediate danger to their health and safety, the caseworker described a report, provided to CPS, of (1) suspected emotional abuse of one of the children by the parents, (2) the investigation CPS undertook in response to the report, and (3) an earlier referral to CPS concerning the Gates family.

"SAPCR" means a suit affecting the parent-child relationship.

The children were removed from the Gateses' home temporarily on February 11, 2000, but returned to their conservatorship by order of the trial court on February 15, 2000, after a hearing conducted that day. The trial court's order was issued pursuant to section 262.107 of the Family Code. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 262.107 (Vernon 1996). The same order set the case for an adversary hearing in late March. In addition, the trial court signed orders appointing staff and a volunteer of Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) of Fort Bend County Child Advocates, Inc., as guardians ad litem for the children.

The Gateses' original answer, filed on February 29, 2000, included a general denial and a request for sanctions under rule 13. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 13. After the trial court referred the case to mediation, the parties executed an "Irrevocable Settlement Agreement," dated March 24, 2000, by which the Gateses, TDPRS, CPS, and the guardians and attorney ad litem agreed to pass the late March hearing and submit themselves and the children to psychological examination for a social study.On April 18, 2000, the Gateses filed a "Motion to Disclose Confidential Information," seeking the identity of the person who provided the report of suspected emotional abuse on which TDPRS, through CPS, relied in pursuing its investigation of the Gateses. After the trial court set the motion for a hearing on May 3, 2000, TDPRS promptly moved for protection based on the confidentiality of the identity of the reporter mandated by section 261.101(d) of the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 261.101(d) (Vernon Supp. 2002).

The social study ordered on March 24, 2000 was completed by the Kerlick Company and filed with the trial court on June 2, 2000. The 25-page report, a product of 125 hours work, concluded by recommending against further court-mandated services and expressed hope that TDPRS would close the case.

On August 16, 2000, the Gateses filed a motion for sanctions against TDPRS, as acting through CPS, and the Fort Bend County District Attorney's Office. This motion sought sanctions under chapter 10 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code Ann. §§ 10.001-.002, 10.004 (Vernon Supp. 2002). On the same day, TDPRS filed a motion to abate discovery based on a pending mediation scheduled for October 3, 2000. Two days later, Fort Bend County Child Advocates, Inc., and CASA moved to withdraw as guardians ad litem, citing lack of cooperation by the Gateses. The trial court denied that request the same day. TDPRS filed a response to the Gateses' motion for sanctions on September 26, 2000.On September 27, 2000, TDPRS filed a motion for nonsuit, asserting that, despite resistance from the Gateses, it had accomplished as much as it could. The trial court granted the motion by signing an order dismissing the suit on September 28, 2000.

B. Events Following September 28, 2000 Order of Dismissal

Newly designated counsel for the Gateses filed a notice of appearance on October 6, 2000, and filed a notice of the deposition of designated representatives of Fort Bend County CPS three days later. The mediation scheduled for October 3, 2000 took place as planned. On October 12, 2000, Kathryn M. Holton and John F. Healey, Jr., filed answers to the Gateses' August 16, 2000 motion for sanctions, both individually and as officers of the Fort Bend District Attorney's office, in which they asserted several claims of immunity. On October 12, 2000, TDPRS moved to quash the deposition of CPS on several grounds. In their opposition to the motion to quash, which they filed on October 13, 2000, the Gateses alleged the discovery related to their August 16, 2000 motion for sanctions. The Gateses relied in part on rule 162, which provides that a dismissal on a motion for nonsuit has no effect on a pending claim for sanctions. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 162.

On October 13, 2000, the trial court quashed the deposition of CPS and released Fort Bend County Child Advocates, Inc. and CASA as guardians ad litem for the children. Also on October 13, 2000, TDPRS filed a supplemental response to the Gateses' motion for sanctions, in which TDPRS asserted sovereign immunity and no waiver of immunity for the Gateses' claims under chapter 10 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code.

On October 27, 2000, the 29th day after the order of dismissal on TDPRS's motion for nonsuit, the Gateses filed the following: (1) a motion for disclosure of confidential information by TDPRS and CPS, again seeking the identity of the reporter of the alleged abuse; (2) an amended motion for sanctions against both TDPRS and CPS, which asserted additional grounds for sanctions under section 105.002 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code; and (3) a motion for new trial, claiming TDPRS filed its motion for nonsuit to thwart the Gateses' discovery efforts. Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV

Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code Ann. § 105.002 (Vernon 1997) (authorizing recovery of fees, expenses, and attorney's fees against a state agency under certain circumstances).

Plenary Power and Power to Sanction

A central issue that underlies the contentions of the parties attempting to invoke this Court's appellate and original jurisdiction is the extent to which, and whether, the trial court retained plenary jurisdiction to award the Gateses sanctions after signing the order of dismissal. We begin by addressing these issues because they are dispositive of our jurisdiction to address all three causes before us.

The judgment that started the timetable governing the trial court's plenary power here is the September 28, 2000 order granting TDPRS's motion for nonsuit. See In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d 35, 38 (Tex. 1997) ("Appellate timetables do not run from the date a nonsuit is filed, but rather from the date the trial court signs an order of dismissal."); see also Lane Bank Equip. Co. v. Smith Southern Equip., Inc., 10 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex. 2000) (noting that a judgment need not resolve pending sanctions issues to be final); Tex.R.Civ.P. 162 ("A dismissal under this rule shall have no effect on any motion for sanctions, attorney's fees, or other costs, pending at the time of dismissal . . . ").

A trial court retains jurisdiction for a minimum of 30 days after signing a final judgment. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 329b(d) ("[R]egardless of whether an appeal has been perfected," trial court retains "plenary power to grant a new trial or to vacate, modify, correct, or reform the judgment within thirty days after the judgment is signed.")

Parties may extend the trial court's initial 30-day plenary power to change its judgment by filing an appropriate post-judgment motion within the 30-day period. Lane Bank Equip. Co., 10 S.W.3d at 310. Appropriate motions include a motion for new trial, pursuant to rule 329b(e) of the Rules of Civil Procedure, which the Gateses filed, or a motion to modify, correct, or reform the judgment under rule 329b(g). Lane Bank Equip. Co., 10 S.W.3d at 310; Tex.R.Civ.P. 329b(e), (g). Although any change in the trial court's judgment will restart the appellate-timetable and plenary-power rules under rule 329b(h), a rule 329b motion for new trial or to modify, correct, or reform the judgment, or a motion that has the same effect, is the only means by which a party may extend the appellate timetables and the trial court's plenary power over its judgment. Lane Bank Equip. Co., 10 S.W.3d at 313; see also Butts v. Capitol City Nursing Home, Inc., 705 S.W.2d 696, 697 (Tex. 1986) (holding that motion to reinstate case dismissed for want of prosecution has same effect as motion for new trial). Amending a rule 329b motion does not extend the trial court's plenary power. See In re Dickson, 987 S.W.2d 570, 571 n. 4 (Tex. 1998) ("Filing an amended motion for new trial does not extend the trial court's plenary power." (quoting from historical note to rule 329b)). Lane Bank Equipment Company holds that, because granting a motion to incorporate a sanction in a judgment would effect a substantive change in that judgment, a motion for sanctions filed within the 30-day period constitutes a motion to modify under rule 329b(g) for purposes of extending the trial court's plenary power and the appellate timetable. 10 S.W.3d at 312, 314. A trial court may impose sanctions, therefore, provided it retains plenary jurisdiction. See id.; In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d at 38; Scott White Mem'l Hosp. v. Schexnider, 940 S.W.2d 594, 596 (Tex. 1996).

To be timely, an amended rule 329b motion must be filed within the initial, 30-day period in which the trial court retained plenary power. Tex.R.Civ.P. 329b(b). The Gateses' "Second Amended Motion for Sanctions," filed on November 27, 2000, was, therefore, not timely filed.

A. Plenary Power and, thus, Power to Sanction Extended

The 30-day deadline for rule 329b motions expired here on Monday, October 30, 2000, because the 30th day, October 28, 2000, fell on a Saturday. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 4, 329b(e). On October 27, 2000, the Gateses timely filed two motions that extended the trial court's plenary power over the September 28, 2000 order of dismissal. The first was their motion for new trial. Although it is undisputed the Gateses filed the motion solely to extend the trial court's plenary power, a party has an absolute right to file a motion for new trial for that purpose alone. Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Scott, 846 S.W.2d 832, 833 (Tex. 1993). As Lane Bank Equipment Company has now clarified, the Gateses' amended motion for sanctions also extended the trial court's plenary power over the judgment of dismissal. 10 S.W.3d at 312, 314.

The third motion the Gateses filed on October 27, 2000, which reurged the Gateses' motion for disclosure of the identify of the reporter of the alleged abuse, did not extend the trial court's plenary power over the judgment of dismissal because the motion merely related to the Gateses' sanction claim. If granted, the motion for disclosure would not have effected a substantive change in the judgment of dismissal. See Lane Bank Equip. Co., 10 S.W.3d at 312, 314.

B. Plenary Power and, thus, Power to Sanction Expired on January 11, 2001

Once extended by a timely filed rule 329b motion, the trial court's plenary power extends until 30 days after the motion is overruled, whether by written order or by operation of law. Tex.R.Civ.P. 329b(e); Faulkner v. Culver, 851 S.W.2d 187, 188 (Tex. 1993). When, as here, the trial court does not rule expressly on a rule 329b motion, the motion becomes overruled as a matter of law on the 75th day after the judgment was signed. Tex.R.Civ.P. 329b(b); Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509,5118 (Tex. 1991). The Gateses' motion for new trial and their amended motion for sanctions, both timely filed on October 27, 2000, thus became overruled as a matter of law on December 12, 2000.

The trial court continued to retain plenary jurisdiction for an additional 30 days to change those rulings, either by granting a motion for new trial or by modifying, correcting, or reforming the judgment by awarding sanctions. See Thomas v. Oldham, 895 S.W.2d 352, 356 (Tex. 1995); Philbrook v. Berry, 683 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Tex. 1985). Despite conducting hearings on several matters on November 1 and December 14, 2000, the trial court signed no additional orders in the 30 days after December 12, 2000. Accordingly, on the 105th day after the judgment of dismissal, here January 11, 2001, the trial court lost plenary power over the judgment of dismissal. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 329b(e), (g); Philbrook, 683 S.W.2d at 379.

C. Consequences of Plenary Power's Expiring on January 11, 2001

Judicial action taken after the trial court's plenary power has expired is void. See State ex. rel Latty v. Owens, 907 S.W.2d 484, 486 (Tex. 1995); see also Mapco, Inc. v. Forrest, 795 S.W.2d 700, 703 (Tex. 1990) (defining a void judgment as one rendered when a court has no jurisdiction over the parties or subject matter, no jurisdiction to render judgment, or no capacity to act as a court). A party affected by void judicial action need not appeal. State ex rel. Latty, 907 S.W.2d at 486. If an appeal is taken, however, the appellate court may declare void any orders the trial court signed after it lost plenary power over the case. Id.

Because the trial court lost plenary power over the September 28, 2000 order of dismissal here on January 11, 2001, any orders the trial court signed after January 11, 2001 are void. State ex rel. Latty, 907 S.W.2d at 486. Although the appellate court may declare post-plenary-power orders void, appeals from void orders must be dismissed. See id.

1. Challenge by TDPRS to Denials of its Pleas to the Jurisdiction

In Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV, TDPRS appeals from the denials of its pleas to the trial court's jurisdiction to consider the Gateses' claims for sanctions against TDPRS. On January 25, 2001, and thus after the trial court lost plenary power over the September 28, 2000 order of dismissal, the trial court signed an order overruling TDPRS's plea to the jurisdiction. Also on January 25, 2001, TDPRS filed a notice of interlocutory appeal to challenge this ruling. On February 21, 2001, the trial court signed findings of fact and conclusions of law, as requested by the Gateses, which recite the trial court's conclusion that it retained jurisdiction to consider the Gateses' sanctions claim. TDPRS filed a second plea challenging the trial court's jurisdiction to consider the Gateses' claims for sanctions against TDPRS on February 27, 2001. The trial court overruled the second plea on March 2, 2001, and TDPRS filed an additional notice of interlocutory appeal to challenge that ruling on March 16, 2001.As stated above, any orders the trial court signed after January 11, 2001 are void because the trial court's plenary power over the September 28, 2000 order of dismissal had expired on January 11, 2001. We therefore declare the following orders void and dismiss the TDPRS's attempted interlocutory appeals from those orders: (1) the order overruling TDPRS's plea to the jurisdiction, signed on January 25, 2001, and (2) the order overruling TDPRS's second plea to the jurisdiction, signed on March 2, 2001. We further declare void the trial court's findings of facts and conclusions of law signed on February 21, 2001.

We express no opinion concerning whether TDPRS timely perfected its challenge to these orders or the appropriateness of challenging these orders under section 51.014(a)(8) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014 (a)(8) (Vernon Supp. 2002).

We dismiss the appeal by TDPRS in Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV.

2. Challenge by Gateses to Order Sustaining Pleas to the Jurisdiction by District Attorney's Office of Fort Bend County

Also in Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV, the Gateses challenge the trial court's order of March 2, 2001, which sustained the plea to the jurisdiction filed by the District Attorney's Office of Fort Bend County, from which the Gateses attempted to appeal by filing a notice of "accelerated" appeal on March 19, 2001. As stated above, the trial court lost plenary power over the September 28, 2000 order of dismissal on January 11, 2001, and any orders signed after January 11, 2001 are therefore void. Accordingly, we declare the trial court's March 2, 2001 order void for that reason.

We dismiss the Gateses' attempted accelerated appeal in Cause No. 01-01-00120-CV.

We express no opinion concerning the timeliness of Gateses attempted, "accelerated" appeal of the trial court's March 2, 2001 order sustaining the plea to the jurisdiction by the District Attorney's Office of Fort Bend County, and our declaring that order void is not to be construed as determining the merits of that order.

Cause Nos. 01-01-00520-CV and 01-01-00674-CV

The Gateses have attempted to invoke this Court's original mandamus jurisdiction to correct the following orders signed by the trial court in the underlying cause: (1) in Cause No. 01-01-00520-CV, the order, signed April 18, 2001, denying Gateses' motion to disclose reporter's identity; (2) in Cause No. 01-01-00674-CV, the order, signed June 13, 2001, granting protective order in favor of Child Advocates of Fort Bend County, Inc. Both orders were signed after the trial court lost plenary power on January 11, 2001, and are void for that reason. Accordingly, we deny, without further opinion, the Gateses' requests that we consider the substantive merits of those orders by writ of mandamus.

We deny mandamus relief in Cause Nos. 01-01-00520-CV and 01-01-00674-CV.

On Motion for Rehearing

In requesting that we reconsider our original disposition, the Gateses rely on our sister Houston court's opinion in Mattly v. Spiegel, Inc., 19 S.W.3d 890 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.), as supplemental authority. In Mattly, as here, the defendant counterclaimed for sanctions under rule 13 before the plaintiff sought a nonsuit. Id. at 894. As here, the trial court signed an order of nonsuit before disposing of the defendant's counterclaim. Id. In Mattly, in contrast to this case, the trial court awarded damages on the sanctions counterclaim. Id. But the Mattly trial court did not sign the order awarding sanctions until 43 days after signing the order of nonsuit. Id. In her first issue on appeal, Mattly argued the sanctions award was void because the trial court signed it on the 43rd day after signing the order of nonsuit and, therefore, 13 days after the trial court's plenary power had expired. See id. In rejecting this argument, the Fourteenth Court concluded the trial court retained plenary power despite signing the order of nonsuit. Id. The court reasoned that the defendant's sanctions counterclaim was an affirmative claim for relief that could not be foreclosed by the plaintiff's nonsuiting her own claims. Id.

In contrast to this case, Mattley filed no post-nonsuit motions to extend plenary power beyond 30 days. See Mattly, 19 S.W.3d at 894.

The Gateses contend Mattly stands for the proposition that an order of nonsuit is interlocutory whenever a party has filed a pre-nonsuit counterclaim for sanctions under rule 13. We agree Mattly stands for this proposition. We decline to follow Mattly for this proposition, however, because we believe it conflicts with In re Bennett, which holds that, "the signing of an order dismissing a case, not the filing of a nonsuit, is the starting point for determining when a trial court's plenary power expires." See In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d at 38. We also believe Mattly conflicts with Lane Bank Equipment Company, which notes that a judgment need not resolve pending sanctions issues to be final. See 10 S.W.3d at 312.

An order of nonsuit in the circumstances of this case, and, in our opinion, the circumstances of Mattly, is not an interlocutory order. As addressed above, the trial court's post-nonsuit power to sanction depends on whether it retains plenary jurisdiction. See In re Bennett, 960 S.W.2d at 38. A court has no power to sanction once plenary power expires.

Conclusion

We dismiss the appeals in Cause No. 01-00-00120-CV. We deny mandamus relief in Cause Nos. 01-01-00520-CV and 01-00-00674-CV.